Chapter 13 · Chapter 13 The Art of the Ancients . Art is exalted above religion and race. ......
Transcript of Chapter 13 · Chapter 13 The Art of the Ancients . Art is exalted above religion and race. ......
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Chapter 13
The Art of the Ancients
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Art is exalted above religion and race. Not a single solitary soul these days believes in the religion of the Assyrians, the Egyptians, or the Greeks. . . . Only their art, whenever it was beautiful, stands proud and exalted, rising above all time. –Emil Nolde
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The Art of the Ancients
Prehistoric Art
Art of the Ancient
Near East
Egyptian Art
Aegean Art
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Phases of Prehistoric Art
1. Upper Paleolithic - (late years to the Old Stone Age)
2. Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)
3. Neolithic (New Stone Age)
• These 3 periods roughly spanned 14,000 - 200 BCE.
• Works of art from the Stone Age include cave paintings, reliefs, sculpture of stone, ivory and bone.
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Prehistoric Art
• Why did early humans create art?
• What links between religion and art were forged as early as the Stone Age?
• What were the purposes and forms of early cave art and sculpture?
• What type of construction and purpose do you believe Stonehenge served?
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Paleolithic Art • Paleolithic art is the art of the last Ice Age in North
America and Europe.
• Cave paintings were discover in France dating back 15,000 years. – They used early “spray painting” - taking a hollowed out
bone or reed they blew dried ground pigment onto the wall.
– These cave paintings used naturalism and foreshortening!
– They were found in the darkest, deepest parts of the cave.
– Thus, the paintings are not easily reached.
– New figures were painted over previous figures, without thought of composition.
– They left the earlier figures untouched.
• What do you think was the purpose of the cave paintings?
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Figure 13.1, p.271: Hall of Bulls, Lascaux (Dordogne), France (Upper Paleolithic, c. 15,000–10,000 BCE).
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Figure 13.2, p.271: Venus of Willendorf (Upper Paleolithic) (c. 25,000 BCE). Stone. H: 4 3⁄8”.
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Mesolithic Art
• The Middle Stone Age began with the final retreat of the glaciers.
• Wall paintings and stone sculptures were more abstract and highly stylized.
• Mesolithic artists concentrated more on the human figure.
• The human figure was simplified.
• Subjects ranged from warriors to ceremonial dancers.
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Neolithic Art
• Began about 8,000 BCE.
• Plants and animals were domesticated and life became more stable.
• During the Late Neolithic period writing appeared.
• Numerous metal implements were fashioned.
• About 4,000 BCE significant architectural monuments were erected.
• The most famous is Stonehenge in Southern England.
• Megalith - comes from the Greek word meaning “large stones”
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ART OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST
• Sumer
• Akkad
• Babylonia
• Assyria
• Persia
Historic societies are marked by written language, advanced social organization, and developments in government, science, and art as well as the development of agriculture.
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Sumer
• Sumer was located in the Euphrates River Valley in Southern Mesopotamia.
• They had a system of writing called cuneiform – Cuneiform comes from the Latin word meaning “wedge”
because cuneiform writing was wedge shaped.
• Sumer may have been among the first to establish a formal religion.
• Ziggurat - large pyramidal platforms created to hold a temple at the top. – The ziggurat known to the Hebrews as the Tower of Babel
was 270 feet tall.
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cuneiform
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Figure 13.4a, p. 277 White temple at Uruk and Ziggurat (Sumer, c. 3200 - 3000 BCE). Sun dried brick.
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Akkad
• Was located north of Sumer in the valley of the Tigris river.
• Their art commemorated its rulers (such as Sargon) and other warriors instead of offering homage to the gods.
• Their art also used naturalism.
• The ruler and warriors were stylized by the enemies, but were natural looking in position and depiction.
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Figure 13.6, p.275 Victory Stele of Narim Sin (Akkadian, c. 2300 – 2200 BCE). Stone H 6’6”.
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Babylonia
• Babylonia rose to power in Mesopotamia in the 18th century BCE (near Iraq).
• Hammurabi codified the laws of Mesopotamia, inscribed on a basalt stele in relief.
• Used a more natural style of art.
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Figure 13.7, p.275: Stele (upper portion) inscribed with the Law Code of Hammurabi, at Susa (Babylonian, c. 1760 BCE). Diorite. H: 7’4” (225 cm).
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Assyria
• The Assyrian empire developed along the upper Tigris river.
• They were influenced by the Babylonian art, culture, and religion.
• Carved stone reliefs were the most common art form in Assyria.
• Most of the scenes were of war and hunting.
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Figure 13.8, p.276: The Dying Lioness, from Nineveh (Assyrian, 660 BCE). Limestone. H: 13 3⁄4”.
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Persia
• The Persian empire developed east of Mesopotamia (near modern-day Iran)
• Created a deeper carved relief. The images are fleshier, and more well rounded with detail.
• Some of the figures twist and turn in space.
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EGYPTIAN ART
• Predynastic
• Old Kingdom
• Middle Kingdom
• New Kingdom
• Ptolemaic (after Alexander the Great)
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Egyptian Art
• Much of Egyptian art was very religious, and the Nile river was revered as a god. – The Nile is referred to as the Fertile Crescent.
– Its counterpart in Egypt is called the Fertile Ribbon.
Three aspects of Egyptian art and life are unique: 1. Their link to religion
2. Their link to death
3. Their ongoing use of strict conventionalism in the arts. There are very few variations in their art throughout the periods.
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Old Kingdom
• Before the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt (c. 5500 BCE)
• Art consisted mainly of funerary offerings, such as small figures, carved ivory, pottery, and slate cosmetic palettes.
• At the period’s end, large limestone figures were created.
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Sculpture
• Religion was bound to the afterlife, so permanence in their art was essential.
• Tombs and pyramids carried scenes of every-day objects and common earthly activities.
• Sculptures of the deceased were placed in the tombs with life-like sculptures of family and friends.
• In Egyptian relief, the head, pelvis, and legs are in profile while the upper torso and eyes are shown from a frontal view.
• Wall decorations were carved in very low relief using a great deal of incised detail.
• Horus - god of the sun.
• Canon of Proportions - relating the scale of anatomical parts to one another.
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Architecture
• The most spectacular and most famous of the Egyptian Old Kingdom are the Great Pyramids at Gizeh.
• They were tombs.
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Figure 13.12, p.280: Great Pyramids at Giza (Egyptian, Old Kingdom, c. 2570–2500 BCE).
Architecture
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Middle Kingdom
• At first, art was stunted by political strife; Egypt was eventually reorganized and art once again flourished.
• Very little experimentation under the rigid stylistic conventions.
• Rock-cut tombs were carved out of living rock.
• The entrance ways were marked by columned porticoes of post-and lintel construction.
• Halls lined with relief sculptures, such as those of the Tomb of Ti.
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New Kingdom
• The Hyskos conquered Egypt and introduced Bronze Age weapons.
• The Hyskos was overthrown and the result was a stable period of creativity.
• This period was one of the most vital periods in Egyptian history.
• The New Kingdom artwork combines the artistic conventions of the earlier two kingdoms.
• The Egyptian society embraced a death cult and during the New Kingdom period a new type of architecture was created -the Mortuary Temple.
• The Mortuary Temple was not a tomb, but was instead a place where they could worship during life and be worshiped after death.
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Figure 13.14, p.282: Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, Thebes (Egyptian, New Kingdom, c. 1480 BCE).
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The Amarna Revolution: The Reign of Akhenaton and
Nefertiti
• The reign of Akhenaton in 14th century BCE marked a revolution in religion and the arts for the Egyptians.
• He changed the capital to Tel el-Amarna
• He also said that there was only one god, the sun god, Aton.
• During his reign the art became more naturalistic with curving lines and full-bodied forms.
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Figure 13.16, p.288: Pillar statue of Akhenaton from Temple of Amen-Re, Karnak (Egyptian, New Kingdom, c. 1356 BCE). Sandstone, painted.
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Figure 13.17, p.289: Bust of Queen Nefertiti (Egyptian, New Kingdom, c. 1344 BCE). Limestone. H: approx. 20”.
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Figure 13.18, p.285: Coffin of Tutankhamen (c. 1323 BCE). Gold.
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Concluding Discussion:
After the unusual rule of Pharaoh Akhenaton and the brief rule of Tutankhamen, Egypt returned to its regular religious worship and its highly stylized artistic traditions for another 1,000 years.
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AEGEAN ART
• The Cyclades
• Crete (Minoan)
• Mycenae
• The Bronze Age civilizations of Pre-Hellenic Greece along with the Cyclades Islands comprised Aegean culture.
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Aegean Art
• The arts of the trading maritime powers of the Aegean region, including Egypt and Asia Minor
• The discoveries of the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann and excavations of Sir Arthur Evans (Crete)
• Pre-Hellenistic Greece
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The Cyclades
• A group of six islands in the archipelago of the Aegean Sea.
• This is were they found Venus de Milo (see Fig. 13-16)
• The art that survives is mostly from tombs. – It is mainly comprised of pottery and small figures.
• The female figures tend to be geometric and abstract.
• The male figures are seated and play instruments.
• Their original purpose is unclear.
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Crete • The Minoan civilization is where the myths about the Minotaur
of King Minos, and the labyrinth come from.
• Their art was not about death, instead they build lavish palaces for their royalty.
There were 3 periods:
• The Early Minoan Period (or the pre-palace period)
• The Middle Minoan Period(or the period of the old palaces) – began around 2000 BCE, may have been destroyed by an
earthquake.
– The great palaces were constructed
– A form of writing based on pictographs and call Linear A was developed.
• During the Late Minoan Period the palaces were reconstructed. – A form of writing, Linear B was developed.
– The most spectacular palace was Knossos.
– The palace was three stories high with many rooms and magazine, or storage areas for wine and grain.
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Figure 13.20, p.287: Queen’s bedroom in Palace at Knossos (Late Minoan, c. 1500 BCE).
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Mycenae
• The Mycenaeans were a Greek-speaking people who were experts in forging weapons.
• Their art was influenced by the Minoans.
• They took over and occupied the Minoan Crete after the Minoan palaces were destroyed.
• The art and architecture of the Mycenaean’s is centered around defense.
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Figure 13.21, p.288: Lion Gate at Mycenae (c. 1300 BCE). Height of sculpture above lintel: 9’6 1⁄2”.
Architecture
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Architecture
Terms:
• Lintel
• Beveled
• Tholos or beehive tombs
• Shaft graves
• Stele or headstones
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Figure 13.22, p.288: The Treasury of Atreus (Mycenaean, c. 1300–1250 BCE).
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Gold Work
• Created masks hammered from thin sheets of gold.
• The masks were placed over the faces of the deceased.
• Although parts of the masks were stylized, such as the eyes, ears and eyebrows, they did try to give them individualized unique features.
• The period following the Dorian invasion of the Mycenaeans did not produce any significant art, architecture, or writing.
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Figure 13.23, p.289 Funerary mask, from Grave Circle A, Mycenae, Greece (c. 1600–1500 BCE). Beaten gold. H: 12”.
Gold Work
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Discussion Questions:
• What are the differences between the arts of prehistoric people and the arts of the historic people?
• Which cultures tended to be more naturalistic in their art and which were more stylistic?
• What themes were generally depicted by each group discussed in this chapter on the Ancients?