Chapter 12, pp 401-424 Solutions. Types of Mixtures Homogeneous mixtures - Solutions Solvent =...
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Transcript of Chapter 12, pp 401-424 Solutions. Types of Mixtures Homogeneous mixtures - Solutions Solvent =...
![Page 1: Chapter 12, pp 401-424 Solutions. Types of Mixtures Homogeneous mixtures - Solutions Solvent = dissolving medium (like water) Solute = substance dissolved.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082417/5697bf7c1a28abf838c844fc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 12, pp 401-424
Solutions
![Page 2: Chapter 12, pp 401-424 Solutions. Types of Mixtures Homogeneous mixtures - Solutions Solvent = dissolving medium (like water) Solute = substance dissolved.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082417/5697bf7c1a28abf838c844fc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Types of Mixtures• Homogeneous mixtures
- SolutionsSolvent = dissolving medium (like water)Solute = substance dissolved (like sugar)
May exist as liquid, gas, or solid (alloys)
• Heterogeneous mixtures
![Page 3: Chapter 12, pp 401-424 Solutions. Types of Mixtures Homogeneous mixtures - Solutions Solvent = dissolving medium (like water) Solute = substance dissolved.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082417/5697bf7c1a28abf838c844fc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Mixtures
• Homogeneous - Solutions
• Heterogeneous– Suspensions: particles settle out– Colloids: dispersion
• Emulsions – milk, mayonnaise, cheese, butter• Foam – shaving cream, whipped cream• Gels - gelatin• Aerosol – smoke, fog, clouds, mist, exhaust• Sol – paints, mud
![Page 4: Chapter 12, pp 401-424 Solutions. Types of Mixtures Homogeneous mixtures - Solutions Solvent = dissolving medium (like water) Solute = substance dissolved.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082417/5697bf7c1a28abf838c844fc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Solutes
• Electrolytes– Conducts electricity in aqueous sol’n
– Salts (NaCl, HCl, MgBr2, etc…)
• Nonelectrolytes– Does NOT conduct electricity– Sugars, nonpolar molecules
![Page 5: Chapter 12, pp 401-424 Solutions. Types of Mixtures Homogeneous mixtures - Solutions Solvent = dissolving medium (like water) Solute = substance dissolved.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082417/5697bf7c1a28abf838c844fc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Solution Process
• Factors affecting rate of dissolution– Surface area of solute– Kinetic energy (agitation)– Temperature (usually heat is better)– Concentration (amount of solute per solvent)– Polar vs. nonpolar (“Like dissolves like.”)– Pressure (gas in liquids)
• Henry’s Law
![Page 6: Chapter 12, pp 401-424 Solutions. Types of Mixtures Homogeneous mixtures - Solutions Solvent = dissolving medium (like water) Solute = substance dissolved.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082417/5697bf7c1a28abf838c844fc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Enthalpies of Solution
• Changes in molecular bonds are required
Solute-solute; solvent-solvent
• Solvation involves changes in energy
– Heat absorbed by solution (endothermic)• KI dissolved in water feels cold
– Heat released by solution (exothermic)• NaOH dissolved in water feels warm
![Page 7: Chapter 12, pp 401-424 Solutions. Types of Mixtures Homogeneous mixtures - Solutions Solvent = dissolving medium (like water) Solute = substance dissolved.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082417/5697bf7c1a28abf838c844fc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Concentrations of Sol’n
• Molarity– Moles of solute/ Liter of sol’n “M”
• Molality– Moles of solute/ Kilogram of solvent “m”
• Normality (FYI)– One gram equivalent of solute/ Liter of sol’n
“N”
![Page 8: Chapter 12, pp 401-424 Solutions. Types of Mixtures Homogeneous mixtures - Solutions Solvent = dissolving medium (like water) Solute = substance dissolved.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082417/5697bf7c1a28abf838c844fc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Saturation
• Saturated = contains max am’t of solute
• Unsaturated = less than max amount
• Supersaturated = more than saturated– Heat solvent as solute is added– Leave undisturbed– Crystal formation returns sol’n to equilibrium
![Page 9: Chapter 12, pp 401-424 Solutions. Types of Mixtures Homogeneous mixtures - Solutions Solvent = dissolving medium (like water) Solute = substance dissolved.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082417/5697bf7c1a28abf838c844fc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Saturation Curve Mass (grams) per 100g H2O vs. Temperature
20
40
60
00 20 40 60 80 100
Saturated
Supersaturated
Unsaturated
Temperature, o C
Gra
ms
per
100g
H2O
![Page 10: Chapter 12, pp 401-424 Solutions. Types of Mixtures Homogeneous mixtures - Solutions Solvent = dissolving medium (like water) Solute = substance dissolved.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082417/5697bf7c1a28abf838c844fc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Solubility Curve