Chapter 12Chapter 12

Becoming a World PowerBecoming a World Power

1872-19121872-1912

Building Support for ImperialismBuilding Support for Imperialism

Imperialism—the economic and political Imperialism—the economic and political domination of a strong nation over other domination of a strong nation over other weaker nationsweaker nations

Beginning in the 1880s, more Americans Beginning in the 1880s, more Americans wanted to make the US a world powerwanted to make the US a world power

Economic and military competition from Economic and military competition from other nations, as well as a growing feeling other nations, as well as a growing feeling of cultural superiority, led to this shiftof cultural superiority, led to this shift

Economics—New MarketsEconomics—New Markets

At the end of the 1800s, many At the end of the 1800s, many European nations embarked on a European nations embarked on a policy of New Imperialism in order to policy of New Imperialism in order to find new markets to invest their find new markets to invest their capitalcapital

As the US industrialized, many As the US industrialized, many Americans took interest in the new Americans took interest in the new imperialismimperialism

A Feeling of SuperiorityA Feeling of Superiority

Many supporters of Social Darwinism Many supporters of Social Darwinism argued that nations competed with each argued that nations competed with each other politically, economically, and other politically, economically, and militarily, and that only the strongest militarily, and that only the strongest would survivewould survive

Anglo-Saxonism—belief that English-Anglo-Saxonism—belief that English-speaking nations had superior character, speaking nations had superior character, ideas, and systems of gov’t, and were ideas, and systems of gov’t, and were destined to dominate the planetdestined to dominate the planet

Expansion in the PacificExpansion in the Pacific

Perry opens JapanPerry opens Japan• US wanted to trade with Japan, but Japan’s US wanted to trade with Japan, but Japan’s

rulers believed excessive contact with the west rulers believed excessive contact with the west would destroy their culturewould destroy their culture

• Comodore Perry forced the Japanese to tradeComodore Perry forced the Japanese to trade Annexing HawaiiAnnexing Hawaii

• US wanted to annex Hawaii, Hawaiians were US wanted to annex Hawaii, Hawaiians were opposed (Queen Liliuokalani)opposed (Queen Liliuokalani)

• US forced the annexation militarilyUS forced the annexation militarily

Trade and Diplomacy in Latin Trade and Diplomacy in Latin AmericaAmerica

US wanted to increase their influence in US wanted to increase their influence in Latin AmericaLatin America

The US bought raw materials from this The US bought raw materials from this region and Latin Americans bought most region and Latin Americans bought most of their manufactured goods from Europeof their manufactured goods from Europe

The US wanted to change thisThe US wanted to change this Pan-Americanism—the idea that the US Pan-Americanism—the idea that the US

and Latin America should work togetherand Latin America should work together

Building a Modern NavyBuilding a Modern Navy

As both the American people and their As both the American people and their gov’t became more willing to risk war in gov’t became more willing to risk war in defense of American interests overseas, defense of American interests overseas, support for building a large, modern navy support for building a large, modern navy began to growbegan to grow

Alfred T. Mahan—Alfred T. Mahan—Influence of Sea Power Influence of Sea Power Upon HistoryUpon History—wrote that successful —wrote that successful nations needed both a large merchant nations needed both a large merchant fleet and a navy to defend it.fleet and a navy to defend it.

Starting the Spanish-American WarStarting the Spanish-American War

Sinking of the Sinking of the MaineMaine• The USSThe USS Maine Maine, anchored in Havana , anchored in Havana

harbor, blew up, killing 266 sailorsharbor, blew up, killing 266 sailors• The US blamed Spain and war broke outThe US blamed Spain and war broke out

Rebellion in CubaRebellion in Cuba• Cuba was one of Spain’s oldest coloniesCuba was one of Spain’s oldest colonies• Americans had a financial interest in Americans had a financial interest in

CubaCuba

Americans Support CubansAmericans Support Cubans

When the Cuban war for When the Cuban war for independence began, Pres. Cleveland independence began, Pres. Cleveland declared the US neutraldeclared the US neutral

However, most Americans However, most Americans sympathized with the Cuban desire sympathized with the Cuban desire for independencefor independence

Support Through JournalismSupport Through Journalism

William Randolph Hearst (owner of William Randolph Hearst (owner of the the New Your JournalNew Your Journal) and Joseph ) and Joseph Pulitzer (owner of the Pulitzer (owner of the New York New York WorldWorld) used the war to try to drum ) used the war to try to drum up more newspaper subscriptionsup more newspaper subscriptions

Using yellow journalism (creating Using yellow journalism (creating news stories that would sell news stories that would sell newspapers), they gained American newspapers), they gained American support of the warsupport of the war

Calling out for WarCalling out for War

With tensions rising between Cuba With tensions rising between Cuba and Spain, Pres. McKinley ordered and Spain, Pres. McKinley ordered the the USS MaineUSS Maine to Havana Harbor to to Havana Harbor to protect Americans in Cuba—Jan. protect Americans in Cuba—Jan. 18981898

In Feb. 1898, US intercepted a letter In Feb. 1898, US intercepted a letter from the Spanish ambassador stating from the Spanish ambassador stating that McKinley was “weak and a that McKinley was “weak and a bidder for the admiration of a crowd”bidder for the admiration of a crowd”

Calling for WarCalling for War

Americans were outraged over the Americans were outraged over the comments of the Spanish comments of the Spanish ambassadorambassador

Shortly after this, Shortly after this, the Mainethe Maine exploded exploded in Havana Harbor and Americans in Havana Harbor and Americans declared war on Spain on April 11, declared war on Spain on April 11, 19891989

By April 24, Spain declared war on By April 24, Spain declared war on the US.the US.

A War on Two FrontsA War on Two Fronts

The Spanish in Cuba were not The Spanish in Cuba were not prepared to fight (disease/fighting)prepared to fight (disease/fighting)

Both sides knew the war would be Both sides knew the war would be decided at seadecided at sea

If the US could defeat Spain’s fleet, If the US could defeat Spain’s fleet, the Spanish would not be able to get the Spanish would not be able to get supplies to their troops.supplies to their troops.

Taking the PhilippinesTaking the Philippines The navy’s North Atlantic fleet blockaded The navy’s North Atlantic fleet blockaded

Cuba, and the American fleet in Hong Cuba, and the American fleet in Hong Kong, attacked the PhilippinesKong, attacked the Philippines

American naval forces took Manila in one American naval forces took Manila in one day, but the army could not send troops to day, but the army could not send troops to helphelp

Commodore Dewey contacted Emilio Commodore Dewey contacted Emilio Aguinaldo, a revolutionary, to begin a Aguinaldo, a revolutionary, to begin a guerilla war against Spainguerilla war against Spain

Americans used them to fight, but refused Americans used them to fight, but refused to recognize the Filipino gov’t, causing to recognize the Filipino gov’t, causing tensiontension

Americans in CubaAmericans in Cuba

Unlike the readiness of the navy, the army Unlike the readiness of the navy, the army was in very poor conditionwas in very poor condition

The army lacked the resources to train and The army lacked the resources to train and equip the armyequip the army

Conditions in camps were so unsanitary Conditions in camps were so unsanitary that epidemics broke out and hundreds of that epidemics broke out and hundreds of Americans diedAmericans died

By the end of the war, far more Americans By the end of the war, far more Americans died in training camps than in battledied in training camps than in battle

Fighting in CubaFighting in Cuba

Among the American troops that Among the American troops that advanced toward the city of Santiago advanced toward the city of Santiago was a volunteer cavalry unit from the was a volunteer cavalry unit from the American West known as the Rough American West known as the Rough RidersRiders

They were a flamboyant mix of They were a flamboyant mix of cowboys, miners and law officerscowboys, miners and law officers

Leonard Wood and Teddy RooseveltLeonard Wood and Teddy Roosevelt

End of WarEnd of War

Spanish resistance in Cuba ended Spanish resistance in Cuba ended with the surrender of Santiago in with the surrender of Santiago in August, not long after it startedAugust, not long after it started

On August 12, 1898, Spain and the On August 12, 1898, Spain and the US agreed to a cease-fireUS agreed to a cease-fire

An American Empire is BornAn American Empire is Born

Cuba would be given its freedomCuba would be given its freedom Spain gave the US Guam and Puerto Spain gave the US Guam and Puerto

RicoRico The big question was what to do The big question was what to do

about the Philippines—remain true to about the Philippines—remain true to its republican ideals or become an its republican ideals or become an imperial power?imperial power?

The Debate over AnnexationThe Debate over Annexation

Support for Annexation of PhilippinesSupport for Annexation of Philippines• Many supporters emphasized the Many supporters emphasized the

economic and military benefitseconomic and military benefits• The islands would provide the US with a The islands would provide the US with a

naval base in Asia and a large market naval base in Asia and a large market for American goodsfor American goods

OppositionOpposition• Goes against our republican valuesGoes against our republican values• Cheap Filipino labor would harm Cheap Filipino labor would harm

businessbusiness

DecisionDecision

On December 10, 1989, the US and On December 10, 1989, the US and Spain signed the Treaty of ParisSpain signed the Treaty of Paris

Cuba became independentCuba became independent Spain gave the US Guam and Puerto Spain gave the US Guam and Puerto

RicoRico The US paid Spain $20 million for the The US paid Spain $20 million for the

PhilippinesPhilippines

Rebellion in the PhilippinesRebellion in the Philippines

Filipino rebels fought against Filipino rebels fought against annexation and had to be subdued annexation and had to be subdued by US military forcesby US military forces

Taft tried to win over the Filipino Taft tried to win over the Filipino people by reforming education, people by reforming education, transportation, and healthcaretransportation, and healthcare

Governing ColoniesGoverning Colonies

Foraker Act—made Puerto Rico an Foraker Act—made Puerto Rico an unincorporated territory; not citizensunincorporated territory; not citizens

After the war, the US established a military After the war, the US established a military gov’t in Cubagov’t in Cuba

Platt Amendment—specified 1) Cuba Platt Amendment—specified 1) Cuba would not make any treaty with another would not make any treaty with another nation, 2) cuba had to allow the US to buy nation, 2) cuba had to allow the US to buy or lease naval stations, 3) Cuba’s debts or lease naval stations, 3) Cuba’s debts had to be kept low, 4) US would have the had to be kept low, 4) US would have the right to intervene to protect Cuban right to intervene to protect Cuban independenceindependence

Teddy RooseveltTeddy Roosevelt

Upon the death President William Upon the death President William McKinley by Leon Czolgosz McKinley by Leon Czolgosz (anarchist), Theodore Roosevelt (anarchist), Theodore Roosevelt became the youngest person ever to became the youngest person ever to become president (42)become president (42)

He brought to the presidency an He brought to the presidency an energy and enthusiasm rarely seenenergy and enthusiasm rarely seen

RooseveltRoosevelt

Became a strong proponent of Became a strong proponent of increasing American power on the increasing American power on the world stage (Imperialism)world stage (Imperialism)

Also became a strong proponent of Also became a strong proponent of conservation, declaring thousands of conservation, declaring thousands of acres of forest as National Forestsacres of forest as National Forests

American Diplomacy in AsiaAmerican Diplomacy in Asia

In 1899 the US was a major power in In 1899 the US was a major power in Asia, with naval bases all across the Asia, with naval bases all across the PacificPacific

Although China bought only about Although China bought only about 2% of all goods exported by the US, 2% of all goods exported by the US, the vast Chinese markets excited the vast Chinese markets excited American business leaders, esp. American business leaders, esp. textile, oil, and steel industriestextile, oil, and steel industries

Panama CanalPanama Canal

Roosevelt and others viewed the Roosevelt and others viewed the construction of a canal through Central construction of a canal through Central America as vital to American power in the America as vital to American power in the worldworld

In 1901, the US and Great Britain signed In 1901, the US and Great Britain signed the Jay-Pauncefort Treaty, which gave the the Jay-Pauncefort Treaty, which gave the US the exclusive right to build and control US the exclusive right to build and control any proposed canal through central any proposed canal through central AmericaAmerica

Panama CanalPanama Canal

The US had considered 2 different sites: The US had considered 2 different sites: 1) Panama, 2) Nicaragua1) Panama, 2) Nicaragua

In 1903, Panama was part of Colombia. In 1903, Panama was part of Colombia. When the US tried to buy the rights to When the US tried to buy the rights to build the canal, Colombia rejected the build the canal, Colombia rejected the offer as too low.offer as too low.

However, when Panamanians revolted, However, when Panamanians revolted, Roosevelt sent aid to the revolutionaries Roosevelt sent aid to the revolutionaries and in November of 1903, Panama gave and in November of 1903, Panama gave the US permission to build a canal.the US permission to build a canal.

Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe DoctrineDoctrine

To keep European nations from To keep European nations from sending troops to the Caribbean or sending troops to the Caribbean or Central AmericaCentral America

Stated that the US would intervene in Stated that the US would intervene in Latin American affairs when Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain stability in the necessary to maintain stability in the Western Hemisphere.Western Hemisphere.