The Revolution of 1848, Reform Efforts, Suffrage, and New Cultural Currents.
Chapter 13 13 Section 1.pdfThe Suffrage Movement •The movement for women’s voting rights was...
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Transcript of Chapter 13 13 Section 1.pdfThe Suffrage Movement •The movement for women’s voting rights was...
Chapter 13
Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism
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Why It Matters
Industrialization changed American society. Cities were crowded with new immigrants, working conditions were often bad, and the old political system was breaking down. These conditions gave rise to the Progressive movement. Progressives campaigned for both political and social reforms for more than two decades and enjoyed significant successes at the local, state, and national levels.
The Impact Today
Many Progressive-era changes are still alive in the United States today.
• Political parties hold direct primaries to nominate candidates for office.
• The Seventeenth Amendment calls for the direct election of senators.
• Federal regulation of food and drugs began in this period.
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continued on next slide
Guide to Reading
Progressivism was a diverse response to the problems posed by industrialism and modern life.
• progressivism
Main Idea
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Key Terms and Names
• muckraker
• Jacob Riis
• commission plan
• Robert La Follette
• direct primary
• initiative
• referendum
• recall
• suffrage
• Alice Paul
• temperance
• prohibition
• socialism
The Rise of Progressivism
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• The era in American history from about 1890 to 1920 is known as the Progressive Era.
• Progressivism was a collection of different ideas and activities about how to fix the problems within American society.
• Progressives disagreed among themselves on the solutions, but agreed that the government should take a more active role in solving society’s problems caused by urbanization and industrialization.
(pages 418–420)
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• Progressives believed that first the government needed to be fixed and made more responsive to people before other problems could be addressed.
• Progressives also believed that they could fix society’s problems by applying scientific principles to society.
• The muckrakers were a group of journalists who investigated social conditions and political corruption.
The Rise of Progressivism (cont.)
(pages 418–420)
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• Their articles led to public debate on social and economic problems and put pressure on politicians to introduce reforms.
• Muckraker Jacob Riis focused on social problems in his book How the Other Half Lives, published in 1890.
• The book described poverty, disease, and crime in many immigrant neighborhoods in New York City.
The Rise of Progressivism (cont.)
(pages 418–420)
What kind of group were the progressives?
The progressives were a group with widely different views and ideas about how to fix society’s problems. They often disagreed with each other over the issues. They belonged to both political parties and were usually urban, educated middle-class Americans
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The Rise of Progressivism (cont.)
(pages 418–420)
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Making Government Efficient
• There were many types of progressivism. Progressives often took opposing sides on issues and on how to solve the problems.
• One group of progressives believed that problems in society could be solved if government was efficient.
• They felt that government could become efficient by applying the principles of scientific management.
• They thought that managing a city required experts, not elected politicians.
(page 420)
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• They wanted to replace the existing system with a commission plan where a board of commissioners or a city manager with expertise in city services would select and hire specialists to run city departments.
• In 1901 Galveston, Texas, was the first to adopt the commission system.
• Many cities followed shortly after.
Making Government Efficient (cont.)
(page 420)
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What was the importance of Frederick W. Taylor’s book The Principles of Scientific Management?
The book, which described how companies could become more efficient by managing time and breaking down tasks, influenced the progressives as they used these ideas and applied them to city government.
Making Government Efficient (cont.)
(page 420)
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Democracy and Progressivism
• Many progressives wanted more democracy in society.
• The governor of Wisconsin, Robert La Follette, criticized how political parties ran their conventions.
• He pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a direct primary, a party election in which all party members vote for a candidate to run in the general election.
• Three new reforms were introduced by progressives to force state legislators to respond to voter’s concerns. (page 421)
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• The initiative allowed a group of citizens to introduce legislation and required the legislature to vote on it.
• The referendum allowed proposed legislation to be submitted to the voters for approval.
• The recall allowed voters to demand a special election to remove an elected official from office.
Democracy and Progressivism (cont.)
(page 421)
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• To stop Senate corruption, progressives wanted the direct election of senators by all state voters.
• In 1912 Congress passed the direct-election amendment.
• In 1913 it was ratified, becoming the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution.
Democracy and Progressivism (cont.)
(page 421)
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Why did the progressives want the direct election of senators?
The United States Constitution had originally called for each state legislature to elect two senators from each state. As a result, political machines often influenced the election of senators in exchange for federal contracts and jobs. Progressives hoped the direct election of senators by all state voters would end this corruption.
Democracy and Progressivism (cont.)
(page 421)
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The Suffrage Movement
• The movement for women’s voting rights was known as the suffrage movement. Suffrage is the right to vote.
• In July 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the first women’s rights convention.
• Many progressives joined the suffrage movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
(pages 421–423)
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• After the Civil War, the Republicans in Congress introduced the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, which protected the voting rights of African Americans.
• The woman suffrage movement had wanted these amendments to apply to women as well.
• Republicans refused.
• The debate over the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments split the suffrage movement into two groups and weakened its effectiveness.
The Suffrage Movement (cont.)
(pages 421–423)
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• By 1900 only Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, and Colorado had granted voting rights to women.
• In 1890 the two groups united to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).
• The head of the NAWSA’s congressional committee, Alice Paul, a Quaker social worker, used protests to force President Wilson to take action on woman suffrage.
The Suffrage Movement (cont.)
(pages 421–423)
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• After the NAWSA became alarmed at Paul’s activities, she left and started the National Woman’s Party.
• This group picketed the White House and went on hunger strikes if arrested.
• In 1918 the House of Representatives passed a woman suffrage amendment.
• The amendment failed by two votes.
The Suffrage Movement (cont.)
(pages 421–423)
• In June 1919, the Senate finally passed the Nineteenth Amendment. On August 26, 1920, the states ratified the amendment guaranteeing women the right to vote.
The Suffrage Movement (cont.)
(pages 421–423)
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What was the difference between the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Suffrage Association?
The National Woman Suffrage Association wanted to focus on passing a constitutional amendment for woman suffrage. The other group wanted state governments to give women the right to vote before trying to amend the Constitution.
The Suffrage Movement (cont.)
(pages 421–423)
Social Welfare Progressivism
• Social welfare progressives created charities to help the poor and disadvantaged and pushed for laws to help fix social problems.
• In 1900 over 1.7 million children under the age of 16 worked outside the home.
• The National Child Labor Committee worked to end child labor.
(pages 423–425)
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Social Welfare Progressivism
• Many adult workers labored in difficult and dangerous conditions.
• With the creation of building codes, workers’ compensation laws, zoning laws, and health codes, the work environment was made safer for workers.
• Some progressives favored zoning laws and building codes to regulate how the land and buildings could be used.
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(pages 423–425)
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• The temperance movement called for the moderation or elimination of alcohol.
• Many progressives believed alcohol was the cause of many of society’s problems.
Social Welfare Progressivism (cont.)
(pages 423–425)
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• In 1874 the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was formed.
• At first the temperance movement worked to reduce alcohol consumption, but later it pushed for prohibition–laws banning the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol.
Social Welfare Progressivism (cont.)
(pages 423–425)
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How did social welfare progressives hope to solve society’s problems?
Social welfare progressives created charities to help the poor and disadvantaged, and pushed for laws to help fix social problems.
Social Welfare Progressivism (cont.)
(pages 423–425)
Progressives Versus Big Business
• A group of progressives focused on regulating big business, but they disagreed on the solutions.
• One side believed government should break up big companies to restore competition.
• The other group wanted the creation of government agencies to regulate big companies and prevent them from abusing their power.
(page 425)
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• Socialism, the idea that the government should own and operate industry for the community as a whole, was an idea shared by a small minority of progressives.
• Eugene Debs led the American Socialist Party and was the party’s candidate for president in the election of 1912.
• Most progressives and most Americans believed in the American system of free enterprise.
Progressives Versus Big Business (cont.)
(page 425)
Progressives Versus Big Business (cont.)
Why did some progressives focus on regulating big business?
This group felt that wealth was concentrated in the hands of too few people. They were concerned about trusts and giant corporations that dominated big business.
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(page 425)
Checking for Understanding
__ 1. vote held by all members of a political party to decide their candidate for public office
__ 2. a journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in a society
__ 3. a political movement that crossed party lines which believed that industrialism and urbanization had created many social problems and that government should take a more active role in dealing with these problems.
A. progressivism
B. muckraker
C. commission plan
D. direct primary
E. initiative
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.
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B
A
D
Checking for Understanding
__ 4. a plan in which a city’s government is divided into different departments with different functions, each placed under the control of a commissioner
__ 5. the right of citizens to place a measure or issue before the voters or the legislature for approval
A. progressivism
B. muckraker
C. commission plan
D. direct primary
E. initiative
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.
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E
C
