Chapter 13 Motivation & Emotion. What motivates our behaviors; our thoughts? Jot down reasons in...
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Transcript of Chapter 13 Motivation & Emotion. What motivates our behaviors; our thoughts? Jot down reasons in...
Chapter 13
Motivation & Emotion
What motivates our behaviors; our
thoughts?Jot down reasons in your
notebooks…
Close your eyes…
Imagine the future
HOPE
The overall perception that our goals can be met with energy and
ability
Motivation
A need or desire that serves to energize behavior and to direct it toward a goal
it’s a hypothetical concept We infer motivation from behaviors we
observe Four motives: hunger, sex, belonging,
achievement*interplay between nature (the physiological
“push”) and nurture (the cognitive & cultural “pull”)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgjK8S-3DSQ
Perspectives
1. Instinct theory2. Drive-reduction theory3. Arousal theory4. Incentive 5. Hierarchy of needs
Instinct Theory5759 supposed human instincts Rather than explaining human behavior, early
instinct theorists were simply naming them To name a behavior is NOT to explain it Instinct: to qualify, a complex behavior must have
a fixed pattern throughout a species and be unlearned (i.e., infant’s rooting & sucking)
James & McDougall – instincts foster survival and social behavior
Too much variation in how people behave for it to be instinctive
Instinct theory collapsed drive-reduction theory
Idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the need by say, eating or drinking
Physiological aim for drive-reduction is homeostasis (internal balance)
Pushed by our need to reduce drives Pulled by incentives (i.e., smells,
attractiveness)
Arousal
Some motivated behaviors increase arousal
Even when all biological needs are satisfied, we feel driven to experience stimulation
When basic needs are met and homeostasis is achieved, the “arousal
theory” states that people are motivated to
maintain an optimal level of arousal, some
more than others.Who is a thrill seeker?
Hierarchy of Motives
Theorized by Maslow (1970)
Some motives are more compelling than others
Self-actualization – the need to become what one believes he or she is capable of being
Self-actualization – creativity, problem solving, spontaneity
Esteem – self-esteem, confidence, respect of self and from others
Love & belongingness – friendship, family, relationships
Safety – security of body, employment, morality, family
Physiological – food, water, breathing, sleep
Drives and Incentives
• Incentive–Positive and negative
Review
1. Define: motivation.2. What is self-actualization? Whose
theory includes this concept? 3. What is homeostasis? 4. What are four basic human motives?5. Briefly describe the theories of
motivation.
In 1991, Walter Hudson died at 47 years of age. His death was reported in newspapers and magazines throughout the United States, even though he was not a distinguished artist, writer, scientist, executive, or politician. Hudson was one of the heaviest men in the world. He was so big that he was unable to leave his house, and when he died, workmen had to cut a hole in his bedroom wall so his body could be removed. At his peak, he weighed 1,400 pounds and had a 119-inch waist. At one point, he actually lost 800 pounds. Later, however, as so many other people do, he regained most of the weight he had lost.
Imagine you’re on a long trip, your stomach growls
with hunger, you pull off the nearest exit to find a
restaurant, what perspectives is exemplified
here?Imagine you’re so hungry
that you displace your concern for all other things,
which perspective is exemplified?
The Focus on Hunger Psychological and biological needs Food = more than just a means to survive How strong is the motivation to satisfy
hunger? How far would you go to satiate the hunger
pang? “Alive”
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2217141/I-eat-piece-friend-survive-Torment-1972-Andes-plane-crash-survivor-haunted-ordeal-40-years-later.htm l
Walter Hudson – What would motivate a person to allow this to happen?
Physiology Stomach contracts when we’re hungry Without a stomach hunger persists The level of sugar (glucose) in the blood and the
hypothalamus are key influences on feelings of hunger – glucostatic theory
Lateral hypothalamus - “start eating”; automatically regulates caloric intake to prevent energy deficits and maintain a stable body weight
Ventromedial hypothalamus – depresses hunger; “stop-eating” hunger
Arcuate nucleus/paraventricular nucleus
The Physiology of HungerBody Chemistry and the Brain
• Appetite hormones–Ghrelin–Insulin –CCK –Leptin
• Set point• Basal metabolic rate
Psychological Influences
Part of knowing when to eat is our memory of our last meal (amnesia patients)
“externals” – eating is triggered more by the sight and presence of food rather than internal factors
Learning that some food/drinks cause a feeling of well-being and relaxation
Environmental Factors
Palatability
Quantity
Variety
Presence of others
Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation
Taste Preferences
What influences when we feel hungry and what we feel hungry for?
Body chemistry/environmental factors Preferences for sweet/salty are genetic
and universal Others are conditioned Culture - spices “neophobia” – aversion from unfamiliar,
novel foods
Obesity
Seems to run in families May have a gene so they do not receive
the biological signal that they have eaten enough to sustain them
Metabolism – more fat slower metabolism
Vicious cycle
Obesity
Obesity
Obesity and Weight ControlThe Social Effects of Obesity
• Social effects of obesity
• Weight discrimination
• Psychological effects of obesity
Weight Discrimination
Weight Discrimination
Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity
• Fat Cells
Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity
• Set point and metabolism
Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity
• The genetic factor
• The food and activity factor–Sleep loss
–Social influence
–Food consumption and activity level
Obesity and Weight ControlLosing Weight
• Realistic and moderate goals
• Success stories
• Attitudinal changes
Eating Disorders
Fat is BAD! Barbie – 5’7”, 32-16-
29 <100,000 women 25-50% of Americans
are on a diet at any given moment
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFxVATYTrbs (Media)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4d-p2P5gsLU (Barbie)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9e-wRrLGX4 (binge)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fF0lAlo80fU (THIN) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tIDPVq20UBQ
(Dying to be thin) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05c0jd66Xns
Anorexia Nervosa
Disorder in which a person becomes significantly underweight (15% or more) yet feels fat and is obsessed with losing weight
Limits food intake 9 times out of 10 in females begins in
adolescence Families: competitive, high-achieving,
protective, set high standards, concerned about how others perceive them
Bulimia Nervosa
Disorder marked by repeated episodes of overeating followed by compensatory vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
Most are women Late teens/early 20s Preoccupied with food Weight fluctuates within or above normal range Easy to hide Depressed/anxious About ½ anorexics display binge-purge-depression cycle Families: higher incidence of alcoholism, obesity,
depression
Students:
91% of women surveyed on a college campus had attempted to control their weight through dieting. 22% dieted “often” or “always.”
86% report onset of eating disorder by age 20; 43% report onset between ages of 16 and 20.
Anorexia is the third most common chronic illness among adolescents.
95% of those who have eating disorders are between the ages of 12 and 25.
25% of college-aged women engage in bingeing and purging as a weight-management technique.
The mortality rate associated with anorexia nervosa is 12 times higher than the death rate associated with all causes of death for females 15-24 years old.
Over one-half of teenage girls and nearly one-third of teenage boys use unhealthy weight control behaviors such as skipping meals, fasting, smoking cigarettes, vomiting, and taking laxatives.
In a survey of 185 female students on a college campus, 58% felt pressure to be a certain weight, and of the 83% that dieted for weight loss, 44% were of normal weight.
Men: • An estimated 10-15% of people with anorexia or bulimia are male.9
• Men are less likely to seek treatment for eating disorders because of the perception that they are “woman’s diseases.”10• Among gay men, nearly 14% appeared to suffer from bulimia and over 20% appeared to be anorexic.11
Media, Perception, Dieting: • 95% of all dieters will regain their lost weight within 5 years.3
• 35% of “normal dieters” progress to pathological dieting. Of those, 20-25% progress to partial or full-syndrome eating disorders.5• The body type portrayed in advertising as the ideal is possessed naturally by only 5% of American females.3• 47% of girls in 5th-12th grade reported wanting to lose weight because of magazine pictures.12• 69% of girls in 5th-12th grade reported that magazine pictures influenced their idea of a perfect body shape.13• 42% of 1st-3rd grade girls want to be thinner (Collins, 1991).• 81% of 10 year olds are afraid of being fat (Mellin et al., 1991).
Sexual Motivation
The Physiology of SexThe Sexual Response Cycle
• Sexual response cycle–Excitement phase
–Plateau phase
–Orgasm
–Resolution phase• Refractory period
Mate Preferences
What do males look for in women?Women in men?
Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation
Sexual Orientation
• Sexual orientation–Homosexual orientation
–Heterosexual orientation
Environmental?
Biological?
Achievement Motivation Performance goals Learning goals Intrinsic rewards External rewards Cognitive consistency – think & behave how
we believe we’re supposed to Balance theory – birds of a feather flock
together Cognitive-dissonance theory –
behaviors/thoughts consistent
What are your sources of
achievement?What motivates YOU?
How can we motivate others?
The Need to Belong
Aristotle – “social animal” “Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu” – South
American “a person is a person through other persons”
What is necessary for your happiness? What is it that makes your life meaningful? How do we maintain relationships? Have you ever felt out of the loop? If so, how did it make you feel?
Would you like to never be sad
again?
What would our lives be like without emotion?
EMOTION
Interplay of physiological activation, expressive behavior, and conscious experience (which comes first?)
There are two controversies surrounding emotional experience
1. Physiological arousal precedes or follows emotional experience?
2. Cognition precedes or follows emotion?
Affective forecasting
Theories of Emotion
1. James-Lange Theory: experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological response to emotion-arousing stimuli
* Does a racing heart signal fear, anger, or love?2. Cannon-Bard Theory: emotion-arousing
stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion
* Can we experience emotion apart from thinking?
3. Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory: emotions have two ingredients – physical arousal and a cognitive label (experience of emotion grows from our awareness of our body’s response but emotions are physiologically similar)
- arousal from emotions can “spillover”
- arousal fuels emotions; cognition channels it
Robert Zajonc (zi-yence)
Emotional reactions can be quicker than our interpretations of a situation; we therefore, feel some emotions before we think
“The heart is not always subject to the mind.”
- Some neural pathways involved in emotion bypass the cortical areas involved in thinking
Richard Lazarus
Disagrees with Zajonc Our brains process and react to vast
amounts of information without our conscious awareness, though some emotional responses do not require conscious thinking but there is some sort of cognitive appraisal
How do we know what we’re reacting to?
Theories of emotions
• James-Lange theory
Theories of emotions
• Cannon-Bard theory
Theories of emotions
• Two-factor theory–Schachter-Singer
Theories of emotions
Review…1. What is at the top of Maslow’s hierarchy of
motives?
2. What are the 3 components of emotion?
3. “I am happy because I’m smiling”. What theory of emotion would explain this statement?
4. What is emotional “spillover”?
5. What were Schachter’s 2 ingredients?
6. Describe “happiness” in 5 words.
Physiology of Emotion
Autonomic nervous system controls our arousal
Parasympathetic nervous system calms us Prolonged arousal is taxing to our bodies Arousal for optimal performance varies by
task Well-learned tasks require HIGH arousal Difficult tasks require lower arousal
(Yerkes-Dodson law)
Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
Complex emotions such as guilt, happiness, and love arise from our interpretations and expectations
Highly emotional people “personalize” and “generalize”
Simple likes, dislikes, and fears may involve no conscious thinking
It’s all about how we INTERPRET things
Emotions Carroll Izard identified 10 basic emotions:
Joy*
Interest-excitement*
Surprise*
Sadness*
Anger*
Disgust*
Contempt
Fear*
Shame
Guilt
FEAR
Survival Avoid harm Can learn to fear anything We may be biologically prepared to
learn some fears more quickly than others
How should we handle our anger?
What causes anger?
ANGER…is “a short madness” that “carries the mind away” and that can be “many times more hurtful than the injury that caused it.”
Catharsis: emotional release, “releasing” aggressive energy releases aggressive urges
- expressing anger can be temporarily calming if it does not leave us feeling guilty or anxious
What are the pitfalls for expressing anger?- angry outbursts may be reinforcing
*What should you do?1. WAIT – what goes up must come down2. Deal in constructive/healthy ways –
exercise, confide in a friend
HAPPINESS It brightens our lives! Feel-good, do-good phenomenon Psychology tends to focus on negative
emotions, but there is an increasing interest in subjective well-being
Tend to bounce back from “bad days” fairly quickly
Emotional ups and downs tend to balance out Even tragedy is not permanently depressing Happiness is relative – adaptation/comparison
We overestimate the long-term emotional impact of
very bad news and underestimate our capacity
to adapt!
Positive events are also temporary Money does NOT increase happiness
long-term
LOVE over money higher life satisfaction!
HappinessWealth and Well-Being
Crap
REVIEW!
Compare & Contrast anorexia and bulimia. What is the difference between Zajonc and
Lazarus’s views on emotion? Provide ONE intrinsic reward and ONE
extrinsic reward. What is a psychological influence of hunger? What are the TWO key physiological
influences of hunger?
Expressing Emotion
Does nonverbal language of emotion vary with culture or is it universal? (Myers, p.487)
• We read fear and anger mostly from the eyes
• Happiness from the mouth• Introverts tend to do better at reading
others• Extroverts are easier to read
Gender and Nonverbal Behavior
Females are better at reading people’s emotional cues
Women’s nonverbal sensitivity helps explain their greater emotional responsiveness in positive/negative situations
Surveys – women are more likely to describe themselves as empathetic
Females react more visibly Differ in emotions they express best (women
– happiness; men – anger)
Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
Detecting Emotion
• Nonverbal cues–Duchenne smile
Detecting Emotion Hard-to-control facial muscles reveal signs of
emotions you may be trying to conceal (inner part between eyebrows)
Authentic expressions fade quickly Cultural differences – some more reserved The SMILE is universal Emotional expressions enhance survival
(surprise widens eyes – more info is taken in) Are we born with the ability to express emotion??
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5G6ZR5lJgTI
Stress and Health
Stress and Illness
• Stress–Stress appraisal
Stress and IllnessThe Stress Response System
• Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS)–Alarm
–Resistance
–exhaustion
Stress and IllnessGeneral Adaptation Syndrome
Stress and IllnessStressful Life Events
• Catastrophes
• Significant life changes
• Daily hassles
Stress and the Heart
• Coronary heart disease
• Type A versus Type B–Type A
–Type B
Stress and Susceptibility to Disease
• Psychophysiological illnesses
• Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)–Lymphocytes
• B lymphocytes
• T lymphocytes
–Stress and AIDS
–Stress and Cancer