CHAPTER 13 WHICH BOOKS MADE IT INTO THE NEW TESTAMENT … · 3/13/2017 · Some books were...
Transcript of CHAPTER 13 WHICH BOOKS MADE IT INTO THE NEW TESTAMENT … · 3/13/2017 · Some books were...
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CHAPTER13WHICHBOOKSMADEITINTOTHENEWTESTAMENTAND
WHY?
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Whyarethereonly27booksandhowweretheyselected?
WeretheytheonlybookswriHen?
WeneedtounderstandthecontextinwhichtheNTwaswri3en.
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TheseChris6ansdidnotseeJesusasafounderofanewreligion,butthefulfillmentoftheold.Soearlyon,Chris6anitywasconsiderednothingmorethananotherJewishsect.AsasidenotebothChris6anityandRabbinicalJudaismsprangfromtheOTJudaism.NeitherrequiredsacrificesaFerthetemplewasdestroyedin70AD.
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Why do think ChrisIanity was l ikeimmed i a t e l y f o l l ow i n g t h e dea th ,resurrecIon,andascensionofJesus?
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Chris6answeremostlyinJerusalemandmostconvertswereJewishSomecamefromoutsideJerusalemandstayedthereorwentbackhometoGalileeandspreadChris6anityThe11discipleswereTHEauthorityonJesusandtoldmanystoriestothepeople.
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Discipleswouldgofromvillagetovillage.Askedtotellstoriesabouttheir6meswithJesusandwhatJesussaid.AsChris6anitybegantospread,thedisciplescouldnotbeeverywheresoapostolicwri6ngstooktheplaceofapostolicpresenceandthewri3enwordbecameama3erofgreatimportance.Thesewerewri3eninGreekbecausethatwastheuniversallanguageofthe6me
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Eachvillagehadtheirownsetofstoriestoreadwhilethediscipleswereaway.Somewherealongtheline,someonedecidedtocreateacollec6onofthesestoriessotherewouldbeauniformsource.
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MostJewsrejectedJesusasthefulfillmentofOTprophecyconcerningtheMessiahandtheyrejectedtheChris6anmessagesotheChris6anshadtocomeupwiththeironauthorita6vewri6ngstoseparatethemselvesfromtheJews.
Whowrotethe4Gospels?
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Mathew,Mark,LukeandJohnwereprobablyallcompiledbyanonymouswelleducated,GreekspeakingChris6ansduringthesecondhalfofthefirstcentury.Theygottheirnamesbecausesome6meinthesecondcentury,theproto-orthodoxygrouprecognizedtheneedforauthorita6venamessotheya3ributedthemtoMa3hewandJohn(twoapostles),Mark(thesecretaryforPeter),andLuke(thetravelingcompanionofPaul)
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Somebookswerehomonymouslywri3enwhichmeansthattheywerewri3enbyapersonthathadthesamenameasapersonwellknowninChris6ancircles.ThebookofJamesgivesnoindica6onthatheisJamesthebrotherofJesusoroneofthedisciples.
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Somebookswerepseudononymous,aforgerywri3enbysomeoneclaimingtobesomeoneelse.Theydidthisinordertogetahearingoftheirviews.2Peterisanexample.Althoughthesebooksmaynothaveactuallybeenwri3enbyanapostletheyweredeemedOKbecausetheycontainedapostolicteachings.
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Chris6ansatthat6mesawnoneedforafixednumberofbooksandaclosedcanon(agroupofliteraryworksthataregenerallyacceptedasrepresen6ngafield)soyouseenobooksin90AD
Whatdoescanonmean?
InclassicalGreektheworld"canon"signifiesproperly,"astraightrod,"or"acarpenter'srule."IntheearlyagesoftheChris6anreligionitgenerallydenotedastandardofopinionandprac6ce.
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Eventsofthe2ndhalfofthe2ndcenturycreatedademandforaproto-othodoxycanonDifferentgroupsbegantoclaimdifferentauthori6esforthetextstheyused.TherewerefourmaingroupsthatsprangupwithdifferingviewsofJesusandhisteachings.• Ebionites• Marcionites(Doce6cs)• Gnos6cs• Proto-orthodoxy
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TheEbionitesregardedJesusofNazarethastheMessiahwhilerejec6nghisdivinityandinsistedonthenecessityoffollowingJewishlawandrites.TheysaidonehadtoconverttoJudaismbeforebecomingaChris6an.
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ThemajorityofChurchFathersagreethattheEbionitesrejectedmanyofthepreceptscentraltoNiceneorthodoxy,suchashispre-existence,divinity(onlyhuman),virginbirth,atoningdeath,andphysicalresurrec6on.TheEbioniteswereJewsandclaimedtheOTandMa3hewbutrejectedallofPaul’steachings.Theyomi3edthefirsttwochapters(birthnarra6ve),andstartedwiththebap6smofJesusbyJohn.
WhatisyouropinionoftheEbionites?
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Around139CEMarcionarrivedinRome.Hegainedadmissiontothechurchanddonatedasubstan6alsumaround200,000sesterceswhereonesester6usisworthabout$3.Thenamesester6usmeans"twoandonehalf",referringtoitsnominalvalueoftwoandahalfdonkeys,avaluethatwasusefulforcommercebecauseitwasonequarterofadenarius,acoinworthtendonkeys.Marcionstruggledwiththeques6onashowtoreconcileYahweh,theGodoftheOTwhocreatedallthingsandat6messeemstobeharsh,angry,andjealouswiththeGodandFatherofJesuswhoisloving,compassionate,andkind.
Howdoyouhandlethis?
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Marcionalsostruggledtryingtomakesenseoftheproblemofsufferingandevilandwhybadthingshappentogoodpeople.
Howdoyouhandlethis?
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MarcionresolvedthetwoissuesbyusingandemergingphilosophyfromGnos6cism.MarcionsaidthatYahweh,theGodoftheOTwasNOTtheGodandFatherofJesus,inotherwordthereweretwoGods.
HowdoyoulikeMarcion’ssoluIon?
IftherewerenottwoGods,thendidGodchangebetweentheOldandNewtestament?
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MarcionwantedtodetachChris6anityfromJudaism.MarcionwasthefirstpersontoassembleabookofdocumentsresemblingtheNewTestament.TheMarcionrejectedtheOTaltogetherbecausetheywerethescripturesofYahwehandonlytook10ofPaul’swri6ngsandLuke’s,butremovedthebirthnarra6vefromLukeandallOTreferencesfromPaul’sle3ers
WhatdoyouthinkofMarcion’saHemptataNT?
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TheMarcionites(Doce6cs)believedbroadlyitisthatJesusonlyseemedtobehuman(onlydivine),andthathishumanformwasanillusion.Around144CE,MarcionchosetomakehistheologicalsystempublicpossiblywiththeviewofswayingthechurchatlargeandcalledforacouncilofRomanpresbyters,thefirstcouncilonrecord.
Whatdoyouthinkhappened?
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TheRomanpresbytersrejectedhisviews,returnedis200,000sestercesandexcommunicatedhimfromthechurch.Doce6smwasunequivocallyrejectedattheFirstCouncilofNicaeain325andisregardedashere6calbytheCatholicChurch,OrthodoxChurch.
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OneoftheimportantoutcomesofMarcion’shere6cala3emptwasthatthechurchchurchbegantotakeseriouslytheimportanceofwhichbookswouldbeconsideredandreadandstudiedinworship.
WhatisyouropinionoftheMarcionites?
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Non-canonicalDoceIctexts
• GospelofPhillip• SecondTrea6seoftheGreatSeth• Gnos6cApocalypseofPeter• GospelofJudas• GospelofPeter• ActsofJohn• GospelofBasilides
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TheGnos6cs(havingknowledge)dependedonthesecretsthatweretoldonlytospecialpeople.Gnos6cismisamodernnameforavarietyofancientreligiousideasandsystems,origina6nginJewishmilieusinthefirstandsecondcenturyAD.BasedontheirreadingsoftheTorahandotherBiblicalwri6ngs,thesesystemsinducedthatthematerialworldiscreatedbyanignorantemana6onofthehighestGod.
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OneofthemajorproblemswithGnos6cismwasthattheywouldimbedthemselvesintradi6onalchurchesandrecitetheircreeds,buthadtheirownsecretmee6ngs.SomeofthewordingintheGospelsistocombatGnos6cism.
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TheChris6anheresiologists,mostnotablyIrenaeus,regardedGnos6cismasaChris6anheresy.ModernscholarshipnotesthatearlyChris6anitywasverydiverse,andChris6anorthodoxyonlyse3ledinthe4thcentury,whentheRomanEmpiredeclinedandGnos6cismlostitsinfluence
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Paul’sle3ersformtheearliestproto-NewTestament.Theygaveinstruc6ons,answeredques6ons,gaveguidanceandencouragement.TheearlychurchstruggledtounderstandPaul’sle3ers.
Read2Peter3:15-16
WhattroublesdoyouhavewithPaul’sleHers?
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TheauthorsaysthatPaul’steachingwasbeingdistortedbysomeignorantandunstablepeopleandthathisle3erswerepronetomisinterpreta6on.
HowdoyouseePaul’sleHersbeingmisinterpretedanddistortedtoday?
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TertulliancallsPaul"theapostleofthehere6cs”,becausePaul'swri6ngswerea3rac6vetognos6cs,andinterpretedinagnos6cway,whileJewishChris6ansfoundhimtostrayfromtheJewishrootsofChris6anity
Whatdoyouthinkofthisstatement?
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Ma3hewdrawssomeofhisworkcalledtheDidache.Didache."Teaching”alsoknownasTheTeachingoftheTwelveApostles,isabriefanonymousearlyChris6antrea6se,datedbymostmodernscholarstothefirstcentury.Thefirstlineofthistrea6seis"TheteachingoftheLordtotheGen6les(orNa6ons)bythetwelveapostles”Lostforcenturies,aGreekmanuscriptoftheDidachewasrediscoveredin1873.ALa6nversionofthefirstfivechapterswasdiscoveredin1900.
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Thecontentsmaybedividedintofourparts,whichmostscholarsagreewerecombinedfromseparatesourcesbyalaterredactor:• thefirstistheTwoWays,theWayofLifeand
theWayofDeath(chapters1–6);• thesecondpartisaritualdealingwithbap6sm,
fas6ng,andCommunion(chapters7–10);• thethirdspeaksoftheministryandhowto
treatapostles,prophets,bishops,anddeacons(chapters11–15);
• andthefinalsec6on(chapter16)isaprophecyoftheAn6christandtheSecondComing.
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Bytheendofthefirstcentury,therewasnotyetaNewTestament.Par6culardocumentswerebeingquotedbyleadersandreadinchurches.FourGospelscirculatedindependentofoneanother.
Whatareyourthoughtsaboutwhatexistedintermsofscriptureattheendofthefirstcentury,about70yearsa\erthedeathofJesus?
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In1945,thirteenleather-boundpapyruscodicesburiedinasealedjarwerefoundinNagHammadiEgyptbyalocalfarmernamedMuhammedal-Samman.Thewri6ngsinthesecodicescomprised52mostlyGnos6ctrea6ses.PriortothediscoveryofNagHammaditextsin1945,theGnos6cmovementswerelargelyperceivedthroughthelensoftheearlychurchheresiologists.
Whatdoesthismean?
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Proto-orthodoxytookwri6ngsbyalltheapostles.
Whyisthisimportant?
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TheMuratoriancanonistheearliestknowcanonandwascreatedaroundtheendofthesecondcentury.Ithad22outofthe27bookswenowhave.
Whatkindofcriteriawereusedtodecidewhichbookswouldbeaddedandwhichbookswouldbele\out?
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HerearethecriteriathatwereusedtodetermineifabookwasacceptableornotAncient–hadtohavebeenwri3ennearthe6meofJesusApostolic–hadtobewri3enbyanapostleoracompanionofanapostleCatholic–hadtobeuniversallyreadamongestablishedchurchesOrthodox–hadtobetheologicallyorthodox,theotherthreeweresecondarytothisone.
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Hamilton’scriteriaforselecIonUsefulness–weretheyhelpfultothechurcheswhoreadthemConsistency–wasitconsistentwiththefaithasitwaspreachedinthechurchesandasitwasthoughttohavebeenestablishedbytheapostlesAssociaIon–wasitassociatedwiththefirstgenera6onofChris6anleadersAcceptance–wasitwidelyaccepted
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Soalotofthewri6ngsintheNTbooksweretocombatheresiesofthe6me.AheresyissomethingthatisnotorthodoxandthewinnersgettoclaimwhatisorthodoxandwhatisnotAfewoftheshorterbookshadtroublegennginbecausetheywerenotuniversallyreadSomeoftheproblemswerebecausetheRomanEmpirehadbeendividedintoanEast(GreeceandTurkey)andWest(Rome).
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Eusibiusputtogetheralistintheearly4thcenturythatincludedthefourgroups,acceptedbooksincludingthe4gospels,Acts,14Paulineepistles(includingHebrews,1Peter,and1John,andifitreallyseemsright,Revela6on.Disputedbooksinclude,James,Jude,2Peterand2and3John.Therewere6forgedorspuriousbooks(ex.ActsofPaul),andfivehere6calbooks(ex.GospelofPeter)
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C.AD51-125:TheNewTestamentbooksarewri3en,butduringthissameperiodotherearlyChris6anwri6ngsareproduced.Forexample,theDidache(c.AD70),1Clement(c.96),theEpistleofBarnabas(c.100),andthe7le3ersofIgna6usofAn6och(c.110).
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C.AD200:Buttheperipheryofthecanonisnotyetdetermined.Accordingtoonelist,compiledatRomec.AD200(theMuratorianCanon),theNTconsistsofthe4gospels;Acts;13le3ersofPaul(Hebrewsisnotincluded);3ofthe7GeneralEpistles(1-2JohnandJude);andalsotheApocalypseofPeter.
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AD367:TheearliestextantlistofthebooksoftheNT,inexactlythenumberandorderinwhichwepresentlyhavethem,iswri3enbyAthanasius,BishopofAlexandria,inhisEasterle3erof367.
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Books 90AD 160AD 250AD 325AD 367AD Matthew NO YES YES YES YES
Mark NO YES YES YES YES Luke NO YES YES YES YES John NO YES YES YES YES Acts NO NO YES YES YES
Romans NO YES YES YES YES 1 Corinthians NO YES YES YES YES 2 Corinthians NO YES YES YES YES
Galatians NO YES YES YES YES Ephesians NO YES YES YES YES Philippians NO YES YES YES YES Colossians NO YES YES YES YES
1 Thessalonians NO YES YES YES YES 2 Thessalonians NO YES YES YES YES
1 Timothy NO YES YES YES YES 2 Timothy NO YES YES YES YES
Titus NO YES YES YES YES Philemon NO YES YES YES YES Hebrews NO NO NO YES YES
James NO NO NO NO YES 1 Peter NO NO YES YES YES 2 Peter NO NO NO NO YES 1 John NO NO NO YES YES 2 John NO NO NO NO YES 3 John NO NO NO NO YES Jude NO NO NO NO YES
Revelation NO NO YES YES YES
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NON-CANONICALGOSPELSTheGospeloftheNazareansTheGospelAccordingtotheEbionitesTheGospelAccordingtotheHebrewsTheGospelAccordingtotheEgyp6ansTheCop6cGospelofThomasPapyrusEgerton2:TheUnknownGospelTheGospelofPeterTheGospelofMaryTheGospelofPhilipTheGospelofTruthTheGospeloftheSaviorTheInfancyGospelofThomasTheProto-GospelofJamesTheEpistleoftheApostlesTheCop6cApocalypseofPeterTheSecondTrea6seofGreatSethTheSecretGospelofMark
NON-CANONICALACTSOFTHEAPOSTLESTheActsofJohnTheActsofPaulTheActsofTheclaTheActsofThomasTheActsofPeter
BOOKSTHATDIDNOTMAKETHECUT
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NON-CANONICALAPOCALYPSESANDREVELATORYTREATISESTheShepherdofHermanTheApocalypseofPeterTheApocalypseofPaulTheSecretBookofJohnOntheOriginoftheWorldTheFirstThoughtinThreeFormsTheHymnofthePearlCANONICALLISTSTheMuratorianCanonTheCanonofOrigenofAlexandriaTheCanonofEusebiusTheCanonofAthansiusofAlexandriaTheCanonattheThirdSynodofCarthage
NON-CANONICALEPISTLESANDRELATEDWRITINGSTheThirdLe3ertotheCorinthiansCorrespondenceofPaulandSenecaPaul'sLe3ertotheLaodiceansTheLe3erof1ClementTheLe3erof2ClementThe"Le3erofPetertoJames"andits"Recep6on"TheHomiliesofClementPtolemy'sLe3ertoFloraTheTrea6seoftheResurrec6onTheDidache:TheTeachingoftheTwelveApostlesTheLe3erofBarnabasThePreachingsofPeterPseudo-Titus
MOREBOOKSTHATDIDNOTMAKETHECUT
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Thereweres6llsomedebatesaFerthis.Contrarytopopularmisconcep6on,theNewTestamentcanonwasnotsummarilydecidedinlarge,bureaucra6cChurchcouncilmee6ngs,butratherdevelopedveryslowlyovermanycenturies.Thisisnottosaythatformalcouncilsanddeclara6onswerenotinvolved,however.
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AD904:PopeDamasus,inale3ertoaFrenchbishop,liststheNewTestamentbooksintheirpresentnumberandorder.AD1442:AttheCouncilofFlorence,theen6reChurchrecognizesthe27books,thoughdoesnotdeclarethemunalterable.
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AD1536:Inhistransla6onoftheBiblefromGreekintoGerman,Lutherremoves4NTbooks(Hebrews,James,Jude,andRevela6on)fromtheirnormalorderandplacesthemattheend,sta6ngthattheyarelessthancanonical.
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AttheCouncilofTrentin1546,theCatholicChurchreaffirmsonceandforallthefulllistof27books(byvote:24yea,15nay,16abstain).
Whatdoyouthinkaboutthe27booksbeingvotedinbysuchasmallamountofpeopleandnotevenamajorityvoIngyea?
Whathasbeendecidedtobeorthodox(rightthinking)bysimilarnon-unanimousvotes.
Howdoyoudecidewhatpartsofwhatisconsideredorthodoxytoacceptorreject?
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TheThirty-NineAr6clesof1563fortheChurchofEngland.TheWestminsterConfessionofFaithof1647forCalvinism.TheSynodofJerusalemof1672forGreekOrthodoxy.