Chapter 11 p.334-340. Intelligence What makes us smart? Or not so smart?
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Transcript of Chapter 11 p.334-340. Intelligence What makes us smart? Or not so smart?
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Chapter 11 p.334-340
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Intelligence
What makes us smart?Or not so smart?
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How do we measure intelligence?
• Intelligence test: a method for assessing aptitudes and comparing them to other’s numerical scores.
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Francis Galton
• Founded the eugenics movement in an attempt to prove all human traits are inherited.
• Came up with the idea that intelligence can be measured quantitatively.
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Brain Size and IntelligenceIs there a link?
• Small +.15 correlation between head size and intelligence scores (relative to body size).
• Using an MRI we found +.44 correlation with brain size and IQ score.
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How do we Assess Intelligence?
• Binet and Simon created concept of mental age (what a person of a particular age should know).
• They discovered that by discovering someone’s mental age they can predict future performance.
• Hoped they could use test to help children, not label them.
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Terman and his IQ Test
• Used Binet’s research to construct the modern day IQ test called the Stanford-Binet Test.
• IQ=Mental age/Chronological age X 100.
• A 8 year old has a mental age of 10, what is her IQ?
• A 12 year old has the mental age of 9, what is his IQ?
• A boy has the mental age of 10 and an IQ of 200, how old is he?
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Intelligence
• The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
• Is socially constructed thus…Can be culturally specific. According to this
definition, are both Einstein and Ruth intelligent?
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Is intelligence one thing or several different abilities?
• To find out scientists use FACTOR ANALYSIS (FA):A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test.
• Charles Spearman used FA to discovery his g or (general intelligence).
He saw using FA that doing well in one area of a test predicted that you will do well in another.
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Multiple Intelligences
• Howard Gardner disagreed with Spearman’s g and instead came up with the concept of multiple intelligences.
• Savants - a condition where a person has limited mental ability but is exceptional in one area.
• Kim Peek - Savant
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Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
• Visual/Spatial • Verbal/Linguistic • Logical/Mathematical• Bodily/Kinesthetic • Musical/Rhythmic • Interpersonal • Intrapersonal • Natural
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Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
• First called social intelligence.
• The ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions.
• Some studies show EQ to be a greater predictor for future success than IQ
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Quiz question
Lewis Terman’s widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test was the:
a. WISC.
b. WAIS.
c. Stanford-Binet.
d. Scholastic Aptitude Test.
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Types of Tests
Aptitude• Measure ability or
potential.
Achievement• Tests that measure
what you have learned.
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Wechsler Tests
• More common way to give IQ tests….does not use the formula but uses the same scoring system.
• WAIS• WISC• WPPSI
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How do we construct Intelligence tests?
Tests must be:
• Standardized• Reliable
• Valid
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Standardization• The test must be pre-tested to a
representative sample of people and• Form a normal distribution or bell
curve
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Flynn Effect
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Reliability
• The extent which a test yields consistent results over time.
• Split halves or test–retest method.
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ValidityThe extent to which a test measures
what it is supposed to measure.• Content Validity: does the test
sample a behavior of interest
• Predictive Validity: does the test predict future behavior.
Criterion related validity
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Quiz question 2
Aptitude tests are to _____ as achievement tests are to ____.
a. Current interests; past competence
b. Past competence; current interests
c. Current competence; future performance
d. Future performance; current competence
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Does Intelligence Change Over Time? (p.348-352)
• By age 3, a child’s IQ can predict adolescent IQ scores.
• Depends on the type of intelligence, crystallized or fluid.
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Extremes of Intelligence
• Akrit Jaswal - 7 year old surgeon
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Robert Sternberg and his Triarchic Theory
• Most commonly accepted theory today.
• Three types of intelligence
1. Analytical2. Creative3. Practical
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Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores
• The Bell curve is different for Whites v. Black.
• Math scores are different across genders and the highest scores are for Asian males.
Why?Nature or Nurture
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Test Bias?
Tests do discriminate.But some argue that there sole
purpose is to discriminate.We have to look at the type of
discrimination.