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Genetic EngineeringChapter 13

It is the stuff of cartoons

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Genetic engineering is the stuff of movies. Can you name a recent movie?

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Real life genetic engineering – GMO’s

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I. Manipulating DNAA. Molecular biology tools – Used to make

changes in the DNA code of a living organism

1. Extraction – DNA can be extracted using simple chemicals that open the cell and separate the DNA.

2. Cutting DNA – Large DNA molecules are cut into smaller segments by restriction enzymes.

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A restriction enzyme will cut a DNA sequence only if it matches the sequence precisely.Recognition

sequences

DNA sequence

Restriction enzyme EcoR I cuts the DNA into fragments

Sticky end

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3. Separating DNA - gel electrophoresis uses a porous gel to separate DNA segments by electric charge.

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DNA plus restriction enzyme

Mixture of DNA fragments

Gel

Power source

Gel Electrophoresis

Longer fragmentsShorter fragments

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B. Using the DNA sequence – researchers can study specific genes and to try to discover the functions of different genes and gene combinations.

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II. Cell TransformationA. Transforming bacteria - foreign DNA is

first joined to a small, circular DNA molecule known as a plasmid

1. Plasmids are found naturally in some bacteria.

2. Plasmids – have a genetic marker (special gene) so a researcher can tell bacteria that carry the plasmid (and the foreign DNA) from those that don't.

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Recombinant DNA

Gene for human growth hormone

Gene for human growth hormone

Human Cell

Bacteria cell

Bacterial chromosome

Plasmid

Sticky ends

DNA recombination

Bacteria cell containing gene for human growth hormone

DNA insertion

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Genetic EngineeringOf Human Insulin

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III. Applications of Genetic EngineeringA. Transgenic Organisms - contains genes

from other species.

1. Transgenic Microorganisms - Transgenic bacteria have been used to produce:insulinHuman growth hormoneclotting factor

2. These can be produced because the human genes can be spliced into the bacterial plasmid.

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Transgenic Organisms

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3. Transgenic plants - are an important part of our food supply.

a. These plants contain a gene that produces a natural insecticide (don’t need pesticides).

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b. Transgenic tobacco plants - first engineered to discover if a gene from one organism can function in another organism.

A gene from a firefly (luciferase) was transplantedInto a tobacco plant.

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Rhesus Macaque Monkey

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Glowing Mice

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c. Transgenic rice – An important GMO (genetically modified organism) has been created that has vitamin A. Essential to human health, & in much of the worlds diet.

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d. Genetic engineering has produced goats whose milk contains proteins that can be used as medicines. This has been accomplished by inserting foreign genes into fertilized goat eggs.

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B. Cloning - a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell.

Dolly and Bonnie

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Cloning

The Cloning ProcessDonor Nucleus

Fused cell

Embryo

Egg Cell

Foster MotherCloned Lamb

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Genetic Engineering

Insulin-dependent diabetes can now be treated with insulin produced through the use of

1. transgenic plants.

2. transgenic animals.

3. transgenic microorganisms.

4. transgenic fungi.

Transgenic tobacco plants that glow in the dark were produced by transferring the gene for luciferase from a

1. clone.

2. bacterium.

3. firefly.

4. jellyfish.

The first mammal to be cloned was a

1. sheep.

2. horse.

3. dog.

4. cat.

In producing a cloned animal, an egg cell is taken from a female and its nucleus is removed. A body cell is taken from a male. The clone from this experiment will

1. look just like the female.

2. be genetically identical to the male.

3. have a mixture of characteristics from both animals.

4. resemble neither the male nor the female.

Animals produced by cloning have been shown to

1. all be perfectly healthy.

2. suffer from a number of health problems.

3. live longer than uncloned animals.

4. be less intelligent than uncloned animals.