1 C hapter 12 Organic Compounds with Oxygen and Sulfur 12.1 Alcohols, Thiols, and Ethers.
Chapter 12 Organic Compounds with Oxygen and Sulfur
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Transcript of Chapter 12 Organic Compounds with Oxygen and Sulfur
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12 Organic Compounds with Oxygen and Sulfur
12.4 Aldehydes and Ketones
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Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Carbonyl Group in Aldehydes and Ketones
A carbonyl group• consists of a carbon-oxygen polar
double bond• has a very electronegative oxygen
atom • has two lone pair electrons on the
O atom• has partial positive charge on C
and partial negative charge on O
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C
O
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Carbonyl Group in Aldehydes and Ketones
A carbonyl group• in an aldehyde is attached
to at least one H atom
• in a ketone is attached to two carbon groups
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Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Naming Aldehydes
An aldehyde• has an IUPAC name in which the -e in the alkane name is
changed to -al• has a common name for the first four aldehydes that use the
following prefixes: 1 carbon, form 2 carbons, acet
3 carbons, propion 4 carbons butyr
followed by aldehyde
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Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Naming Aldehydes5
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Naming Aldehydes6
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Naming Aldehydes7
Give the IUPAC name for the following aldehydes:
O ||CH3CH2CH2CHCH
| CH3
C
O
H
Cl
Cl
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Naming Aldehydes8
Step 1 Name the longest carbon chain containing thecarbonyl group by replacing the e in the alkane name with al.
O ||CH3CH2CH2CHCH
| CH3
pentanal
C
O
H
Cl
Cl
benzaldehyde
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Naming Aldehydes9
Step 2 Name and number substituents by counting the carbonyl group as carbon 1.
O ||CH3CH2CH2CHCH
| CH3
2-methylpentanal
C
O
H
Cl
Cl
3,4-dichlorobenzaldehyde
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Aldehydes in Flavorings
Several naturally occurring aldehydes are used as flavorings for foods and fragrances.
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C
O
H
C
O
H
OCH3
HO
HC CH
CH
O
benzaldehyde (almonds)
vanillin
cinnamaldehydecinnamon
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Naming Ketones
When naming the following ketones• in the IUPAC system, the -e in the alkane name is replaced
with -one• with a common name, the alkyl groups attached to the
carbonyl group are named alphabetically, followed by ketone
O O
CH3 CCH3 CH3CCH2CH3
propanone 2-butanone (dimethyl ketone) (ethyl methyl ketone)
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Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Naming Ketones12
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Naming Ketones
Name the following ketones using the IUPAC system.
O ||
CH3CH2CHCH2CCH3
|
CH3
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CH3
CH3
O
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Naming Ketones
Step 1 Name the longest carbon chain that contains the carbonyl group by replacing the e in the alkane name with one.
O ||
CH3CH2CHCH2CCH3
|
CH3
hexanone
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CH3
CH3
O
pentanone
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Naming Ketones
Step 2 Number the carbon chain starting from the end nearer the carbonyl group and indicate its location.
O ||
CH3CH2CHCH2CCH3
|
CH3
2-hexanone
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CH3
CH3
O
pentanone
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Naming Ketones
Step 3 Name and number any substituents on the carbon chain.
O ||
CH3CH2CHCH2CCH3
|
CH3
4-methyl-2-hexanone
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CH3
CH3
O
2,3-dimethylcylcopentanone
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ketones in Common Use17
Acetone (propanone) is a solvent used in nail polish remover.
Butanedione is the butter flavoring used in margarine.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Check
Classify each as an aldehyde or ketone.
O O || ||
A. CH3—CH2—C—CH3 B. CH3—C—H
CH3 O | ||
C. CH3—C—CH2—C—H D. | CH3
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O
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Solution
Classify each as an aldehyde or ketone.
O O || ||
A. CH3—CH2—C—CH3 B. CH3—C—H
CH3 O | ||
C. CH3—C—CH2—C—H D. | CH3
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aldehyde ketone
aldehydeketone
O
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Check
Classify each as an aldehyde, ketone, alcohol, or ether.
O A. CH3CH2CCH3 B. CH3OCH3
CH3 O OH C. CH3CCH2CH D. CH3CHCH3
CH3
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Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Solution
Classify each as an aldehyde, ketone, alcohol, or ether.
O A. CH3CH2CCH3 B. CH3OCH3
CH3 O OH C. CH3CCH2CH D. CH3CHCH3
CH3
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aldehyde alcohol
ketone ether
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Check
Give the IUPAC name for each of the following ketones.
O A. CH3CH2CH2CH2CCH3
O B. ClCH2CH2CCH3
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Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Solution
Give the IUPAC name for each of the following ketones.
Step 1 Name the longest carbon chain that contains the carbonyl group by replacing the e in the alkane name with one.
O A. CH3CH2CH2CH2CCH3 pentanone
O B. ClCH2CH2CCH3 butanone
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Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Solution
Give the IUPAC name for each of the following ketones.
Step 2 Name the carbon chain starting from the end nearer the carbonyl group and indicate its location.
O A. CH3CH2CH2CH2CCH3 2-pentanone
O B. ClCH2CH2CCH3 2-butanone
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Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Solution
Give the IUPAC name for each of the following ketones.
Step 3 Name and number any substituents on the carbon chain.
O A. CH3CH2CH2CH2CCH3 2-pentanone
O B. ClCH2CH2CCH3 4-chloro-2-butanone
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Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Check
Give the IUPAC name for the following aldehyde compounds.
O ||
A. CH3—CH2—CH2—C—H
CH3 O | ||
B. CH3—C—CH2—C—H | CH3
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Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Solution
Give the IUPAC name for the following aldehyde compounds.
Step 1 Name the longest carbon chain containing the carbonyl group by replacing the e in the alkane name with al.
O ||
A. CH3—CH2—CH2—C—H butanal
CH3 O | ||
B. CH3—C—CH2—C—H butanal | CH3
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Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Solution
Give the IUPAC name for the following aldehyde compounds.
Step 2 Name and number substituents by counting the carbonyl group as carbon 1.
O ||
A. CH3—CH2—CH2—C—H butanal
CH3 O | ||
B. CH3—C—CH2—C—H 3,3-dimethylbutanal | CH3
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Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Check
Draw the structural formulas for each:
A. 4-methylpentanal
B. 2,3-dichloropropanal
C. 3-methyl-2-butanone
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Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Solution
Draw the structural formulas for each:
CH3 O A. 4-methylpentanal CH3CHCH2CH2CH
Cl O B. 2,3-dichloropropanal ClCH2CHCH
CH3 O
C. 3-methyl-2-butanone CH3CHCCH3
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