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Bloody Ground: The Civil War

Chapter 13

Civil War

Northerners War of the Rebellion

Southerners War Between the States

Border States

MO, KY, MD, DE, WV WV broke away – state in 1863

Significance population

manufacturing

Ohio River

Lincoln & the Border States MD – martial law

sent troops

war NOT fought over slavery

Brothers’ War

“Mountain Whites”

Border States brothers on both sides

John Crittenden

Lincoln’s in-laws

Armies

Army of the Potomac – Union Gen. Irvin McDowell

Army of Northern Virginia – Conf. Gen. Robert E. Lee

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Ninety Day War

Lincoln believed it would be short

Union Army not prepared

Southern Advantages

defensive war

North had to WIN!

high morale

talented officers

many “bred” to fight

Southern Disadvantages

few factories

shortages

lack of food

poor transportation

ECONOMY – King Cotton??

Northern Advantages

ECONOMY

strong navy

population

Northern Disadvantages

less prepared for military life

lack of strong, able commanders

Who had the Advantage?

Northern advantages outweighed South

South’s chances good What if …?

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Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)

McDowell vs. Beauregard

Gen. Irvin McDowell P.G.T. Beauregard

Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)

July 21, 1861

Grand Affair – politicians, spectators

chaos ensued

Gen. Thomas Jackson “stone wall”

Union defeat Lincoln called for

1 million men

General George McClellan

“Young Napoleon”

Great abilities

Arrogant attitude Perfectionist

Lincoln said he had “the slows”

Peninsula Campaign

McClellan

Water attack toward Richmond Spring 1862

Yorktown

Seven Days’ Battles (June 26-July 2) Jackson – Shenandoah Valley

Lee counterattacked 20,000 casualties

10,000 Union casualties

McClellan replaced by John Pope

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New Union Strategy

Total War complete blockade

free the slaves

divide the South

capture Richmond

engage enemy’s main strength

2nd Battle of Bull Run

Aug. 29-30, 1862 Lee defeated Pope

Pope replaced by McClellan

Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg)

Lee invaded Maryland various reasons

Battle – Sept. 17, 1862 Confederate plans discovered

McClellan prepared

Significance of Battle bloodiest single-day of fighting

26,000 casualties• 6000 US troops at D-Day

“Bloody Lane”

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Results of Battle

a draw – Lee retreated

McClellan replaced by Ambrose Burnside

Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation – Sept. 22

War in the West

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Ulysses S. Grant Forts Henry &

Donelson

“Unconditional Surrender”

secured KY

Battle of Shiloh

April 6-7, 1862 surprise attack on Grant

Union victory

Lincoln pleased

Demands for Grant’s removal

Mississippi River

Adm. David Farragut seized New Orleans

– Spring 1862

closed large part of Miss. River

Total War

Troops for War South

Early stages – volunteersApril 1862 – draft

ages 18-45

Problems substitutes slaveowners’ exemption

“rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”

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North

Early stages – volunteers 90% of army

1863 - Draft “3 Hundred Dollar Men”

NYC draft riots – 1863

Wartime Liberties

Limitations suspended habeas corpus

15,000 imprisoned

martial law

Women and the War

Jobs

Bazaars to raise money

Involvement in the War Soldiers

Spies

US Sanitary Commission clothing

food

medicine

Nursing Dr. Elizabeth

Blackwell

Clara Barton Am. Red Cross

Dorothea Dix

Sally Tompkins Confederate

rank of Captain

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Economic Policies

National Banking System – 1863 currency

bonds

NorthInternal Improvements

transcontinental RR chartered in 1862

Union Pacific, Central Pacific

1862 Homestead Act 160 acres

Industries

food, guns, clothes

Chicago RR – new lines

stockyards

1. Revenue - taxes excise & income taxes

1861 Tariff

20% of war costs

Raising Money

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2. Sold bonds - $2.6 billion 65% of war costs

3. Greenbacks $450 million

15% of costs

South

run by state gov’tsDavis Administration

shipyards, armories, textile mills controlled natural resources

resentment and resistance

SouthRevenue

taxes – less than 5%• states’ rights?

bonds - $400 million (35%)

Blue backed currency - $1 billion

Problems in South

food prices soared – riots

some refused to accept currency

army seized goods, supplies

North – 80%

South – 9000%

Inflation

The Turning Point: 1863

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Emancipation

antislavery Republicans free slaves and restore the Union

Lincoln refused

Lincoln – “union” most important

“Contrabands”

May 1861 – 3 runaways camp of Gen. Benjamin Butler

Butler – “contraband”

1000s more

Confiscation Act – Aug. 1861 seize all property

Radical Republicans Sumner, Chase, Stevens

June 1862 – slavery outlawed in federal territories

slavery ended in D.C.

Emancipation Proclamation

Sept. 22, 1862 – preliminary

Jan. 1, 1863 – became official preserved if secession renounced

within 100 days

emancipation slow

Opposition

South

Democrats – “unconstitutional”

white workers

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Battle of Fredericksburg

Dec. 13, 1862

pontoon bridge across Rappahannock River

Union attacked Lee on high ground

Union army defeated

Battle of Chancellorsville

May 2-4, 1863

Joseph Hooker replaced Burnside

Lee divided his army Jackson attacked Union right flank

Plan worked - Confederate victory

Tragedy strikes Jackson shot by friendly fire

left arm amputated

died on May 10

Lee – “I have lost my right arm”

Battle of Vicksburg

siege lasted several months

Grant – victory on July 4, 1863

Port Hudson fell on July 9 complete control of Mississippi

Confederacy now divided

Battle of Gettysburg

July 1-3, 1863

George Meade replaced Hooker

Lee invaded the North again

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July 2 Meade – 90,000 men

Lee – 75,000 men

Lee attacked flanks left – Longstreet (Little Round Top)

right – Richard Ewell

Seesaw battle

July 3

Pickett’s Charge assault on Union

front lines

across open fields

major defeat

Casualties South – 28,000 (1/3 of army)

North – 23,000

Lincoln angry – Meade failed to pursue Lee

Results of Gettysburg

Results of Gettysburg “High tide of the Confederacy”

last “real” chance of winning the war

Gettysburg Address – Nov. 19, 1863

Diplomatic Results

European reactions Ruling classes – supported South

common people – supported North

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Britain

Alabama – Confederate commerce raider from Britain in 1862 sank/captured Union ships

2 more ships ordered

Charles Adams – foreign minister persuaded Britain to impound ships

Failure of King Cotton

Pre-war production - stockpiles

Union sent food to Europe

some cotton still shipped

cotton from Egypt, India

England’s war industries

Wheat and Corn Rule

North shipped to England

England refused to break blockade

might lose food supplies

The Union Victorious1864-1865

Impact of Black Troops

Union Army enlistments – nearly 200,000 2 Mass. regiments – Douglass

Involvement in War Ft. Wagner – SC (July 1863) 500 engagements 22 Cong. Medals of Honor

Casualties – 38,000 dead

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Black Troops

discrimination white officers

segregated units

support roles

paid less (threatened to leave)

fight for new social order “bottom rail on top dis time”

Grant in Charge

March 1864 – all Union armies

Lincoln – victory before election

Grant’s Successes

War in West

Vicksburg

Chattanooga, TN

willing to accept heavy casualties other commanders “conserved life”

viewed as a “butcher”

Grant Takes Action

Army of Potomac – 115,000

Lee – 75,000

“On to Richmond” May 1864 – Wilderness Campaign,

Spotsylvania

June 1864 – Cold Harbor

Petersburg

June 1864 - Grant lay siege to town RR center

trench warfare

artillery battle

Problems Arise

Jubal Early – raid near D.C.

Grant diverted troops

Gen. Philip Sheridan turn Shenandoah into a “barren

waste” for aiding Early

scorched-earth

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March to the Sea

William T. Sherman

way paved by Grant

Atlanta – Sept 1864

Election of 1864

National Union Party

Republicans and Union Democrats

Lincoln

Andrew Johnson from TN

running mate

Democrats

George McClellan

opposed emancipation

Good News for Lincoln

Atlanta fell – Sept. 1864

South began to realize their fate Mary Chestnut

Union Party said McClellan was a “peace democrat”

Results of Election

Military successes helped Lincoln Union troops voted

Lincoln won election 145 of 185 seats in House

42 of 52 seats in Senate

Led to more southern desertions

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Emancipation Begins

1864 – MD, MO freed slaves

TN, AR, LA followed suit

feared Proclamation might lose force after war

13th Amendment – January 31, 1865 sent to states for ratification

slavery nearly dead

March to the Sea

march through GA

“Total War” destroy economic

resources

60 mile wide path

Savannah

Dec. 22, 1864

Invasion of South Carolina responsible for war

Columbia burned – Feb. 1865

North Carolina

War Comes to an End

100,000 Conf. desertions South enlisted slaves - war ended too soon

April 1865 – Petersburg RR captured

Richmond captured – April 1865

Lee retreated Grant cut off Lee’s escape route

Lee’s Surrender

Appomattox Courthouse, VA

April 9, 1865

Lee surrendered to Grant

Home of Wilmer McLean

Results of War

loss of money, resources, lives

Casualties - deaths Union – 360,000

Confederacy – 260,000

South – virtually destroyed factories, RRs, farms, cities

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Cotton Kingdom Crushed

Economy collapsed

Transportation collapsed

Lack of general supplies

Resourcefulness and spirit

Consequences of the Civil War

Human Costs

Economic Costs

Intangible Costs

Political Costs

End of Slavery!