CHAPTER 13Reformation & Religious Warfare in 16th Century

What were the chief ideas of the Christian humanists, and how did they differ from Protestant reformers?

In the second half of the fifteenth century, the new classical learning from the Italian Renaissance spread to northern Europe and started the movement :NORTHERN (CHRISTIAN) RENAISSANCE HUMANISM goal to reform Christianity Christian humanists focused on Holy

Scriptures Felt a simple religion had been

complicated during the Middle Ages Through education people could find true

inner piety and reform – supported schools

Erasmus

Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1535) Formed reform program of Christian

humanism Handbook of the Christian Knight

(1503) “philosophy of Christ” – inner piety – not

external religion like sacraments, pilgrimages, fasts, saints, relics

Called for re-translation in Greek (said the VULGATE, Latin version, had errors)

The Praise of Folly (1511) Criticism of most corrupt practices of society,

especially abuses of clergy Work paved the way for the Reformation

Thomas More

Thomas More (1478-1535) Trained in law, proficient in Latin

and Greek Learning should be put into the

service of state Became lord chancellor of England

Friend of Erasmus Wrote Utopia

Thomas More

Utopia (1516) Account of the idealistic life and

institution of community “Utopia” (Greek for nowhere) in the New World

Shows concerns for economic, social, political problems

New social system where cooperation and reason replaced power and fame as motivating agents in society

Communal ownership rather than private property

Opposed Henry VIII’s divorce from Katherine & Pope

The Church and Religion

Corruption in the Catholic Church was another factor inspiring reform Highest positions in Church

were held by nobles or the wealthy bourgeoisie

PLURALISM: church officials took more than one position to make more money

INDULGENCES: relics or payments to reduce time in purgatory

What were Martin Luther’s main disagreements with the RCC and why did the movement spread so quickly Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Born in Germany, started as a lawyer, became a monk

Focused on assurance of Salvation

Became a professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg

Came to believe that no human could ever DO enough to be saved JUSTIFICATION from grace

through faith (not works, sacraments, penance,

etc)

Indulgence Controversy

Pope Leo X started an Indulgence Jubilee in 1517 to pay for the building of St. Peter’s Basilica “as soon as the coin in the coffer rings,

the soul from purgatory springs” Luther was distressed

95 Theses Indictment of the abuses in the sale of

indulgences Thousands of copies were made and

spread all Germany Luther was compared to John Hus and

in 1520 Luther realized he needed to leave the RCC

Luther’s Writings and Consequences

Address to the Nobility of the German Nation – Luther calls for German princes to overthrow papacy

The Babylonian Captivity of the Church – attacked the sacramental system as a way for the papacy to maintain control Reform of monasticism where clergy can marry

On the Freedom of a Christian Man- treatise proclaiming faith alone ensures salvation

1521 – RCC excommunicates Luther Charles V called for Luther to appear before the Reichstag

Luther refused EDICT OF WORMS – made Luther an outlaw within the empire

Spread & Conflict

Luther translated the Bible into German and his New Testament sold 200,000 copies in twelve years Preaching spread Luther’s ideas Mostly to the upper classes (the literate)

Adreas Carlstadt wanted to initiate a more radical reform Abolish all relics, images, and the Mass

Erasmus and other Christian Humanists left the movement because it was breaking up Christendom

PEASANTS’ WAR (1524-1525) Peasants were unhappy with position and revolted Luther issued pamphlet Against the Robbing and

Murdering Hordes of Peasants “smite, slay and stab” the peasantry

Organizing the Church

Luther got rid of all sacraments but Baptism- rebirth through grace Communion- forgiveness of sin

Luther denied TRANSUBSTANTIATION

Believed spirit of god was present, but the bread and wine wasn’t Christ's corporal flesh

Got rid of the Clergy Married a nun, Katherine von

Bora as an example

Political turmoil allows Lutheranism to spread

1519, Charles I of Spain (grandson of Maximilian) elected Holy Roman Emperor Charles V Spain & its overseas possessions Austrian lands Bohemia Hungary Low Countries Naples

Charles V’s Problems distract from Lutherans

Rivalry with Francis I, king of France Disputed territories in France, Netherlands,

Rhineland, Northern Spain, Italy HABSBURG-VALOIS WARS (1521-1547)

Papacy sided with France 1527: Charles V’s army sacked Rome By 1530 Charles V controlled much of Italy

Turks overran most of Hungary, moved into Austria

Charles V’s Problems distract from Lutherans

Charles wanted the hundreds of German states to stay united under Catholicism SCHMALKALDIC LEAGUE made up of German Princes and

German states promised to defend each other from Charles V Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1547)

Initially Charles V won The League allied with new French king, Henry II Charles had to call a truce

PEACE OF AUGSBURG, 1555, division of Christianity acknowledged, right of each German ruler to choose the religion of his subjects

Charles abdicated the throne in 1556 to live in a monastery

Swiss Protestantism

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) Strongly influenced by Christian Humanism Became a priest in Zürich, Switzerland Reformed the church in Zürich

Relics and images abolished Paintings and decorations removed Music eliminated from services Believed communion was strictly symbolic – NO

physical presence of Christ Battled with rural Swiss

Killed, cut up, burned, ashes scattered

Anabaptists

ANABAPTISTS – more radical reform movement Advocated adult baptism Strict democracy- all believers equal Complete separation of church and state

Refused to hold political office Would not bear arms

Nearly wiped out in the Peasants’ War

Anabaptists

Settled in Münster – turned to MILLENARIANISM, belief the end of the world is at hand Took over town, burned all books but bible Kicked out and returned to pacifist ways

Menno Simmons (1496-1561) Peaceful evangelist Separation from the world to emulate Jesus Strict discipline, banned those who didn’t conform “Mennonites”

Mennonites and Amish (Anabaptists) still exist today

John Calvin

John Calvin (1509-1564) French scholar, not safe in France, moved to

Basel Institutes of the Christian Religion –

synthesis of Protestant thought Justification through faith alone PREDESTINATION – God elects those who will

be saved or damned before they are born In Geneva, created ECCLESIASTICAL

ORDINANCES- document that made a church government overseeing moral life Colors of clothing, music, church attendance,

behavior

Create a Thesis and Outline

What were the main tenets of Lutheranism, Zwinglianism, Calvinism, and Anabaptism

Create a unifying thesis – one sentence Outline three supporting paragraphs

Terms, names, facts

Next Time: Seminar

Prepare for a seminar on the Counter Reformation

Re-read section in book Look over outline You may bring note cards You will be asked specific and opinion

questions Points rewarded for participation

English Reformation

Henry VIII (1509-1547) wanted to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon Spanish princess to

Ferdinand and Isabella Only delivered on

living heir, daughter Mary

Henry in love with lady-in-waiting, Anne Boleyn

English Reformation

Henry relied on Cardinal Wolsey, the highest ranking church official in England to obtain an annulment from Pope Clement VII sack of Rome in 1527

made pope rely on Charles V

(nephew of Catherine)

English Reformation

Anne Boleyn became pregnant, Henry secretly married her in 1533

Thomas Cranmer (archbishop of Canterbury) declared Henry’s marriage to Catherine null because Catherine had been married to Henry’s brother, Arthur, first

Anne gave birth to a girl, Elizabeth ACT OF SUPREMACY: Henry is the

head of the Church of England TREASON ACT: punishable by

death to deny the king had supreme head of the church Thomas More beheaded under Treason

Act

English Reformation

Under the new centralized power monasteries were closed, land and possessions were confiscated by the King Sold to nobles, gentry, merchants

Henry kept looking for the perfect wife Catherine of Aragon – Mary (Catholic) Anne Boleyn – Elizabeth (Protestant) Jane Seymour – Edward (Protestant) Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr

After Henry’s death

Edward VI became king at 9 Cranmer and others pushed through more

Protestant reforms Created unrest Edward died in 1553

Mary I becomes queen Restores Catholicism Married Phillip II of Spain (son of Charles V) “Bloody Mary” Died in 1558

You may use note cards, no notesPoints for meaningful participation

Counter Reformation Seminar

What is the Catholic Reformation? “Counter Reformation” Mid-16th century Revival of Roman Catholicism Aimed at fixing the problems pointed out Aimed at stopping spread of

Protestantism

i.e. was it primarily a reformation of the church THANKS to the protestant reformation or was it an attempt to push back Protestantism?

Was it a Catholic or Counter Reformation?

What orders were created/revived during the counter-reformation, which were the most important? Why?

Carmelites- created by Spanish mystic Saint Teresa of Avila

Benedictines & Dominicans- renewed Capuchins- preaching directly to the people Theatines – founded orphanages and hospitals Ursulines – schools for girls JESUITS – founded by Ignatius of Loyola

Most important to counter-reformation Absolute obedience to the papacy Education to achieve goals – took over universities Military like Missionaries reached Japan & China

What effect will the Jesuits have on the world?

How did Pope Paul III reform the papacy?

Appointed a reform commission to study condition of the church

Commission blamed policies on popes and cardinals

Summoned Council of Trent Established the Roman Inquisition

Pope Paul IV Created the Index of Forbidden Books

Books Catholics weren’t allowed to read All Protestant works Erasmus

•Reform commission, •Council of Trent, •Roman Inquisition & Index of Forbidden Books

Which reform most shows the Catholic Church’s refusal to reform?

What did the Council of Trent do? Three sessions between 1545-1563 Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in

opposition to Protestant beliefs Only the church could interpret scripture Both faith and good works needed for salvation Upheld:

Seven sacraments Transubstantiation Clerical celibacy Belief in purgatory Efficacy of indulgences (prohibited sale)

Why did clarity from the Council of Trent help the Catholic Church?

Write your name at the top of a paperTitle page Counter Reformation Seminar1-10 points – how do you think you did?

Questions/Comments?

French Wars of Religion

HUGUENOTS- French protestants 10% of French population 40-50% of French nobility House of Bourbon

next to the Valois in the line of succession Ruled Navarre

Catherine de’ Medici (1547-1559) Henry II – killed in tournament, Catherine regent

for sons Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III

Tried to find compromise between powerful Guise family & protestants

French Wars of Religion

Groups willing to fight monarchy Towns and provinces were willing to revolt

against monarchy because of centralized power

Nobility willing to revolt in opposition to the crown

POLITIQUES – placed politics before religion and believed that no religious truth was worth the ravages of civil war

French Wars of Religion

1562: Duke of Guise massacred a peaceful group of Huguenots in Vassy

1572: Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Henry of Navarre (house Bourbon) came to

Paris to marry king’s sister Henry’s mother brought Protestantism to

France Henry leader of Huguenots, many came for

wedding Three days of killing in the bloodiest

manner 3000 Huguenots dead Henry escaped by promising to become

Catholic

French Wars of Religion

1594: Henry of Navarre made king of France (Henry IV) “Paris is worth a mass” Converted to Catholicism

Edict of Nantes (1598) Acknowledged Catholicism as

official religion in France Guaranteed the Huguenots the

right to worship Allowed to hold public offices

Philip II of Spain

Son of Charles V Inherited Spain, Netherlands,

possessions in Italy & New World Strict adherence to Catholicism in

Philip’s holdings Aggressive use of Spanish Inquisition Strong monarchial authority

Tried to be center of whole government and supervised all departments

Unwilling to delegate authority Fell behind on work and focused on

trivial matters

Philip II of Spain

Wanted to make Spain a dominant power in Europe

Economy Prosperous economy fueled by gold

in New World Gold and Silver also created

inflation that hurt economy and production

Expenses of war devastating to economy

“Most Catholic King” Defeated Muslims in Cyprus Tried to crush the Netherlands

Revolt in Netherlands

One of the richest parts of Philip’s empire Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg Dutch, French, Flemish Commercial crossroads (remember Hanseatic

League?) Lutheranism, Anabaptism, Calvinism taking over

Philip’s rule was strongly opposed 1566 Calvinists and Nobles destroyed stained

glass Philip sent Duke of Alba with 10,000 soldiers

Court of Blood

Duke of Alba crushed rebellion Repressive policies led merchants to join

Calvinists “COUNCIL OF TROUBLES” or “Council of

Blood” created a reign of terror William of Orange wished to unite all

provinces PACIFICATION OF GHENT – uniting under

religious tolerance Didn’t last long – Duke of Parma came and

played on religious differences South: Catholic North: Protestant under William of Orange

Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I became queen in 1558 Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn Protestant – moderate, between Luther

& Calvin Brilliant, cautious, confident

Imprisoned cousin, Mary Queen of Scots Fled Scotland from Calvinists Tried to overthrow Elizabeth many

times Finally beheaded in 1587

Fought the PURITANS who wanted to reform the church further

Foreign Policy

Avoided war Encouraged piracy Supported protestants in

France and Spain to weaken other monarchies

Philip enraged over support to the Netherlands Believed the English would

overthrow Elizabeth if he gave them a reason

Sent an Armada to invade England

Beaten by storms and fire ships!