Chapter 14Chapter 14 Notes Notes

Mrs. MarshallMrs. Marshall

Demographics in America by the Demographics in America by the 1840s and 1850s1840s and 1850s

½ of all people were under the ½ of all people were under the age of 30age of 30

By 1850 population was still By 1850 population was still doubling almost every 25 yearsdoubling almost every 25 years

1860 there were 33 states1860 there were 33 states U.S. was the 4th most populous U.S. was the 4th most populous

nation in the western worldnation in the western world By 1860 43 cities had By 1860 43 cities had

populations over 20,000populations over 20,000

““squatter sovereignty”squatter sovereignty” or or

““squatters rights”squatters rights”

People settled on land they did People settled on land they did notnot

own.’own.’

““ecological imperialism”ecological imperialism”

The aggressive exploitation of the The aggressive exploitation of the

West’s bountyWest’s bounty

George CatlinGeorge Catlin- painter/student of - painter/student of Native American life. Advocated Native American life. Advocated the preservation of nature as a the preservation of nature as a national policy-proposed the national policy-proposed the creation of a national park.creation of a national park.

Why immigrants came to the USWhy immigrants came to the US

To escape overcrowded To escape overcrowded conditions in Europeconditions in Europe

Industrialists encouraged Industrialists encouraged immigration because they immigration because they needed unskilled workersneeded unskilled workers

Western states encouraged it to Western states encouraged it to increase their populationincrease their population

Irish potato famineIrish potato famine

1840’s more than ½ million 1840’s more than ½ million

migrated to the US.migrated to the US.

They settled in large east coast They settled in large east coast

cities (too poor to move west/buy cities (too poor to move west/buy

land), most were Roman Catholics. land), most were Roman Catholics.

They faced a great deal of They faced a great deal of

discriminationdiscrimination

German immigrants came for German immigrants came for

political, economic and social political, economic and social

reasons. They tended to move to reasons. They tended to move to

farms or frontier towns, became farms or frontier towns, became

more numerous than Irish after more numerous than Irish after

1854.1854.

NativismNativism-favoring the interest of -favoring the interest of

native-born people over foreign-native-born people over foreign-

born.born.

Much prejudice againstMuch prejudice against

immigrants in the US.immigrants in the US.

Order of the Star Spangled BannerOrder of the Star Spangled Banner

an organization founded in 1849 by peoplean organization founded in 1849 by peoplewho were frightened by the rapid influx of who were frightened by the rapid influx of Irish immirgrants. It was an anti-Catholic Irish immirgrants. It was an anti-Catholic political organization. Developed into the political organization. Developed into the ““Know-Nothing’ party.Know-Nothing’ party.Party platform:Party platform: Exclusion of Catholics and foreigners from Exclusion of Catholics and foreigners from

public officepublic office Increase naturalization from 5 to 21 yearsIncrease naturalization from 5 to 21 yearsAchieved national prominence because the 2Achieved national prominence because the 2major parties were braking apart over slavery major parties were braking apart over slavery issue.issue.

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Began in Great BritainBegan in Great BritainA change in social and economic A change in social and economic organization that resulted from organization that resulted from the replacement of hand tools with the replacement of hand tools with machines and from the machines and from the development of large-scale development of large-scale industrial production. American industrial production. American industrial revolution began with textile industrial revolution began with textile millsmills

Samuel SlaterSamuel Slater- father of the - father of the factory system in the U.S.factory system in the U.S.

Eli WhitneyEli Whitney-invented the cotton -invented the cotton gin and the principle of gin and the principle of interchangeable partsinterchangeable parts

Reasons it took so long for Industrial Reasons it took so long for Industrial Revolution to spread to the USRevolution to spread to the US

People were able to afford the People were able to afford the cheap land/favored outdoor work cheap land/favored outdoor work v indoorv indoor

Labor was scarce (until Labor was scarce (until immigrants came)immigrants came)

Money for capital investment Money for capital investment was scarcewas scarce

Raw materials were undeveloped Raw materials were undeveloped Consumers were scarceConsumers were scarce

Why New England states were Why New England states were favored as an industrial center:favored as an industrial center:

Poor soilPoor soil Dense populationDense population Shipping brought in capitalShipping brought in capital Seaports made it easier to Seaports made it easier to

import raw materials and export import raw materials and export finished productsfinished products

Abundant water power to run Abundant water power to run machinerymachinery

Cyrus McCormickCyrus McCormick-mechanical -mechanical reaper-1834-enabled farmers to reaper-1834-enabled farmers to use horse drawn machine to cut use horse drawn machine to cut wheatwheat

John DeereJohn Deere-steel plow-1837--steel plow-1837-enabled farmers to double his enabled farmers to double his productivity in the labor of productivity in the labor of plowing the fieldplowing the field

Samuel F.B. MorseSamuel F.B. Morse-1844- -1844- telegraph- improved telegraph- improved communication.communication.

Characteristics of American work Characteristics of American work force in early 19force in early 19thth century century

Wages were low-most of profits went Wages were low-most of profits went to ownersto owners

Hours were longHours were long Forbidden by law to form labor unionsForbidden by law to form labor unions Worked in unsanitary buildings that Worked in unsanitary buildings that

were poorly ventilated, lighted, were poorly ventilated, lighted, heatedheated

Child labor-1820 ½ of laborers were Child labor-1820 ½ of laborers were childrenchildren

StrikebreakersStrikebreakers (scabs/rats) brought in (scabs/rats) brought in by employers to replace striking by employers to replace striking workers.workers.

Commonwealth v HuntCommonwealth v Hunt

1842-the supreme court of 1842-the supreme court of Massachusetts ruled that labor Massachusetts ruled that labor unions were legal.unions were legal.

Cult of domesticityCult of domesticity-glorified the -glorified the traditional role of women as traditional role of women as homemakers.homemakers.

Lancaster TurnpikeLancaster Turnpike-first major -first major transportation project linking transportation project linking the East to the trans-Allegheny the East to the trans-Allegheny west.west.

Turnpikes/toll roads aided Turnpikes/toll roads aided commerce and westward commerce and westward expansionexpansion

Obstacles of western road building:Obstacles of western road building:

ExpensiveExpensive Opposition from states rights Opposition from states rights

advocatesadvocates Opposition from eastern statesOpposition from eastern states War interruptionsWar interruptions

National Road/Cumberland RoadNational Road/Cumberland Road

Went from Cumberland, Went from Cumberland, Maryland to Illinois-provided Maryland to Illinois-provided important infrastructure for important infrastructure for economic developmenteconomic development

SteamboatsSteamboats- Robert Fulton-- Robert Fulton-Clermont-mainly on western and Clermont-mainly on western and southern riverssouthern rivers

Erie CanalErie Canal-marked the beginning -marked the beginning of the “canal era”. Funded by the of the “canal era”. Funded by the state of New York.state of New York.

Linked Buffalo to Albany. Linked Buffalo to Albany. Drastically reduced transportation Drastically reduced transportation cost.cost.

RailroadRailroads- most of early railroads s- most of early railroads were in the north and could be were in the north and could be built almost anywherebuilt almost anywhere

Pony ExpressPony Express- the short-lived - the short-lived method of carrying mail to the method of carrying mail to the west.west.

Market RevolutionMarket Revolution- a term used - a term used to describe the dramatic change to describe the dramatic change in the economy that took place in the economy that took place in the first half of the 19th in the first half of the 19th century.century.

A major economic consequence A major economic consequence of the transportation and of the transportation and marketing revolution was a marketing revolution was a steady improvement in average steady improvement in average wages and standard of living.wages and standard of living.