Chapter 13 Corrections: History, Institutions, and Populations.

Chapter 13Chapter 13Corrections: Corrections:

History, History, Institutions, and Institutions, and

PopulationsPopulations

The History of The History of Correctional Correctional InstitutionsInstitutions

Prisons: state or federal Prisons: state or federal correctional institution for correctional institution for incarceration of felony incarceration of felony offenders for terms of one year offenders for terms of one year or moreor more

Jails: place to confine Jails: place to confine convicted misdemeanants serving convicted misdemeanants serving less than one year or to hold less than one year or to hold people awaiting trialpeople awaiting trial

The History of The History of Correctional Correctional

Institutions (cont.)Institutions (cont.) Incarceration did not become the norm until 19th Incarceration did not become the norm until 19th centurycentury

Institutions constructed in England during the 10th Institutions constructed in England during the 10th century were used to detain debtors, unemployed, or century were used to detain debtors, unemployed, or those awaiting trial and punishment those awaiting trial and punishment

First penal institutions were foul places devoid of First penal institutions were foul places devoid of proper care, food, or medical treatment; many were run proper care, food, or medical treatment; many were run as private prisonsas private prisons

In the 18In the 18thth century hulks (mothballed, de-masted ships) century hulks (mothballed, de-masted ships) were used to house prisoners in England, while awaiting were used to house prisoners in England, while awaiting transportation to colonies or executiontransportation to colonies or execution

Hulks had high death rates from disease and Hulks had high death rates from disease and malnutritionmalnutrition

Conditions in hulks lead to the creation of reform Conditions in hulks lead to the creation of reform organizations in England (e.g., John Howard League)organizations in England (e.g., John Howard League)


Institutions (cont.) Institutions (cont.) American developmentsAmerican developments

– First American jail built in James First American jail built in James City, VACity, VA

– Confinement of liberty were often Confinement of liberty were often public (stocks, whipping posts)public (stocks, whipping posts)

– Modern American correctional Modern American correctional system had its origin in system had its origin in Pennsylvania under leadership of Pennsylvania under leadership of William Penn (who was a Quaker)William Penn (who was a Quaker)


Institutions (cont.)Institutions (cont.) Quaker influenceQuaker influence

– Philadelphia Society for Alleviating Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons began the Miseries of Public Prisons began focus on humane and orderly treatmentfocus on humane and orderly treatment

– Influence on legislature resulted in Influence on legislature resulted in limiting the use of the death penaltylimiting the use of the death penalty

– Walnut Street JailWalnut Street Jail– Penitentiary housePenitentiary house

Basic policy: do penance, realize that Basic policy: do penance, realize that you have sinnedyou have sinned


Institutions (cont.) Institutions (cont.) Auburn systemAuburn system

– In 1816 New York built a new prison in In 1816 New York built a new prison in Auburn hoping to alleviate overcrowding at Auburn hoping to alleviate overcrowding at other holding facilitiesother holding facilities

– Tier system, because cells were built Tier system, because cells were built vertically on five floorsvertically on five floors

– Also known as the congregate systemAlso known as the congregate system– Three classes of prisoners were created:Three classes of prisoners were created:

Those in solitaryThose in solitary Those allowed labor as a form of recreationThose allowed labor as a form of recreation Those who worked and ate together during the day Those who worked and ate together during the day and separated at night (largest class)and separated at night (largest class)


Institutions (cont.) Institutions (cont.) Pennsylvania systemPennsylvania system

– Placed each inmate in a single cellPlaced each inmate in a single cell– Classifications were abolished Classifications were abolished because isolation would prevent because isolation would prevent inmates from contaminating each otherinmates from contaminating each other

– Built in a circle with cells placed Built in a circle with cells placed along its circumferencealong its circumference The panopticon, Jeremy Bentham The panopticon, Jeremy Bentham

– Designed as a place for prisoners to Designed as a place for prisoners to do penancedo penance


Institutions (cont.) Institutions (cont.) Prisons at the turn of the Prisons at the turn of the centurycentury– Prisons of the late 19th century Prisons of the late 19th century were remarkably similar to those were remarkably similar to those of today.of today.

– Development of prison industryDevelopment of prison industry Contract systemContract system Convict-lease systemConvict-lease system Prisons farmsPrisons farms


Institutions (cont.) Institutions (cont.) Reform movementsReform movements

– 1870 National Congress of Penitentiary and 1870 National Congress of Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline began new era of prison Reformatory Discipline began new era of prison reformreform

– Zebulon Brockway, Elmira Reformatory, advocated Zebulon Brockway, Elmira Reformatory, advocated individualized treatment, indeterminate sentences, individualized treatment, indeterminate sentences, and paroleand parole

– Brockway’s achievements were limited although he Brockway’s achievements were limited although he did introduce a degree of humanitarianism into did introduce a degree of humanitarianism into prisonsprisons

– Regimes and treatment options were based on Regimes and treatment options were based on stereotypes of criminals (e.g., Italians were stereotypes of criminals (e.g., Italians were natural criminals; eugenics; social hygiene)natural criminals; eugenics; social hygiene)

– Elmira became a model for other statesElmira became a model for other states


Institutions (cont.) Institutions (cont.) Creation of paroleCreation of parole

– 1850’s Walter Crofton created 1850’s Walter Crofton created forerunner of parole in Irelandforerunner of parole in Ireland Inmates spent last portion of their Inmates spent last portion of their sentences living in intermediate sentences living in intermediate institution and working in outside institution and working in outside communitycommunity

– Crofton’s success led to creation of Crofton’s success led to creation of similar programs in United Statessimilar programs in United States

Focused on transition back into Focused on transition back into societysociety


Institutions (cont.) Institutions (cont.) Prisons at the turn of the Prisons at the turn of the twentieth centurytwentieth century– Time of contrast in the U.S. prison Time of contrast in the U.S. prison systemsystem

– Advocation of reform, rehabilitation, Advocation of reform, rehabilitation, education, religioneducation, religion

– Conservatives opposed to reform Conservatives opposed to reform believed in stern disciplinary believed in stern disciplinary measuresmeasures

– Ultimately many reforms would be Ultimately many reforms would be implementedimplemented


Institutions (cont.) Institutions (cont.) Development of specialized prisonsDevelopment of specialized prisons

– Industrial prisons for hard-core Industrial prisons for hard-core inmatesinmates

– Agricultural prisons for nondangerous Agricultural prisons for nondangerous offendersoffenders

– Institutions for criminally insaneInstitutions for criminally insane Opposition by organized labor Opposition by organized labor restricts the use of prison labor restricts the use of prison labor and sale of prison made goodsand sale of prison made goods

The History of The History of Correctional Institutions Correctional Institutions

(cont.)(cont.) Numbers: Numbers:

– About 1.3 million in prison, about About 1.3 million in prison, about 670,00 in jail (2005)670,00 in jail (2005)

– Costs: about 28,00 year for young Costs: about 28,00 year for young adults rising to about 70,00 for adults rising to about 70,00 for older prisoners (health care, etc) older prisoners (health care, etc) and juvenilesand juveniles

– About 720,000 employees in the About 720,000 employees in the prison/jail systemprison/jail system


Institutions (cont.)Institutions (cont.) Contemporary correctional trendsContemporary correctional trends

– Prisoners’ rights movementPrisoners’ rights movement– Violence within the corrections Violence within the corrections system became a national concernsystem became a national concern

– View that traditional correctional View that traditional correctional rehabilitation efforts have failed rehabilitation efforts have failed prompted reconsideration of prompted reconsideration of incapacitating criminalsincapacitating criminals

– From rehabilitation to punishment From rehabilitation to punishment and incapacitationand incapacitation

JailsJails Five purposesFive purposes

– Detain accused offenders who cannot make Detain accused offenders who cannot make bailbail

– Hold convicted offenders awaiting Hold convicted offenders awaiting sentencesentence

– Principal institution of confinement for Principal institution of confinement for those convicted of misdemeanorsthose convicted of misdemeanors

– Hold probationers and parolees arrested Hold probationers and parolees arrested for violations and waiting for a hearingfor violations and waiting for a hearing

– House felons when state prisons are House felons when state prisons are overcrowdedovercrowded

Jails (cont.)Jails (cont.)

About 600,000 offenders are About 600,000 offenders are being held in jails todaybeing held in jails today

Number has risen significantly Number has risen significantly since 1990 even though crime since 1990 even though crime rate has trended downwardrate has trended downward

Almost 90 percent are malesAlmost 90 percent are males Poor, racial, and ethnic Poor, racial, and ethnic minorities are overrepresentedminorities are overrepresented

Who Is in Jail, by Race Who Is in Jail, by Race and Ethnicity?and Ethnicity?


Jail conditionsJail conditions– Usually low priority item in the criminal Usually low priority item in the criminal justice system run by county officialsjustice system run by county officials

– No unified national policy on what No unified national policy on what constitutes adequate conditionsconstitutes adequate conditions

– Among the most dilapidated and under Among the most dilapidated and under funded confinement facilities in the USAfunded confinement facilities in the USA

– Administered by local police, sheriffsAdministered by local police, sheriffs

Current movement to remove people Current movement to remove people from jails through bail reform and from jails through bail reform and pretrial diversionpretrial diversion


Jail overcrowdingJail overcrowding– Prison overcrowding forces Prison overcrowding forces officials to use local jails to officials to use local jails to house inmateshouse inmates

– Mandatory jail sentences for Mandatory jail sentences for drunk drivingdrunk driving

– Crackdown on substance abuseCrackdown on substance abuse– Mandatory arrest policies for Mandatory arrest policies for domestic violencedomestic violence

Jails (cont.) Jails (cont.)

New generation jailsNew generation jails– Modern design to improve effectivenessModern design to improve effectiveness– Use of pods or living areas rather than Use of pods or living areas rather than linear/intermittent surveillance model linear/intermittent surveillance model of traditional jailsof traditional jails

– Allow for continuous observation of Allow for continuous observation of residentsresidents

– Believed to result in safer environment Believed to result in safer environment for staff and inmatesfor staff and inmates

– Seeks to involve inmates in controlling Seeks to involve inmates in controlling each othereach other

PrisonsPrisons

Types of prisonsTypes of prisons– Maximum-Security: houses dangerous felons, Maximum-Security: houses dangerous felons, strict security, high walls, limited contact strict security, high walls, limited contact with outside worldwith outside world

– Super-Maximum Security: used to incapacitate Super-Maximum Security: used to incapacitate most dangerous felons with 23 hour day most dangerous felons with 23 hour day lockdownlockdown

– Medium-Security: less secure institution to Medium-Security: less secure institution to house nonviolent offenders and provides more house nonviolent offenders and provides more contact with outside worldcontact with outside world

– Minimum-Security: houses white collar and Minimum-Security: houses white collar and nonviolent offenders, few security measures, nonviolent offenders, few security measures, liberal furlough and visitation policyliberal furlough and visitation policy

Alternative Alternative Correctional Correctional InstitutionsInstitutions

Prison farms and campsPrison farms and camps– Found primarily in the South and the Found primarily in the South and the WestWest

– Prisoners on farms produce dairy Prisoners on farms produce dairy products, grain, and cropsproducts, grain, and crops

– Forestry Camp inmates maintain state Forestry Camp inmates maintain state parks, fight forest fires, and do parks, fight forest fires, and do reforestation workreforestation work

– Some famous for abuses and Some famous for abuses and mistreatment of prisoners (Angola, mistreatment of prisoners (Angola, Tucker Farm)Tucker Farm)

Alternative Alternative Correctional Correctional

Institutions (cont.)Institutions (cont.) Shock incarceration in boot campsShock incarceration in boot camps

– Typically for youthful, first-time Typically for youthful, first-time offendersoffenders

– Military discipline and physical Military discipline and physical trainingtraining

– Short periods of high intensity Short periods of high intensity exercise will shock the inmate into exercise will shock the inmate into going straight; “scared straight”going straight; “scared straight”

– Some have educational and training Some have educational and training elementselements


Institutions (cont.) Institutions (cont.) Evaluating shock incarcerationEvaluating shock incarceration

– Cost is no lower than traditional Cost is no lower than traditional incarcerationincarceration

– High failure ratesHigh failure rates– Doris Layton MackenzieDoris Layton Mackenzie– Reduce prison overcrowdingReduce prison overcrowding


Institutions (cont.)Institutions (cont.) Community correctional Community correctional facilitiesfacilities– Bridge the gap between Bridge the gap between institutional living and the institutional living and the communitycommunity

– Offer specialized treatmentOffer specialized treatment– Used as intermediate sanctionUsed as intermediate sanction– Halfway housesHalfway houses

Alternative Correctional Alternative Correctional Institutions (cont.)Institutions (cont.)

Private prison enterprisePrivate prison enterprise– Percy Amendment (1979)Percy Amendment (1979)– State-use modelState-use model– Free-enterprise modelFree-enterprise model– Generally limited to few Generally limited to few experimental programsexperimental programs


Institutions (cont.) Institutions (cont.) Private prisonsPrivate prisons

– Prisons operated by private firms as business Prisons operated by private firms as business enterprises; run for profitenterprises; run for profit

– Expectations specified in contract with Expectations specified in contract with governmentgovernment

– In some instances private company builds the In some instances private company builds the prison and leases it back to the government prison and leases it back to the government allowing state to avoid the difficulty of allowing state to avoid the difficulty of getting voters to approve bond issues.getting voters to approve bond issues.

– Some companies contract to provide specific Some companies contract to provide specific services in an institution such as medical or services in an institution such as medical or food servicesfood services

– (2006) 264 prisons, hold about 95,000 prisoners(2006) 264 prisons, hold about 95,000 prisoners


Institutions (cont.) Institutions (cont.) Evaluating private prisonsEvaluating private prisons

– Some research shows recidivism Some research shows recidivism rates lower for private than rates lower for private than state-operated prisonsstate-operated prisons But “Creaming” – tend to take the But “Creaming” – tend to take the best prisonersbest prisoners

– Private and public prisons cost Private and public prisons cost about the same to operate, but about the same to operate, but privates are cheaper to buildprivates are cheaper to build

Alternative Correctional Alternative Correctional Institutions (cont.)Institutions (cont.)

– Concerns over profit-driven decisions Concerns over profit-driven decisions by private prisonsby private prisons Quality and training of personnel; provision Quality and training of personnel; provision of services (food, medical, treatment) as of services (food, medical, treatment) as cheaply as legally allowedcheaply as legally allowed

– Unresolved legal issues: mistreatment Unresolved legal issues: mistreatment of prisoners, use of deadly force and of prisoners, use of deadly force and immunity from lawsuitsimmunity from lawsuits

– Effects on inmates:Effects on inmates: Often sent far away from home, families Often sent far away from home, families cannot visit, isolation and difficulty of cannot visit, isolation and difficulty of reintegrationreintegration

Correctional Correctional PopulationsPopulations

Reflects common traits of arrestees held in Reflects common traits of arrestees held in local jails: young, single, poorly local jails: young, single, poorly educated, male, and minority group members.educated, male, and minority group members.

Number of women incarcerated is increasing Number of women incarcerated is increasing at a faster rate than malesat a faster rate than males

Many inmates suffer from multiple social, Many inmates suffer from multiple social, psychological, emotional, and health psychological, emotional, and health problemsproblems

Prison populations continue to increase Prison populations continue to increase despite a decade long drop in the crime despite a decade long drop in the crime raterate

Prison and Jail Prison and Jail Population TrendsPopulation Trends


Some numbers for prisons:Some numbers for prisons:– About 640/100,000 (2005) – highest ratio About 640/100,000 (2005) – highest ratio in the worldin the world Female rate: 60/100,000; Male rate: Female rate: 60/100,000; Male rate: 906/100,000906/100,000

Race/ethnicity rates: Race/ethnicity rates: – White: 450/100,000; White: 450/100,000; – Black: 3,437/100,000Black: 3,437/100,000– Hispanic: 1,176/100,000Hispanic: 1,176/100,000

– Offenses committed: about 45 percent Offenses committed: about 45 percent violent; about 15 percent property; about violent; about 15 percent property; about 15 percent drugs; about 9 percent public 15 percent drugs; about 9 percent public order offensesorder offenses


– Corrections and race, ethnicity, and Corrections and race, ethnicity, and gendergender Prison experience (2001):Prison experience (2001):

– 5.6 million adults have been in prison5.6 million adults have been in prison– Blacks: 17% of adults; Hispanics 7.7%; Blacks: 17% of adults; Hispanics 7.7%; Whites: 2.6% Whites: 2.6%

– Men: 11.3%; women: 1.8%Men: 11.3%; women: 1.8% Life rates: chances of being in prison Life rates: chances of being in prison during life for adultsduring life for adults– These are projected numbers from current These are projected numbers from current practicespractices

Blacks: 1 in 3 will experience prisonBlacks: 1 in 3 will experience prison Hispanics: 1 in 6; Hispanics: 1 in 6; Whites: 1 in 17Whites: 1 in 17

Correctional Correctional Populations (cont.) Populations (cont.)

Explaining population trendsExplaining population trends– Legislation fueled by public concern Legislation fueled by public concern about drugs and violent crimeabout drugs and violent crime

– A large proportion of new admissions A large proportion of new admissions are for drug offensesare for drug offenses

– Use of mandatory sentencesUse of mandatory sentences– Truth in sentencing laws result in Truth in sentencing laws result in longer prison stayslonger prison stays

– Policy decisions driven by political Policy decisions driven by political concernsconcerns

Chapter 13 Corrections: History, Institutions, and Populations.

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Transcript of Chapter 13 Corrections: History, Institutions, and Populations.