CHAPTER 11 SELF AND PERSONALITY. Personality An organized combination of attributes, motives,...
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Transcript of CHAPTER 11 SELF AND PERSONALITY. Personality An organized combination of attributes, motives,...
Personality An organized combination of attributes,
motives, values, and behaviors Patterns of traits
Unique to each individual Consistent across situations and time
Self-Concept: Perceptions Self Esteem: Evaluation Identity: Overall sense of who you are
McAdams and Pals (2006) Five Principles Personality shaped by evolution for
adaptation to environment People differ in dispositional traits People differ in characteristic adaptations Each has a unique life story Cultural and situational influences ever
present
Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud Three parts of the personality
Selfish Id; Rational Ego; Moralist Superego Stages of psychosexual development
Biological: ends at sexual maturity Personality formed in first 5 years Childhood anxieties become adult traits
Psychoanalytic Theory: Erik Erikson Emphasized
Social influences Rational ego Life-span development
Crisis-Oriented Stages Result From: Maturational forces Social demands
Trait Theory Psychometric Approach
Personality: a set of traits Individual differences in each trait Measurement approach “Big Five” - Universal and stable Evidence of genetic basis Universal
Social Learning Theory Personality: A set of behavior tendencies
Shaped by interactions Found in specific social situations
No universal stages Not enduring traits People change as environment changes Situational influences important
E.g., cheating
Infancy:The Emerging Self First 6 months: Discover physical self Joint attention at about 9 mo
Difference in perceptions can be shared Self-recognition about 18 months Categorical self (age, sex): 18 – 24 months Based on cognitive development Requires Social Experience
The looking-glass self: a “reflection”
Temperament Seen in infancy Genetically based Tendencies to respond in predictable ways Building blocks of personality Goodness of Fit (Thomas & Chess)
Parenting techniques Learning to interpret cues Sensitive responding
Changes in Self-Concept: age 8 Include psychological, social qualities
Previously used only physical traits Increased Use of:
Social comparison, multidimensionality Hierarchy with self-worth on top
More accurate self evaluations Widening gap between ideal-self and real-self
Contributions to Higher Self-Esteem Competence! Positive social feedback Warm democratic parents Social comparisons that are positive Some temperament traits
established Will develop into adult traits
The Adolescent Increased awareness of psychological
and abstract traits Self-concept more integrated Self-esteem dips temporarily, rebounds Erikson’s Stage of Identity vs. Role
Confusion “Who Am I?” Can last as long as into early 30s
Marcia’s Ego Identity Statuses Diffusion: “Hey wait a minute – they didn’t know
everything. Maybe I’m not who they said I was.” (No crisis. No commitment)
Foreclosure: “I’ll be a (Catholic, Democrat, doctor, etc.) because that’s what they told me was right.” (Commitment without crisis)
Moratorium: “Who am I? What is right? Who will I become?” (Crisis, no commitment)
Identity Achieved: “I can make my own life choices.” (Commitment, evolved from crisis)
Identity Achievement Ethnic Identity begins in infancy Vocational Identity - increasingly realistic
“Goodness of fit” becomes useful Influential Factors
Cognitive development Openness to experience trait Warm, democratic parenting Culture that encourages exploration
Self-Concept and Adulthood Stable Self-Esteem
Generally good Ability to adjust ideal to real self Evaluate self with different standards Comparisons with age-mates Related to stable personality traits Losses in self-esteem in later old age
Changes in Personality Cross-sectional studies show more changes Longitudinal, Cross-Cultural Studies
Adulthood: achievement and confidence Older adults
Decrease: activity level, openness to experience
Increase: introversion, emotional stability, conscientiousness
Influences on Personality Change Heredity Earlier experiences Stability of environment Biological factors (e.g., disease) Poor person-environment fit
Adulthood – Erikson and Research Identity provides for intimacy in young
adulthood More traditional women solve identity crisis
after intimacy (marriage, children) Midlife generativity supported “Midlife crisis” not supported Integrity in old age supported
Includes life review Life Stories: narrative identity approach
Vocational Development Young adults: Career exploration Thirties: Settling down Forties & Fifties: Career peaks Older Workers
Competent, satisfied, and positive Selective optimization with
compensation