Chapter 14:Chapter 14:Major Major

Developments in Developments in Europe: Beginning Europe: Beginning of Modern Timesof Modern TimesMrs. ChambersMrs. Chambers

Global Studies IGlobal Studies I

Growth of CitiesGrowth of Cities Led to growth of money and the middle Led to growth of money and the middle

class or working class (business people)class or working class (business people)

Formation of Formation of guildsguilds similar to a similar to a union; organizations of craftspeople union; organizations of craftspeople that formed to protect themselves and that formed to protect themselves and set good business practicesset good business practices

Set price controls—so people couldn’t Set price controls—so people couldn’t take advantagetake advantage

ApprenticesApprentices Craftspeople taught their craft to Craftspeople taught their craft to

young people—called apprenticesyoung people—called apprentices

Worked in the shop for free in Worked in the shop for free in exchange for education about the exchange for education about the craftcraft

More people workingMore people working helped helped contribute to the rise of the contribute to the rise of the middle/working classmiddle/working class

Commercial RevolutionCommercial Revolution Business Revolution Business Revolution

The The CHANGECHANGE from from feudalism/manorialism to business feudalism/manorialism to business and trade (market economy)and trade (market economy) goods goods exchanged for money or exchanged for money or capitalcapital

Formed slowly as a result of the Formed slowly as a result of the Crusades and the global exchange of Crusades and the global exchange of goodsgoods

New form of economyNew form of economy capitalism; merchants began to use capitalism; merchants began to use money from trade to build businessesmoney from trade to build businesses

Unlike guilds, there is no price control Unlike guilds, there is no price control in the capitalist systemin the capitalist system

““every man for himself”every man for himself”

Modern ideaModern idea Money is the incentive Money is the incentive

Rise of European PowersRise of European Powers Spain, Portugal, England, the Spain, Portugal, England, the

Netherlands, FranceNetherlands, France sent explorers to sent explorers to establish colonies in the Americas, Asia, establish colonies in the Americas, Asia, and Africaand Africa (goal??? TO MAKE MONEY) (goal??? TO MAKE MONEY)

ImperialismImperialism:: when one nation takes when one nation takes political, economic, or social control over political, economic, or social control over another nationanother nation

Europe colonized and took control of Europe colonized and took control of areas in Americas to control raw areas in Americas to control raw materials (coffee, sugar, tobacco, materials (coffee, sugar, tobacco, diamonds, gold)diamonds, gold)

Remember, raw materials = money and Remember, raw materials = money and money = powermoney = power

MercantilismMercantilism New economic theoryNew economic theory colonies colonies

exist ONLY to benefit the mother exist ONLY to benefit the mother countrycountry

Made mother nations politically and Made mother nations politically and economically strongereconomically stronger

**Colonies sent raw materials to the **Colonies sent raw materials to the mother country so that they could mother country so that they could industrialize, and prosperindustrialize, and prosper

Mother CountryMother Country Used protective tariffs (taxes on Used protective tariffs (taxes on

imported goods) to promote domestic imported goods) to promote domestic industryindustry

Encouraged people to buy home made Encouraged people to buy home made goods instead of the more expensive goods instead of the more expensive imported, foreign made goodsimported, foreign made goods

Also made money from high taxation of Also made money from high taxation of the coloniststhe colonists

Then mother country sold Then mother country sold FINISHED goods back to the FINISHED goods back to the colonies for a profitcolonies for a profit

Colonies were NOT allowed to Colonies were NOT allowed to produce manufactured goods and produce manufactured goods and could only trade directly with the could only trade directly with the mother countrymother country

A golden age ?A golden age ?

RecallRecall Age of PericlesAge of Pericles Pax RomanaPax Romana Pax MongoliaPax Mongolia

A degree of political stability and A degree of political stability and relative peace is required for a golden relative peace is required for a golden ageage

In a golden age a culture creates In a golden age a culture creates artistic works that have lasting valueartistic works that have lasting value

RenaissanceRenaissance French word for French word for “rebirth”“rebirth” in learning, in learning,

culture, literature, arts and sciencesculture, literature, arts and sciences

Began in ItalyBegan in Italy Physical reminders of the “glory of Rome”—Physical reminders of the “glory of Rome”—

architectural remains, statues, coins, architectural remains, statues, coins, inscriptionsinscriptions

Increase of trade and Increase of trade and wealthwealth made it easy for made it easy for people to promote this cultural rebirthpeople to promote this cultural rebirth

-Patrons (financial supporters) funded artists -Patrons (financial supporters) funded artists and and

(without the wealthy patrons, artists wouldn’t (without the wealthy patrons, artists wouldn’t have work)have work)

The MedicisThe Medicis

A family of bankers A family of bankers in the Italian city in the Italian city state of Florencestate of Florence

Controlled the Controlled the government of government of Florence from Florence from 1434 -17371434 -1737

Important Important patronspatrons of the artsof the arts

Main Theme of the Main Theme of the RenaissanceRenaissance

HumanismHumanism focus on secular ideas focus on secular ideas—straying from religion; focus on the —straying from religion; focus on the individual, personal achievements and individual, personal achievements and uniqueness uniqueness

Artwork– more realistic and lifelike, Artwork– more realistic and lifelike, moved away from religious themes that moved away from religious themes that dominated the medieval world; focused dominated the medieval world; focused on anatomyon anatomy copying artistic style of copying artistic style of ancient Romans and Greeksancient Romans and Greeks

Technical differencesTechnical differences

PerspectivePerspective ForeshorteningForeshortening ChiarascurroChiarascurro

Renaissance ArtistsRenaissance Artists (The Ninja Turtles )(The Ninja Turtles ) Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel)Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel) Donatello Donatello RaphaelRaphael LeonardoLeonardo

Medieval ArtMedieval Art

Da VinciDa Vinci

Last SupperLast Supper

MichelangeloMichelangelo

Raphael—School of Raphael—School of AthensAthens

Renaissance Renaissance PhilosophersPhilosophers

MachiavelliMachiavelli Famous Renaissance Famous Renaissance

writer and thinkerwriter and thinker Wrote the famous Wrote the famous

book, “The Prince”book, “The Prince” During the During the

Renaissance era, Renaissance era, people began to people began to question, “what question, “what makes a good ruler”?makes a good ruler”?

Machiavelli’s TheoryMachiavelli’s Theory Spent much of his adult life watching Spent much of his adult life watching

rulers (both good and bad) rise and fallrulers (both good and bad) rise and fall

The PrinceThe Prince was a guide, a book of was a guide, a book of advice, to rulers on how to gain power advice, to rulers on how to gain power and keep it—despite your enemiesand keep it—despite your enemies

Stressed, “the end justifies the means”Stressed, “the end justifies the means” **Advised rulers to do whatever is **Advised rulers to do whatever is

necessary to achieve your goals”necessary to achieve your goals”

Believed most people, by nature, are Believed most people, by nature, are selfish, fickle, and corruptselfish, fickle, and corrupt

THEREFORE, to succeed in such a wicked THEREFORE, to succeed in such a wicked world—one has to become corrupt in world—one has to become corrupt in order to surviveorder to survive

A Prince must be effective rather than A Prince must be effective rather than moral, must trick his enemies and even moral, must trick his enemies and even his own people for the good of the state, his own people for the good of the state, and lie to get what you wantand lie to get what you want

ALWAYS seem truthful, honest, and ALWAYS seem truthful, honest, and mercifulmerciful

Be cynical—don’t trust ANYONEBe cynical—don’t trust ANYONE

Machiavelli – The PrinceMachiavelli – The Prince

““It is better to be It is better to be feared than loved feared than loved if you cannot be if you cannot be both”both”

Recalling all of the Recalling all of the cultures and cultures and empires we have empires we have studied… which studied… which leaders would have leaders would have agreed ?agreed ? Hammurabi Hammurabi Genghis KhanGenghis Khan The Pharoahs…The Pharoahs…

The Printing PressThe Printing Press

Invented by Johann GutenbergInvented by Johann Gutenberg

The printing press was The printing press was

important for the Renaissance important for the Renaissance and later intellectual and later intellectual developments developments

Impact of the printing pressImpact of the printing press

1. books became more available 1. books became more available cheapercheaper

and easier to make and easier to make

2. Literacy increased 2. Literacy increased books were books were more readily available, more people more readily available, more people learned to read and write learned to read and write

3. Ideas spread rapidly3. Ideas spread rapidly

LiteratureLiterature

Humanists wanted Humanists wanted people to improve people to improve their lives through their lives through learning and new learning and new experiencesexperiences

Classical writers Classical writers could teach us could teach us important ideas important ideas about life, love and about life, love and beautybeauty

Religious topics Religious topics were not as were not as interesting to interesting to them. (secular)them. (secular)

When religious When religious tales or myths tales or myths were used, human were used, human action and action and experience were experience were emphasizedemphasized

Dante Alighieri (1265-Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)1321)

Earliest example of Earliest example of Renaissance styleRenaissance style

Divine ComedyDivine Comedy – – religious theme religious theme but also referenced but also referenced heroes, poets and heroes, poets and philosophersphilosophers

Written in Written in vernacular Italian vernacular Italian (not Latin)(not Latin)

Francesco Petrarch Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)(1304-1374)

Wrote poems and Wrote poems and sonnets in Latin and sonnets in Latin and ItalianItalian

Love poems which Love poems which represented love, represented love, hope and other idealshope and other ideals

Saved many of the Saved many of the works of the classical works of the classical age from obscurity in age from obscurity in monastery librariesmonastery libraries

William Shakespeare (1564-William Shakespeare (1564-1616)1616)

Wrote only in Wrote only in EnglishEnglish

Poems, sonnets Poems, sonnets and plays inspired and plays inspired by classical tales, by classical tales, Italian city states Italian city states and English politicsand English politics

Shakespearean Shakespearean themes and plots themes and plots still influence still influence modern dramamodern drama

Henry VHenry V

Self-love, my liege, Self-love, my liege, is not so vile a sinis not so vile a sinAs self-neglecting. As self-neglecting. Henry V, 2. 4Henry V, 2. 4

Henry VHenry V Once more into the breach, dear friends, Once more into the breach, dear friends,

once more,once more,Or close the wall up with our English dead!Or close the wall up with our English dead!In peace there 's nothing so becomes a manIn peace there 's nothing so becomes a manAs modest stillness and humility;As modest stillness and humility;But when the blast of war blows in our ears,But when the blast of war blows in our ears,Then imitate the action of the tiger:Then imitate the action of the tiger:Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood,Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood,Disguise fair nature with hard-favoured Disguise fair nature with hard-favoured rage;rage;Then lend the eye a terrible aspect.Then lend the eye a terrible aspect.Henry V, 3. 1Henry V, 3. 1

Romeo and JulietRomeo and Juliet "O Romeo, Romeo! "O Romeo, Romeo!

wherefore art thou wherefore art thou Romeo?Romeo?Deny thy father and Deny thy father and refuse thy name.refuse thy name.Or if thou wilt not, be Or if thou wilt not, be but sworn my lovebut sworn my loveAnd I'll no longer be a And I'll no longer be a Capulet."Capulet."- William - William Shakespeare, Shakespeare, Romeo Romeo and Julietand Juliet, 2.2, 2.2

Romeo and JulietRomeo and Juliet

"What's in a name? "What's in a name? That which we call That which we call a rose by any other a rose by any other name would smell name would smell as sweet"as sweet"- -

““For never was a For never was a story of more woestory of more woeThan this of Juliet Than this of Juliet and her Romeo."and her Romeo."--

HamletHamlet

"The time is out of "The time is out of joint: O cursed spite,joint: O cursed spite,That ever I was born That ever I was born to set it right!"to set it right!"-”There is nothing -”There is nothing either good or bad, either good or bad, but thinking makes but thinking makes it so."it so."

Sonnet 116Sonnet 116 Let me not to the marriage of true mindsLet me not to the marriage of true minds

Admit impediments. Love is not loveAdmit impediments. Love is not loveWhich alters when it alteration finds,Which alters when it alteration finds,Or bends with the remover to remove:Or bends with the remover to remove:O no! it is an ever-fixed mark O no! it is an ever-fixed mark That looks on tempests and is never shaken;That looks on tempests and is never shaken;It is the star to every wandering bark,It is the star to every wandering bark,Whose worth's unknown, although his height be taken.Whose worth's unknown, although his height be taken.Love's not Time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks Love's not Time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks Within his bending sickle's compass come: Within his bending sickle's compass come: Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, But bears it out even to the edge of doom.But bears it out even to the edge of doom.   If this be error and upon me proved,   If this be error and upon me proved,   I never writ, nor no man ever loved.    I never writ, nor no man ever loved.

Miguel de Cervantes (1547 Miguel de Cervantes (1547 – 1616)– 1616)

Spanish authorSpanish author Don QuixoteDon Quixote Ridicules romantic Ridicules romantic

ideals about ideals about medieval knightsmedieval knights

Celebrates Celebrates idealistic idealistic individualindividual

Don QuixoteDon Quixote

““Tell me thy Tell me thy company and I will company and I will tell you what thou tell you what thou art”art”

““Le mejor salsa del Le mejor salsa del mundo es el mundo es el hambre”hambre”

(Hunger is the best (Hunger is the best sauce in the world)sauce in the world)

Scientific and Scientific and Technological InnovationsTechnological Innovations

Scientific methodScientific method Observation, experimentation and Observation, experimentation and

drawing conclusions.drawing conclusions. A hypothesis must be proven to be trueA hypothesis must be proven to be true Other scientists must be able to achieve Other scientists must be able to achieve

the same resultsthe same results Led to revolutionary advances in Led to revolutionary advances in

chemistry, physics, mathematics, chemistry, physics, mathematics, astronomy and medicineastronomy and medicine

Galileo Galileo Believed in a Believed in a

heliocentric modelheliocentric model His observations His observations

convinced him that convinced him that the earth revolves the earth revolves around the sunaround the sun

The Church taught a The Church taught a geocentric modelgeocentric model

Galileo was eventually Galileo was eventually forced to “recant”forced to “recant” RC church has since RC church has since

apologizedapologized

GalileoGalileo

““I do not …believe I do not …believe that the same God that the same God who has endowed who has endowed us with sense, us with sense, reason and reason and intellect has intellect has intended us to intended us to forgo their use”forgo their use”

““And yet it moves”And yet it moves”

Heliocentric modelHeliocentric model

Sir Isaac Newton (1642 – Sir Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727)1727)

Teacher of Teacher of mathematicsmathematics

Developed the law Developed the law of gravityof gravity

Worked on the Worked on the concepts of concepts of gravity, motion gravity, motion and inertiaand inertia

Vocabulary TermsVocabulary Terms

GuildGuild ApprenticeApprentice CapitalismCapitalism Commercial RevolutionCommercial Revolution ImperialismImperialism Golden AgeGolden Age RenaissanceRenaissance HumanismHumanism

Key PeopleKey People

MedicisMedicis Da VinciDa Vinci MichelangeloMichelangelo Johan GuttenbergJohan Guttenberg DanteDante ShakespeareShakespeare

Miguel de Miguel de CervantesCervantes

GalileoGalileo Sir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac Newton