Chapter 131 Properties of Solutions Chapter 13. 2 Homework 13.10, 13.18, 13.26, 13.32, 13.44, 13.46,...
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Transcript of Chapter 131 Properties of Solutions Chapter 13. 2 Homework 13.10, 13.18, 13.26, 13.32, 13.44, 13.46,...
![Page 1: Chapter 131 Properties of Solutions Chapter 13. 2 Homework 13.10, 13.18, 13.26, 13.32, 13.44, 13.46, 13.48, 13.56.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062504/5a4d1b277f8b9ab05999783d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 13 1
Properties of SolutionsProperties of Solutions
Chapter 13Chapter 13
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Chapter 13 2
Homework
13.10, 13.18, 13.26, 13.32, 13.44, 13.46, 13.48, 13.56
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Chapter 13 3
The Solution ProcessThe Solution Process
Solution - A homogeneous mixture composed of a solute and a solvent.Solute – The substance which is dissolved.Solvent – The substance which acts as the dissolving
medium.
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Chapter 13 4
Saturated Solutions and SolubilitySaturated Solutions and Solubility
Qualitative Terms: Dilute Solution – A solution in which additional solute may be dissolved.Saturated Solution – A solution in which no more solute may be dissolved. Supersaturated Solution – A solution in which more solute is dissolved than in a saturated solution.
Solubility - amount of solute required to form a saturated solution.
Mole Fraction, Molarity, and Molality
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Chapter 13 5
Ways of Expressing ConcentrationWays of Expressing Concentration
100soln of mass total
soln incomponent of mass % Mass
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Chapter 13 6
Ways of Expressing ConcentrationWays of Expressing Concentration
100soln of mass total
soln incomponent of mass % Mass
610soln of mass total
soln incomponent of massppm
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Chapter 13 7
Ways of Expressing ConcentrationWays of Expressing Concentration
components all of moles totalcomponent of molesfraction Mole
Mole Fraction
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Chapter 13 8
Ways of Expressing ConcentrationWays of Expressing Concentration
solution of literssolute of molesMolarity
Molarity
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Chapter 13 9
Ways of Expressing ConcentrationWays of Expressing Concentration
Molality (m) – moles of solute per kilogram of solvent
Molality
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Chapter 13 10
Ways of Expressing ConcentrationWays of Expressing Concentration
Molality (m) – moles of solute per kilogram of solvent
solvent of kilogramssolute of molesMolality
Molality
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Chapter 13 11
Factors Affecting SolubilityFactors Affecting Solubility
Miscible liquids - Mix in any proportions.Immiscible liquids - Do not mix.
Solute-Solvent Interactions
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Chapter 13 12
Factors Affecting SolubilityFactors Affecting Solubility
“Like Dissolves Like”- Polar molecules will dissolve in polar solvents.- Non-polar molecules will dissolve in non-polar
solvents.
Solute-Solvent Interactions
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Chapter 13 13
Factors Affecting SolubilityFactors Affecting Solubility
- Solubility of a gas in a liquid is a function of the pressure of the gas.- The higher the pressure, the greater the solubility.
Pressure Effects
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Chapter 13 14
Factors Affecting SolubilityFactors Affecting Solubility
Henry’s Law – The solubility of a gas increases in direct proportion to its partial pressure above the solution.
Pressure Effects
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Chapter 13 15
Factors Affecting SolubilityFactors Affecting Solubility
Henry’s Law – The solubility of a gas increases in direct proportion to its partial pressure above the solution.
Cg - solubility of gas Pg - the partial pressure of the gas k - Henry’s law constant.
gg kPC
Pressure Effects
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Chapter 13 16
Factors Affecting SolubilityFactors Affecting SolubilityTemperature EffectsTemperature Effects
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Chapter 13 17
Factors Affecting SolubilityFactors Affecting SolubilityTemperature EffectsTemperature Effects
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Chapter 13 18
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
- Properties of a solution which depend on quantity of solute molecules.
- Solutions formed with a nonvolatile solute will:- have lower vapor pressure- lower freezing point- higher boiling point
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Chapter 13 19
Colligative PropertiesColligative PropertiesBoiling-Point Elevation
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Chapter 13 20
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
Raoult’s Law – The equilibrium vapor pressure of the solvent over the solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution
Raoult’s Law
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Chapter 13 21
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
Raoult’s Law – The equilibrium vapor pressure of the solvent over the solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution
PA - vapor pressure of the solvent in the solutionPA - vapor pressure of the pure solvent A - the mole fraction of solvent, A
AAA PP
Raoult’s Law
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Chapter 13 22
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
Kb - Molal boiling-point elevation constant m – solution molalityTb – boiling point change
mKΔT bb
Boiling-Point Elevation
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Chapter 13 23
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
Kf - Molal freezing-point depression constant m – solution molalityTf – freezing point change
mKT ff
Freezing-Point Depression
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Chapter 13 24
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
The net movement of solvent through a semi-permeable membrane from a dilute to a concentrated solution.
Osmosis
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Chapter 13 25
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
Eventually the pressure difference between the arms stops osmosis.
Osmosis
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Chapter 13 26
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
Osmotic pressure() - The pressure required to stop osmosis
Osmosis
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Chapter 13 27
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
Osmotic pressure() - The pressure required to stop osmosis
M - molarity of the solutionR - gas constant (0.08206 L(atm)/mol(K))T - temperature in Kelvin
MRT
Osmosis
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Chapter 13 28
ColloidsColloids
- Colloids are suspensions in which the suspended particles are larger than molecules but too small to drop out of the suspension due to gravity.
- Particle size: 10 to 2000 Å.
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Chapter 13 29
ColloidsColloidsTyndall effect: ability of a Colloid to scatter light. The
beam of light can be seen through the colloid.