Chapter 12: Adolescence
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Transcript of Chapter 12: Adolescence
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Chapter 12: Adolescence
Module 5
Social and Personality Development in Adolescence
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
IDENTITY: ASKING “WHO AM I?”
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Identity: Asking "Who Am I?" • Self consciousness takes center stage
• WHY?– More like adults intellectually– More like adults physically
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Self Concept: What Am I Like?
• View broadens – One's own assessment of who they are – Others' views
• More organized and coherent – View self in terms of traits and multiple
aspects
288
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Self-esteem: How Do I Like Myself?
• Increasingly accurate in understanding self
• Gender
• SES
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Influences on Self-Esteem
Traditional research– Prejudice is incorporated into minority adolescents'
self-concepts
Recent research– African-American adolescents have same levels of
self-esteem as Caucasians– Strong racial identity is related to higher self-esteem
levels
289
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
“Ethgender”
• Joint influence of race and gender (“ethgender”)
• Findings indicate that: – African-American and Hispanic males had
highest self-esteem– Asian and Native American females had
lowest levels
290
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Identity Formation: Change or Crisis?
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
What did you learn from the adolescents in the video about:
• Parental expectations (including cultural differences)
• Perception of societal stereotypes• Sexual identity
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Identity Formation: Crisis or Change?
IDENTITY-VERSUS-IDENTITY-CONFUSION STAGE
Identity = appropriate identity that sets foundation for future psychosocial development
Confusion = sense of self is "diffuse“ with adoption of socially unacceptable roles
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Erikson: Identity versus Confusion
Psychological moratorium– Experimentation period
• Probably no lasting, negative psychological affects
• Some benefits
290
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Societal Pressures and Reliance on Friends and Peers
• Societal pressures high during identity versus identity confusion stage – Difficult choices about future plans– Gender differences
291
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Erikson’s Ideas on Identity
• Identity versus identity confusion– Adolescents examine who they are,
what they are about, and where they are going in life
• Psychosocial moratorium– Gap between childhood security and
adult autonomy, part of adolescent identity exploration
Identity
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Limitations of Erikson’s Theory
• Male identity development used as standard against which to compare female identity
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Updating Erikson
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Developmental Changes in Identity Status
• Young adolescents primarily in statuses of diffusion, foreclosure, or moratorium
• Important for achieving positive identity
– Confidence in parental support
– Established sense of industry
– Able to adopt self-reflective stance of future
Identity
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Marcia’s Approach to Identity Development
Crisis or commitment1) IDENTITY ACHIEVEMENT2) IDENTITY FORECLOSURE3) IDENTITY DIFFUSION4) MORATORIUM
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Identity Statuses
• According to Marcia: Individuals go through periods of
– Crisis: exploring alternatives during identity development
– Commitment: individuals show personal investment in what they are going to do
Identity
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Identity Statuses
Marcia
1. Identify Diffusion: not experienced crisis or made commitments
2. Identity Foreclosure: made commitment but not experienced crisis (parents handed down commitments without adolescent making any exploration)
Identity
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Identity Statuses
Marcia
3. Identity Moratorium: in midst of crisis but commitment absent or only vaguely defined
4. Identity Achievement: experienced crisis and made a comitment
Identity
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Identity
Marcia’s Identity Statuses
Fig. 11.9
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Early Adolescence to Adulthood
• Most important changes occur ages 18 to 25
• “MAMA” cycle: pattern for positive identity
moratorium • achievement • moratorium • achievement
• Family influences on identity development
– Parenting style effects identity development
Identity
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Identity, Race and Ethnicity• Cultural assimilation model
• Pluralistic society model
• Bicultural identity
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Psychological Difficulties in Adolescence
Depression and Suicide• Incidence• Causes• Differences
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Adolescent Suicide
• Incidence• Attempts• Differences
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Adolescent SuicideOther factors in adolescent suicide: • Depression
• Family conflicts
• History of abuse and/or neglect
• Drug and alcohol abuse
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Gender Differences in Depression
• Higher incidence among girls than boys
• Stress more pronounced for girls due to many, sometimes conflicting demands of traditional female gender role
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
What contributes most to the increased suicide rate among
US adolescents today?
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
A Call for Help
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Warning Signs
• Direct or indirect talk • School difficulties • Writing a will• Changes in eating habits• General depression• Dramatic behavior changes• Preoccupation with death
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
How can you help?
1. Take 5 minutes to brainstorm about ways you might help a friend you believe is at risk for suicide.
2. Find a class partner/group to share your ideas.
3. Identify the top three suggestions in your group.
4. Share your suggestions with the class.296
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Informed Consumer of Development
Preventing Adolescent Suicide• Listen without judging• Talk specifically about suicidal thoughts• Evaluate the situation, trying to distinguish
between general upset and more serious danger• Be supportive, let the person know you care• Take charge of finding help
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Informed Consumer of Development
Preventing Adolescent Suicide• Make the environment safe• Do not keep suicide talk or threats secret• Do not challenge, dare, or use verbal shock
treatment• Make a contract with the person• Don’t be overly reassured by a sudden
improvement of mood
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
For immediate help with a suicide-related problem, call:
(800) 784-2433 or (800) 621-4000,
national hotlines staffed with trained counselors
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Review and Apply
REVIEW• Self-concept during adolescence grows more
differentiated as the view of the self becomes more organized, broader, and more abstract, and takes account of the views of others.
• Both Erikson’s identity-versus-identity-confusion stage and Marcia’s four identity statuses focus on the adolescent’s struggle to determine an identity and a role in society.
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Review and Apply
REVIEW• One of the dangers that adolescents face is
depression, which affects girls more than boys.
297
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Review and Apply
APPLY• What are some consequences of the shift
from reliance on adults to reliance on peers? Are there advantages? Dangers?
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
RELATIONSHIPS: FAMILY AND FRIENDS
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Family Ties: Changing Relations with Relations
• Parental views questioned • Role shifts• Cultural factors
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Quest for Autonomy
• Adolescents increasingly seek autonomy, independence and a sense of control– Primary developmental task– Grows gradually over course of adolescence – Consists of changes in relational symmetry
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Culture and Autonomy
• Cultural and gender factors play an important role– Western societies– Asian societies
• Adolescents from different cultural backgrounds also vary in degree of felt family obligation
• In general, male adolescents are permitted more autonomy at earlier age than female adolescents
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Myth of the Generation Gap
• GENERATION GAP– Social, political, and religious issues– Dress, music, friends– Difference in values and attitudes between teens
is greater than the difference between parent and teen.
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Time Spent by Teens with Parents
Despite their request for autonomy & independence, most teens have deep love, affection & respect for their parents
The amount of time spent with each parent remains remarkably stable across adolescence
300
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Conflicts with Parents
• Primary issues
• Cultural differences
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Relationships with Peers: The Importance of Belonging
• Peer relationships– Critical during adolescence – Provide opportunity for social
comparison and information
• Reference groups
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Cliques and Crowds: Belonging to a Group
• Cliques
• Crowds
• Sex cleavage (boys hang with boys/girls hang with girls)
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Developmental Diversity
Race Segregation:
The Great Divide of Adolescence
• Adolescents of different ethnicities and races interact very little – Decline begins in elementary school
302
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Why does racial and ethnic segregation often exist, even in
schools that have been desegregated for some time?
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Popularity and Rejection
Adolescent social world is complex• High status categories• Low status categories
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Social World of Adolescence
A teen’s popularity can fall into one of four categories, depending on the opinions of his or her
peers.
Popularity is related to differences in status, behavior and adjustment.
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
What is it that determines status in high school?
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Conformity: Peer Pressure in Adolescence
• Susceptibility and conformity– Few empirical studies
• Brown how much pressure peers exerted– Overall perception– Gender differences– Kinds of peer pressure
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Juvenile Delinquency: Crimes of Adolescence
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Who are they?
• UNDERSOCIALIZED DELINQUENTS (raised with little discipline or harsh, abusive parenting)
• SOCIALIZED DELINQUENTS (know the rules, expectations, fairly normal psychologically)
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Review and ApplyREVIEW• The search for autonomy may change relations between
teenagers and their parents, but the generation gap is less wide than is generally thought.
• Cliques and crowds serve as reference groups in adolescence offering a means of social comparison. Sex cleavage gradually diminishes, until boys and girls begin to pair off.
• Racial separation increases during adolescence, bolstered by socioeconomic status differences, different academic experiences, and mutually distrustful attitudes.
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Review and Reply
• Thinking back to your own high school days, what was the dominant clique in your school, and what factors were related to group membership?
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
DATING, SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, AND TEENAGE PREGNANCY
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Dating: Close Relationships in the 21st Century
• Dating– Learning to establish intimacy– Learning to engage in entertainment– Shaping identity
• Cultural influences affect dating patterns
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
What are the functions of dating?
• Pattern of courtship that lead to marriage
• Way to learn to establish intimacy
• Mechanism to provide entertainment and prestige
• Resource to develop a sense of one’s own identity
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Dating and the Development of Psychological Intimacy
• Dating in early and middle adolescence is not terribly successful at facilitating intimacy
• True intimacy becomes more common during later adolescence
• Gay and lesbian couples experience a variety of challenges related to dating
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Sexual Relationships
• Maturation of sexual organs
• Initiation into sexuality
• Masturbation
• Sexual intercourse
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Adolescents and Sexual Activity
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Permissiveness with Affection
• In past, gender-related double standard for premarital sexual activity
• Today premarital intercourse is viewed as permissible for both men and women if it occurs in the context of long-term, committed, or loving relationship
• Significant cultural and subcultural variation about premarital sex
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Sexual Orientation: Heterosexuality, Homosexuality, and Bisexuality
• Sexual orientation questions occur at adolescence– Heterosexuality– Homosexuality– Bisexuality
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
What Determines Sexual Orientation?
• Genetic and biological factor
• Family and peers
• Conditioning
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Teenage Pregnancies
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
What contributes to the decline in teenage pregnancy?
• New initiatives have raised awareness among teenagers of the risks of unprotected sex
• The rates of sexual intercourse among teenagers has declined
• The use of condoms and other forms of contraception has increased
• Substitutes for sexual intercourse may be more prevalent
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Does “Just say NO” work?
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Review and Apply
REVIEW• Dating in adolescence serves a number of
functions including intimacy, entertainment, and prestige.
• Sexual intercourse is a major milestone that most people reach during adolescence. The age of first intercourse reflects cultural differences and has been declining over the last 50 years.
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Review and Apply
REVIEW• Sexual orientation, which is most accurately
viewed as a continuum rather than categorically, develops as the result of a complex combination of factors.
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Review and Apply
APPLY• What aspects of the social world of adolescents
work against the achievement of true intimacy in dating?
311