Chapter 12 Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath, 1200-1500
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Transcript of Chapter 12 Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath, 1200-1500
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Chapter 12
Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath,1200-1500
AP World History
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I. The Rise of the Mongols, 1200-1600
A. Nomadism in Central and Inner Asia• Mongols were strongly hierarchical.
• Mongols had complex federations tied to together by marriage alliances.
• Their seasonal movements brought them into contact with all types of religions.
– They accepted religious pluralism.
• Mongol khans were thought to represent the Sky God.
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Mongol empire – Largest land empire ever created (from Korea to Poland)
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B. The Mongol Conquests, 1215-1283• Genghis Khan conquered Northern China.
• The khanates of the Golden Horde, Jagadai, and the Il-Khans all swore allegiance to Genghis.
• When Kublai Khan took over, the Jagadai Khan refused to accept him.
• Kublai established the Yuan empire and in 1279 he conquered the Southern Song.
• The Mongols were able to conquer a vast amount of territory because of their superior horsemanship, better bows, technique of following a volley of arrows with a cavalry charge, using non-Mongol soldiers, reputation for slaughtering those who would not surrender, and their ability to take advantage of rivalries among their enemies.
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Genghis Khan – Founder of the Mongol empire.
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Kublai Khan (Grandson of Genghis) finished the conquest of China, created the Yuan dynasty, claimed the title of Great
Khan, assumed supremacy over the other Mongol khanates.
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Mongols fighting the Russians at the Battle of the Kalka River. Ended Kievan Russia rule of modern day Russia.
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After the death of Genghis, the empire splits into the four different Khanates –
Great Khan, Golden Khan, Il-Khan, Jagadai
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Most Mongols were expert horse archers. Asian bow was superior –
could shoot 1/3 farther than their enemies’ bows.
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Mongols carried 5 dozen arrows into battle and rarely used them all.
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Mongols fighting the Teutonic Knights in modern-day Poland. Ogodei dies and the Mongols return to China to elect a new Khan.
http://www.historynet.com/mongol-invasions-battle-of-liegnitz.htm
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C. Overland Trade and Plague• Mongol conquests opened overland trade routes
and brought commercial integration of Eurasia.
• Disease including the bubonic plague spread among the world.
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Route of Marco Polo along the reopened Silk Road. He stimulated the European desire to explore the east.
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Illustration of the spread of the Bubonic Plague which originated in southwestern China.
Mongols and flea infested rats carried it along trade routes.
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II. The Mongols and Islam, 1260-1500
A. Mongol Rivalry• In the 1260s the Il-Khan Mongols murdered the
Abbasid Caliph because of religious differences.
• Batu Khan of the Golden Horde in Russia, converted to Islam and vowed to attack the Il-Khan region.
• Europeans attempted to help the non-Muslim Il-Khans repel the Golden Horde Mongols, but the Il-Khan ruler Ghazan became a Muslim in 1295.
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B. Islam and the State• The goal of the Il-Khan state was to collect as much tax
revenue as possible.
• The tax farming system was able to deliver large taxes, but over taxation led to inflation and a severe economic crisis.
• Attempts to solve this crisis involved using paper money, but depression lasted until 1349 when the Golden Horde destroyed the Il-Khan empire.
• As the Golden Horde and the Il-Khan empires declined in the 14th century, Timur built the Jagadai Khanate and his descendents, the Timurids, ruled the Middle East for several generations.
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The Jagadai Khanate rose in the 14th century with the decline of the Golden Horde and the Il-Khan.
(modern day Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan)
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Timur built the Jagadai Khanate. Ethnically he was a Turk.
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Timur’s Jagadai Khanate (1365 - 1405)
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C. Culture and Science in Islamic Eurasia• Juvaini wrote the first comprehensive work of the rise of
the Mongols under Genghis Khan.
• Rashid al-Din published a history of the world.
• Muslims under Mongol leadership made great strides in astronomy, calendar making, and the predication of eclipses.
• Devised decimal fractions, calculated the value of pi, and had a significant effect on the development of European science and mathematics.
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III. Regional Responses in Western Eurasia
A. Russia and Rule from Afar• The Golden Horde used Russian princes to tax the
people and kept the Orthodox Church in place.
• Moscow emerged as the new center of the Russian civilization.
• Structure of government did not change under Mongol rule.
• In 1480 Ivan III, the prince of Moscow, ended Mongol rule and adopted the title of Tsar.
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Prince Alexander Nevskii of Novogorod allied with the Mongols because Russia would be destroyed if he resisted, essentially
saving Russia. (right - example of Russian man at arms)
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Ivan IV “the Terrible”
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B. New States in Eastern Europe and Anatolia
• Europe was divided and the states of Hungary and Poland faced Mongol attacks alone.
• Mongol armies drove to the outskirts of Vienna, but withdrew in 1241 because they needed to elect a successor to the deceased Khan Ogodei.
• Europeans then initiated a variety of diplomatic and trade overtures toward the Mongols.
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• Mongol invasions and the bubonic plague caused Europeans to question their religious beliefs.
• After Mongol power began to wane in the 13th and 14th centuries, strong centralized states such as Lithuania and the Balkan Kingdoms began to assert their control over their neighbors.
• Anatolia functioned as a route by which Islamic culture spread to Europe.
• The Ottomans were kept in check by the Timurids, but expanded eastward and conquered Constantinople in 1453.
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Ottoman Turks under Mehmet II on his way to conquer the Byzantine empire. (notice the 2-ton cannon)
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IV. Mongol Domination in China, 1271-1368
A. The Yuan Empire, 1279-1368• Kublai Khan practiced Chinese traditions of
government.
• Made innovations of tax farming, Western Asian Muslims as officials, legally defined status groups, status of merchants and doctors was elevated, and Confucians lowered.
• China’s cities and ports prospered, trade recovered, and merchants flourished.
• Chinese population dropped as much as 40%, probably because of the spread of disease, warfare, infanticide, and the flooding of the Yellow River.
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Mongols unified the Tanggut, Jin, and Song empires into the Yuan dynasty. (unified China as we know it)
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Example of early weaponry using of gunpowder.
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B. Cultural and Scientific Exchange• China imported Il-Khan science and technology.
• Il-Khans imported Chinese scholars and texts.
• Iranian astronomical knowledge, algebra, trigonometry, Islamic and Persian medical texts, seeds, and formulas were brought to China.
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C. The Fall of the Yuan Empire• Chinese leader Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew the
Mongols and established the Ming Empire.
• The Mongols still held Central Eurasia and were able to disrupt overland trade to threaten the Ming
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Ming dynasty began after the Yuan fell and the Mongols were expelled.
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V. The Early Ming Empire,1368-1500
A. Ming China on a Mongol Foundation• Zhu Yuanzhang made great efforts to reject the
culture of the Mongols, close off trade relations with Central Asia and the Middle East and reestablish Confucian ideology.
• The Ming still used hereditary professional categories, the Mongol calendar, and Beijing as the capital.
• Mongols continued to serve in the army.
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• The Muslim eunuch admiral Zheng He launched a series of expeditions to Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean to reestablish trade links and bring these areas under Chinese control or influence.
• However, no real trade relations were established and the voyages were non-profitable.
• The voyages were made more for the Yongle Emperor to prove his worth.
• The Zheng He voyages were the last time that the state sponsored such voyages.
» Did he reach America?????????????
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Comparison of ships from Zheng He and Columbus.
Name of Chinese design -
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Zheng He’s voyages.
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B. Technology and Population• Chinese lost the knowledge to make high-quality bronze
and steel.
– Korea and Japan moved ahead of Ming China in technological innovation.
• However, the Ming period was a time of great wealth, consumerism, and cultural brilliance.
• The novels, Water Margin and Romance of the Three Kingdoms, porcelain making, furniture, lacquered screens, and silk all contributed to this cultural brilliance.
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VI. Centralization and Militarism in East Asia, 1200-1500
A. Korea from the Mongols to the Yi, 1231-1500• The Korean King of Koryo joined the Mongols by marriage in
1258.
• Koryo collapsed when the Yuan dynasty fell apart and it was replaced by the Korean Yi dynasty.
• The Yi dynasty reestablished local identity and restored the status of Confucian scholarship while maintaining Mongol administrative practices and institutions.
• The Yi had technological innovations of moveable copper frames, meteorological science, local calendar, use of fertilizer, engineering of reservoirs, ships with canon, gunpowder arrow launchers, and armored ships.
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Gunpowder arrow launcher of the Korean Yi dynasty.
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B. Political Transformation in Japan; 1274-1500
• Two Mongol invasions of Japan failed because of the Kamikaze winds and strong defensive preparations.
• The Kamakura shogunate was destroyed in a civil war and the Ashikaga shogunate was established in 1338
• Black ink paintings and gardens, and the tea ceremony were adopted by the Yoshimasa shogunate and they were influenced by Zen Buddhism.
• The Onin War of 1477 showed that the shogunate had no real power and the provincial lords fought each other for power.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300531/Japan/23150/The-Muromachi-or-Ashikaga-period-1338-1573?anchor=ref319372