Anti-Semitism By 1100 Christians blamed Jews for

their problemsSome church leaders required Jews

to wear ID badgesWere forced from their land and had

to become peddlers and money lenders

Many moved to Eastern Europe

The Crusades

First Crusade Seljuks Turks threatened Constantinople Pope Urban II inspired knights &

peasants to rise up against Muslims in 1095

On the way to Jerusalem they also killed many Jews

When they conquered Jerusalem in 1099, they massacred most of the people there

Second CrusadeMuslims regained some

land in 1145 The Pope wanted it backCrusade was led by the

French king Louis VIIQuarrelling and ineffective

leadership caused it to fail in 1149

Third CrusadeMuslim leader Saladin

conquered Jerusalem in 1187

A unified force of kings, including King Richard from England tried to regain it

Richard fought aloneLost but gained pilgrims access to Jerusalem

EffectsFirst Crusade gave western

Europeans a sense of powerWeakened feudalism and gained

monarchs more powerCrusaders learned much from the

Muslim and Byzantine worlds that improved civilization and pulled them out of the dark ages

Opened up new trade routes east

Economic and Cultural Revival

Economic ExpansionAdvances in agriculture increased

productionTrade exploded as towns grew

Goods from all over the world were once again available

Trade made it necessary to develop a money economy Led to banking, loans and a larger

decline of feudalism

Growth of TownsDramatic Increase in towns

Overcrowding, Disease (Plague)

Development of the Middle Class

Guilds governed business Kept quality of work, prices and

wages at a good levelArtisans & craft workers

made up the new middle class Governed towns Funded the king

GUILD SETUP

EducationGrowth of towns increased need for

educationAround 1150 Universities began

popping up around EuropeGreek, Roman, and Muslim writings

and science, kept safe by Muslims and Jews, led to a cultural revival

Thomas Aquinas silenced church officials wary of “reason”

Medieval Literature & ArtTroubadours performed music about

knights and chivalryMany women, mostly nuns, were also

well-known writers & composersMost literature was in the vernacular

so that everyone could understand itGeoffrey Chaucer-”Canterbury Tales”“Beowulf”

Churches were in the Gothic Style