Chapter 13 Transcription RNA in the Primeval World What came first proteins or nucleic acids? or...
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Transcript of Chapter 13 Transcription RNA in the Primeval World What came first proteins or nucleic acids? or...
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Chapter 13Transcription
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RNA in the Primeval WorldWhat came first proteins or nucleic acids?
or
chicken
Or the………
EGG!
Life’s Paradox…
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1981: Tomas Cech Discovered:n RNA could act as enzymes=Ribozymes!
Ribozyme
RNA
Tetrahymena thermophila
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RNA structureReminder of RNA structure.
What are differences between DNA and RNA?
Review Question:
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RNAs
Functional Informational
transfer RNAsVital for protein translation
ribosomal RNAsForms complexes with proteins
Vital for protein translation
messenger RNAsIntermediates in decoding genes into proteins
And now
many more!
TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION of RNAs
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Additional functional classes of RNA
n Small nuclear RNAs
n Small nucleolar RNAs
n Small cytoplasmic RNAs
n Small Interfering RNAs
n MicroRNA
n snRNAs
n snoRNA
n scRNA
n siRNA
n miRNA
Molecule of the year2002
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RNA Transcription
Transcription is always 5’ to 3’!
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The Basic Model
Let’s look closely at the process of transcription.
terminator
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Transcription unit with more detail
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Four key components of transcription
n Promoter
n Transcription start site
n RNA coding region
n The Terminator
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Process of Bacterial Transcription
n Initiation
n Elongation
n Termination
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Prokaryotic Initiation
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Prokaryotic: RNA Polymerase
Required for Initiation of Transcription
Can only continue transcription
ω ω
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RNA polymerase binds
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Prokaryotic Elongation
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The Search
The Binding: “Closed Complex”
The Unwinding:“Open complex”
Transcription Begins: Sigma factor leaves
RNA Polymerase
ω
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Transcription is always 5’ to 3’
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Prokaryotic Termination
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Transcription Termination
n 2 mechanismsq rho dependentq rho independent
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Rho Dependent
Binding of rho protein
Secondary RNA structure
Rho protein has helicase activiity!
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Rho Independent
Speed bump
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Eukaryotic Transcription
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Eukaryotic Initiation
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Promoter of RNA polymerase II
Affects rate of transcription
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Promoter recognition and transcription initiation
■BASAL TRANSCRIPTION APPARATUS
□General Transcription Factors
□RNA Polymerase
□Mediator proteins
■Transcriptional Activator Proteins
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General Transcription Factors(for example: for RNA Polymerase II)
1. TFIIA
2. TFIIB
3. TFIID
4. TFIIE
5. TFIIF
6. TFIIH
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Binds to minor groove
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Eukaryotic Transcriptional Termination
n Protein dependent terminationq But proteins binds DNA not RNA
n Protein Independentq but no hairpin loop
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n Eukaryotesn Arachae
n Eubacteria
Evolution and Regulatory Sequences
TATA BINDING PROTEINS
NO TATA BINDING PROTEINS
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