Chapter 14 © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Technology and Crime © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 14

© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Technology and

Crime


Used by both crime fighters and lawbreakers

Technology and Crime


• Early use of telephones for scams


• Getaway cars for escape


High tech criminals seek illegitimate access to computerized information and digital databases



Direct accessDirect access

Office workers or corporate spies violate positions of trust, gain entry, and steal data during business hours



Computer trespassComputer trespass

Remote access to targeted machines to gain information and copy programs



• Hackers

• Computer viruses

• Software piracy

Technology and CrimeComputer trespassComputer trespass


Computer CrimeComputer Crime

Any violation of a federal or state computer crime statute



Forms of Software PiracyForms of Software Piracy

• Softlifting• Internet piracy• Software counterfeiting• OEM unbundling• Hard disk loading• Renting



Computer Crime and the Law

All states and the federal government have developed computer-crime statutes specifically applicable to…


…invasive activities aimed at illegally accessing stored information




Ambiguities in existing computer-crime

laws, complicated by rapid changes

in technology,…© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

…can make it difficult even to tell that a crime has occurred



Computer Criminals

HackerHacker

• Male, aged 16-25, lives in the United States

• Computer user, not programmer


Hacks with software written by others

Computer Criminals

HackerHacker


Primary motivation is togain access toWeb sites andcomputernetworks, but…

Computer Criminals

HackerHacker


…not to profit financially

Computer Criminals

HackerHacker


• Pioneers are fascinated by evolving technology and explore out of genuine curiosity

Computer Criminals

Hacker ClassificationsHacker Classifications


• Scamps hack with a sense of fun and typically intend no overt harm

Computer Criminals



• Explorers delight in the discoveries associated with breaking into new computer systems

Computer Criminals



• Game players enjoy defeating software or systemic protections against intrusion

Computer Criminals



• Vandals are malicious hackers who cause deliberate damage with no apparent personal gain

Computer Criminals



• Addicts are classic “nerds” addicted to hacking and computer technology

Computer Criminals



Share common behavior-related issues and other similarities with computer criminals, including…

Computer Criminals

White-collar CriminalsWhite-collar Criminals


• Commonly use nonviolent means and employment- related knowledge or technical skills to commit their crimes

Computer Criminals



• Often manipulate information to create profits or losses

• Can work alone, in groups, or in organizations

Computer Criminals



• Often commit crimes that

are hard to detect, and that

cause large losses of

money and other resources

Computer Criminals



• Are often found out by accident, and tend to be viewed by the general public as having committed offenses that are less serious than violent offenses

Computer Criminals



Information Superhighway

Information is the lifeblood of today’s economy© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Most valuable resource of the new age

• Of great strategic importance



• A new tool for wrongdoers to commit crimes

• Potential to reach vast audiences




Fight against CrimeFight against Crime

Traffic radar’s laser speed measuring apparatus

28 mph



• Computer databases of known offenders

• Public access to sex offender databases





• Cellular communications

• Electronic eavesdropping

• DNA analysis

• Less than lethal weapons© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

The genetic code which is unique to each individual



DNA Fingerprinting

May be obtained from blood, hair, semen, saliva, or flakes of skin left at a crime scene


• Long lasting

• Highly reliable forensic tool

DNA FingerprintingDNADNA


DNA Fingerprinting

Many states and the federal government have begun building digitized forensic DNA databases

DNADNA


Has been called the “most important technological breakthrough of 20th century science”

DNA FingerprintingDNADNA



Computer crimeComputer crime

Threat (risk) analysis involves a complete and thorough assessment of the kinds of perils facing an organization


Allows identification of risks and development of plans to effectively deal with them


Threat AnalysisThreat Analysis


• A powerful and useful tool

• Requires training of state and local police


Audit TrailAudit Trail


Three sanctions against computer criminals



• Confiscate equipment used to commit a computer crime

• Limit the offender’s use of computers



Restrict the offender’s

freedom to accept employment

involving computers



Chapter 14 © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Technology and Crime © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 14 © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Technology and Crime © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.