Advanced Operating Systems Prof. Muhammad Saeed Distributed Operating Systems.
Chapter 12: Advanced Operating Systems
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Transcript of Chapter 12: Advanced Operating Systems
© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE PC v4.0 Chapter 12 1
Chapter 12: Advanced Operating Systems
IT Essentials: PC Hardware and Software v4.1
ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 12 2© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Chapter 12 Objectives 12.1 Select the appropriate operating system based on
customer needs 12.2 Install, configure, and optimize an operating
system 12.3 Describe how to upgrade operating systems 12.4 Describe preventive maintenance procedures for
operating systems 12.5 Troubleshoot operating systems
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Brands and Versions of Operating Systems Various brands of operating systems
Microsoft Windows
Apple Mac OS
UNIX and Linux
Several versions or distributionsWindows 2000 Professional
Windows XP Home, Professional or Media Center Editions
Windows Vista Home Basic, Business and Premium Editions
Compare OS versions or editions to find the best one for your customer
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Select the Appropriate Operating System
Remote Desktop
Network Sharing
Scalable CPU Support
EFS Support
Enhanced Security
Microsoft Windowsxp Professional
YES YES YES YES YES
Microsoft Windowsxp Home Edition
No YES No No No
Microsoft Windowsxp Media Center Edition
YES YES YES YES YES
Microsoft Windows2000 Add-On YES YES YES YES
Select hardware that meets or exceeds the minimum requirements for the OS
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Operating Systems Capabilities An operating system is the interface between the user
and the computer.Provides a bridge between the hardware and applications Creates a file system to store data Manages applications Interprets user commands
Operating systems have minimum requirements for hardware.
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Network Operating System (NOS) A network operating system (NOS) is an operating
system that contains additional features to increase functionality and manageability in a networked environment.
Examples of network operating systems: Windows 2000 Server Windows 2003 Server UNIX Linux Novell NetWare Mac OS X
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Server NOSThe NOS is designed to provide network resources to
clients: Server applications, such as shared databases Centralized data storage Directory services that provide a centralized repository of
user accounts and resources on the network, such as LDAP or Active Directory
Network print queue Network access and security Redundant storage systems, such as RAID and backups
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Network ProtocolsNetwork operating systems provide several protocols designed to perform network functions.
Defines how files are exchanged on the web
Provides services for file transfer and manipulation
Retrieves e-mail messages from an e-mail server
Resolves URLs for websites to their IP addresses
Automates assignment of IP addresses
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Install, Configure, and Optimize an OSTo install Windows XP Professional: Insert the installation CD An installation wizard asks a series of questions The wizard completes the installation automatically
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Default and Custom Installations A default installation requires minimal user interaction. A custom installation allows the user to customize the
regional settings and the network settings. The technician can automate and customize a Windows
XP Pro installation to include the following features:Productivity applications, such as Microsoft Office
Custom applications
Support for multiple languages
OS Deployment Feature Pack using Microsoft Systems Management Server (SMS)
Hardware device drivers
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Windows XP Custom Install Methods Unattended installation from a network distribution point
using an answer file. Image-based installation using Sysprep and a disk-
imaging program, which copies an image of the operating system directly to the hard drive with no user intervention.
Remote installation using Remote Installation Services (RIS), which can download the installation across the network.
OS Deployment Feature Pack using Microsoft Systems Management Server (SMS), which can dramatically simplify deployment of an operating system across the organization.
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Disk Structure
Types of partitions on a hard drive:Primary partitions
Extended partitions
Logical drives
NOTE: Only one partition may be designated as the active partition for booting the system.
In most cases, the C: drive is the active partition and contains the boot and system files.
Additional partitions can be created as needed for organizing files or dual-booting.
Create, view, and manage disks, directories, and files
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Disk Management Utility
Used to display information and perform services such as partitioning and formatting disks in Windows
Create, view, and manage disks, directories, and files
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File Systems of Windows XP
Partitions are formatted with a file system. Two file systems available in Windows XP:
FAT32NTFS - greater stability and security features
The type of file system, NTFS or FAT32, provides the rules that files within each directory must follow.
Create, view, and manage disks, directories, and files
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File Extensions
Windows file systems require at least three characters after the last period (.) of a file extension
Valid file name: My_file.txtInvalid file name: My_file.xt
By default, Windows does not display the file extensionThis practice can cause security problemsSome viruses are executable files disguised as a non-executable file
To avoid this security breach, you should always show file extensions:
Start > Control Panel > Folder Options > File Types tab > Advanced > Always show extension
Create, view, and manage disks, directories, and files
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System Tools
To maintain and optimize an operating system:
Disk error checking which can scan the hard drive for file structure errors
Hard drive defragmentation consolidates files for faster access
Optimize the performance of operating systems
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Virtual Memory
Swap file uses free space on the hard drive to temporarily store segments of an application or data
The OS uses the swap file to mimic RAM To adjust the size of the swap file, you must be logged
in as an administrator Typically, you should let Windows manage the size of
the swap file Increasing the size of the swap space is not always
helpful and may slow down the computer
Optimize the performance of operating systems
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Virtual Memory Settings in Windows XP
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Disk Defragmenter
Disk Defragmenter makes files on the hard drive contiguous and speeds up the reading of files.
To defragment a driveDouble-click My Computer on the desktop
Right-click the drive that you want to optimize
Choose Properties. On the Tools tab, click Defragment Now
Temporary Files are used by many programsDesigned to be automatically deleted later
Some must be deleted manually. Check these locations:
C:\temp, C:\tmp, C:\windows\temp, C:\windows\tmp, C:\documents and settings\%USERPROFILE%\local settings\temp
Optimize the performance of operating systems
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Services
Services are a type of application that runs in the background and waits for requests
Only necessary services should be started
Services may be enabled if clients need them
Services may be stopped for troubleshooting purposes
Four settings, or states, used to control services:Automatic - Starts when the PC starts
Manual - Administrator must enable or disable the service
Disabled - Administrator may disable or stop a service
Stopped - The state of a service that has been disabled
Optimize the performance of operating systems
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Optimize Web Browser and Email
Web browsers and e-mailTypically the most-used applications
Optimizing them should increase the computer’s performance Microsoft’s Internet Explorer (IE), general settings:
Change the homepage and browser appearance View or delete the information saved by the browser:
History
Temporary files
Cookies
Optimize the performance of browsers
Passwords
Web-form informationCookies are information transmitted between a web browser and a web server with the purpose of tracking user information to customize the page delivered to the user.
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Internet Explorer Browser Options
To access these settings: Open an IE window Go to Tools menu Select Internet Options
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Caching in a Web Browser Caching is a feature of the web browser
Speeds up access to previously visited websites
IE copies the images or the HTML files of visited sites
Files are retrieved from the local cache rather than downloaded
Cached files may become outdated or large. Adjustable settings are:
Refresh at every visit to the page
Refresh every time you start IE
Refresh automatically
Never refresh
To access the cached settings in IE:Tools > Internet Options > General tab > Temporary Internet Files > click Settings
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Configure Email Client SoftwareUse the following information to set up an email
account in the email client software: Display name E-mail address Type of incoming mail server
(POP3 or IMAP)
Incoming mail server name Outgoing mail server name Username Account password
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Email Protocols Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3)
Downloads email from a server to manipulate and store on local computer.
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)Accesses email on a server to manipulate and store on the server.
User can also decide to download the email to local computer.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)Sends text-only email across a TCP/IP network and is, normally, used with POP3 or IMAP.
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)Transmits audio, video, pictures, word processor documents, applications.
Normally, used in conjunction with SMTP.
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Set Display Properties
Screen resolutionDetermines the number of pixels displayed. A higher number of pixels will display a better picture.
Refresh rateThe rate the screen image is refreshed. Refresh rates are measured in Hertz (Hz) or times per second.
Display colorsColors created by varying the light intensity of the three basic colors.
Set screen resolution and update video driver
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Upgrade the Video Driver The Windows default video driver may work, but may not
provide all performance options. To upgrade the driver:
Download most recent driver
Remove the current driver
Disable anti-virus software
Install the new driver
Enable anti-virus software
Restart the computer
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Troubleshoot Video Driver Issues
Troubleshooting problems after installing video driverExample: After performing the graphical performance steps and restart the computer, you are unable to view the screen.
To investigate the problem and restore the settings:Reboot the computer again
During the boot phase, use the F8 key
Enter the boot options when prompted
Select the Enable VGA Mode to boot using a 640 x 480 resolution
Once the operating system is loaded:Select Roll Back Driver from graphics card PropertiesResearch possible driver issues
Set screen resolution and update video driver
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Dual-Boot Process
There is a dual-boot process for multiple operating systems on a computer.
During the dual-boot process:The boot.ini file indicates that more than one OS is present
You are prompted to choose the OS that you want to load
To create a dual-boot system in Microsoft Windows:More than one hard drive or a hard drive with more than one partition
Install the oldest OS on the primary partition or the hard drive marked with an active partition
Install the second OS on the second partition or hard drive
The boot files are automatically installed in the active partition
Installation of a second operating system
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The boot.ini File
During installation, the boot.ini file is created on the active partition to allow choice of OS to boot.
boot.ini can be edited to changethe order of the operating systems
the length of time to select an OS (default is 30 seconds)
To edit the boot.ini file:Right-click My Computer > Properties > Advanced Tab. In the Startup and Recovery area, select Settings. Click Edit.
Installation of a second operating system
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Upgrading Operating Systems
Operating systems must be upgraded periodicallyTo remain compatible with the latest hardware and software
Because support for older OS is eventually withdrawn
A Windows XP upgrade can be performed from a CD or over a network
Ensure that the new OS is compatible with the computerUse Microsoft Upgrade Advisor to scan the system for incompatibility issues before upgrading
Upgrade Advisor is free and downloadable from the Microsoft Windows website
Backup all data prior to beginning the upgrade
Describe how to upgrade operating systems
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Preventive Maintenance for OS
Automating scheduled updates
Installing service packs Using Restore Points if
necessary to restore the system to a previous state
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Schedule Automatic Tasks and Updates
Use the Scheduled Tasks utility to automate: Disk cleanup Backup Disk defragmenter Starting other applications
To open the Scheduled Tasks wizard: Select Start > All Programs > Accessories > System
Tools > Scheduled Tasks Double-click Add Scheduled Task
Scheduled Tasks utility is a Windows-based GUI utility.
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Schedule Automatic Tasks and UpdatesCLI automatic updates in the command line. Use the at command to automatically schedule a
command, a script file, or an application to run at a specific date and time.
To use the at command, you must be logged in as a member of the Administrators group.
To learn more about the at command, choose Start > Run. At the CLI prompt, type cmd, and then press Return. At the command prompt, type at/?
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Automatically Update Windows XPSchedule automatic tasks and updates Settings to choose from regarding Windows XP
updates:Automatic (need to specify a date and time)
Download updates for me, but let me choose when to install them
Notify me but don't automatically download or install them
Turn off Automatic Updates
To access Automatic Updates:Select Start > Control Panel > double-click Automatic Updates
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Restore PointsSet restore points Restore points return the OS to a predefined point in
time. If installation of an application or a hardware driver
causes problems, try uninstalling the application or driver
If uninstalling does not help, try to restore the computer to an earlier time when the system worked properly
To access the System Restore utility:Select Start > All Programs > Accessories > System Tools > System Restore
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Windows XP Restore PointsSet restore points Windows XP may create restore points:
When an install or upgrade takes place
Every 24 hours, if the computer is running
Manually, at any time
Restore points contain information about the system and registry settings used by the Windows OS.
System restore does not back up personal data files or recover corrupted or deleted personal files.
To backup data, use a dedicated backup system, such as a tape drive, CDs, or even a USB storage device.
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Step 1 Gather data from the customer
Step 2 Verify the obvious issues
Step 3 Try quick solutions first
Step 4 Gather data from the computer
Step 5 Evaluate the problem and implement the solution
Step 6 Close with the customer
Troubleshooting Process
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Level-one Technician Gathers Data
Description of problem by the level-one helpdesk technician:
Customer cannot surf the Internet or access any network resources.
Customer can login to the network using other computers.
Customer has verified that their username, password, and domain name are correct.
The helpdesk technician was unable to resolve the problem, so the work order is escalated to a level-two technician.
Step 1: Gather data from the customer
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Level-two Technician Gathers DataStep 1: Gather data from the customer Level-two technician asks open-ended questions:
Which specific network resources are you trying to access with your desktop computer?
Are there any network resources that you can access?
When were you last able to access the network from your desktop?
Level-two technician draws these conclusions:In the office, no resources can be accessed.
When using the modem to connect, no problems are experienced.
The problems started just after a new update was installed.
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Level-two Technician Gathers DataStep 1: Gather data from the customer Technician asks closed-ended questions:
Is your network cable plugged in?
Does anyone else have this problem?
Have you changed your password recently?
Have you received any error messages on your computer?
Technician gets this information:Customer's computer experiences unexpected errors.
Customer reports an on-screen error regarding the OS; unsure of details.
Technician draws these conclusions:Focus on an operating system problem.
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Verify the Obvious IssuesStep 2: Verify the obvious issuesTechnician asks some general questions and some
related to the functioning of the OS: Is the power turned on? Has any software been added or upgraded? Has any hardware been added or removed? Is the NIC link light on? Is the NIC listed in the Device Manager as a properly
working device? Do the mouse and keyboard work? Have any cables been added or disconnected?
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Conclusions from Checking the ObviousStep 2: Verify the obvious issues
Technician gets this information:The computer can connect successfully by modem.
The computer cannot connect to any network resources.
Other computers can access network resources.
All cables are connected properly.
There is no link light on the NIC.
Technician draws these conclusions:Problem may be a bad cable, bad NIC, or a driver problem.
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Quick SolutionsStep 3: Try quick solutions first Technician tries these quick solutions:
Reboot
Install a known good network cable to this computer
Boot in safe mode using the F8 menu
Boot to last known good configuration using the F8 menu
Boot from startup disk
Ensure IP address information is correct for this computer
Technician follows these best practices:Documents results of each solution tried
Undo failed solutions before trying the next solution
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Gather Data from the ComputerStep 4: Gather data from the computer Technician gathers data:
Repeats some of the tests done by the level-one technician.
To look for OS problems, technician examines system files and runs diagnostic software.
Technician gets this information: An automatic system update was performed recently.
Conclusion:The update may be causing the problem.
Technician takes this action:Ask customer to look for restore points at the time of the update.
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Evaluate Problem & Implement SolutionStep 5: Evaluate the problem and implement the solution Technician records these notes:
Computer worked on Tuesday, but not on Wednesday.
Automatic system update ran at midnight Tuesday.
Restore points were automatically created prior to the installation of the update.
Technician decides on a solution:Restore the computer to the state it was in before the automatic system update ran on the computer.
Technician takes this action:Ask customer to use the System Restore application.
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Evaluate Problem & Implement SolutionStep 5: Evaluate the problem and implement the solution Customer takes this action:
Chooses “Restore my computer to an earlier time” option.
Chooses the restore point created before the update was installed.
Reboots computer.
Results of the solution:Computer operates normally.
Likely cause of the problem:A patch that was installed through an automatic update disabled network connectivity.
To prevent the problem from occurring again:Set Automatic Updates to require permission of the network administrator or the user.
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System Restore Point ScreensStep 5: Evaluate the problem and implement the solution
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Close with the CustomerStep 6: Close with the customer Technician discusses results with customer:
If possible, verbally verify the solution with the customer.
If possible, allow customer to demonstrate that the repair has solved the problem.
If customer is not available, technician should inform the customer of the work that was performed.
If the solution is acceptable, the technician can finish the documentation and close the work order.
Documentation should include:A restatement of the problem
Steps taken in the troubleshooting process, and the solution
Time needed to solve the problem
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Closed Work OrderStep 6: Close with the customer Make two copies of the
final work order and documentation
One for the customer
One for the technician
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Common Problems and SolutionsProblem Symptom Possible Solution
You have a dual-boot system, but you are unable to access the second operating system.
Make sure the boot.ini is not corrupt and verify that it is correct.
A screen goes blank after you install an updated graphics driver.
If the new driver is bad, boot to VGA mode and use Roll Back Driver to restore the previous driver.
A customer plans to install Windows XP on 100 computers in a branch office over a weekend, but is very concerned about how much time it will take.
Advise the customer that the installation CD will take too long. Consult with customer about one of the automated installation solutions.
The customer is receiving warnings about the hard drive becoming too full.
Run the Disk Cleanup utility to delete temporary files.
A customer receives error messages that an application will not launch because a required service is not running.
Ask the customer for the name of the service in the error message and restart the service.
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Fix an Operating System Problem Now that you understand the troubleshooting process, it is
time to apply your listening and diagnostic skills. The first lab is designed to reinforce your skills with the
operating system. You will check restore points before and after using Windows Update.
The second lab is designed to reinforce your communication and troubleshooting skills. This lab includes the following steps:
Receive the work order
Research the problem
Take the customer through various steps to try and resolve the problem
Document the problem and the resolution
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Chapter 12 Summary Ensuring that you understand the technology needs of the
customer Knowing the differences between common operating systems Matching the customer needs to the proper technologies Knowing the different methods to install an operating system Knowing how to upgrade different operating systems Understanding how preventive maintenance can avoid
problems Knowing which preventive maintenance procedures are
appropriate for the customer Knowing how to troubleshoot operating system problems
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Q and A
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