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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 11
The Cardiovascular System
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slides 11.1 11.19
The Cardiovascular System
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
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The Cardiovascular SystemThe Cardiovascular System
A closed system of the heart and bloodvessels
The heart pumps blood
Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all
Slide 11.2Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to allparts of the body
The function of the cardiovascularsystem is to deliver oxygen andnutrients and to remove carbon dioxideand other waste products
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The HeartThe Heart
Location
Thorax between the lungs
Slide 11.3Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pointed apex directed toward left hip
About the size of your fist
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The HeartThe Heart
Slide 11.4Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.1
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The Heart: CoveringsThe Heart: Coverings
Pericardium a double serousmembrane
Visceral pericardium
Next to heart
Slide 11.5Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Next to heart
Parietal pericardium
Outside layer
Serous fluid fills the space between thelayers of pericardium
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The Heart: Heart WallThe Heart: Heart Wall
Three layers
Epicardium
Outside layer
This layer is the parietal pericardium
Connective tissue layer
Slide 11.6Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Connective tissue layer
Myocardium
Middle layer
Mostly cardiac muscle
Endocardium
Inner layer
Endothelium
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External Heart AnatomyExternal Heart Anatomy
Slide 11.7Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.2a
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The Heart: ChambersThe Heart: Chambers
Right and left side act as separate pumps
Four chambers
Atria
Receiving chambers
Slide 11.8Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Right atrium
Left atrium
Ventricles
Discharging chambers
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
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Blood CirculationBlood Circulation
Slide 11.9Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.3
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The Heart: ValvesThe Heart: Valves
Allow blood to flow in only one direction
Four valves
Atrioventricular valves between atria andventricles
Bicuspid valve (left)
Slide 11.10Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bicuspid valve (left)
Tricuspid valve (right)
Semilunar valves between ventricle andartery
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve
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The Heart: ValvesThe Heart: Valves
Valves open as blood is pumpedthrough
Slide 11.11Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Held in place by chordae tendineae(heart strings)
Close to prevent backflow
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Operation of Heart ValvesOperation of Heart Valves
Slide 11.12Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.4
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The Heart: Associated Great VesselsThe Heart: Associated Great Vessels
Aorta
Leaves left ventricle
Pulmonary arteries
Leave right ventricle
Slide 11.13Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Leave right ventricle
Vena cava
Enters right atrium
Pulmonary veins (four)
Enter left atrium
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Coronary CirculationCoronary Circulation
Blood in the heart chambers does notnourish the myocardium
The heart has its own nourishingcirculatory system
Slide 11.14Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
circulatory system
Coronary arteries
Cardiac veins
Blood empties into the right atrium via thecoronary sinus
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The Heart: Conduction SystemThe Heart: Conduction System
Intrinsic conduction system(nodal system)
Slide 11.15Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
(nodal system)
Heart muscle cells contract, without nerveimpulses, in a regular, continuous way
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The Heart: Conduction SystemThe Heart: Conduction System
Special tissue sets the pace
Sinoatrial node
Pacemaker
Slide 11.16Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pacemaker
Atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular bundle
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
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Heart ContractionsHeart Contractions
Contraction is initiated by the sinoatrialnode
Slide 11.17Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sequential stimulation occurs at otherautorhythmic cells
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Heart ContractionsHeart Contractions
Slide 11.18Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.5
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Filling of Heart ChambersFilling of Heart Chambers the Cardiac Cyclethe Cardiac Cycle
Slide 11.19Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.6
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The Heart: Cardiac CycleThe Heart: Cardiac Cycle
Atria contract simultaneously
Atria relax, then ventricles contract
Slide 11.20Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Atria relax, then ventricles contract
Systole = contraction
Diastole = relaxation
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The Heart: Cardiac CycleThe Heart: Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac cycle events of one completeheart beat
Mid-to-late diastole blood flows intoventricles
Slide 11.21Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ventricles
Ventricular systole blood pressure buildsbefore ventricle contracts, pushing outblood
Early diastole atria finish re-filling,ventricular pressure is low
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The Heart: Cardiac OutputThe Heart: Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO)
Amount of blood pumped by each side ofthe heart in one minute
CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume
Slide 11.22Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume[SV])
Stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped by each ventriclein one contraction
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Cardiac Output RegulationCardiac Output Regulation
Slide 11.23Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.7
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The Heart: Regulation of Heart RateThe Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
Stroke volume usually remains relativelyconstant
Starlings law of the heart the more that
Slide 11.24Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Starlings law of the heart the more thatthe cardiac muscle is stretched, thestronger the contraction
Changing heart rate is the mostcommon way to change cardiac output
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The Heart: Regulation of Heart RateThe Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
Increased heart rate
Sympathetic nervous system
Crisis
Low blood pressure
Slide 11.25Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hormones
Epinephrine
Thyroxine
Exercise
Decreased blood volume
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The Heart: Regulation of Heart RateThe Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
Decreased heart rate
Parasympathetic nervous system
Slide 11.26Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Parasympathetic nervous system
High blood pressure or blood volume
Dereased venous return
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Blood Vessels: The VascularBlood Vessels: The VascularSystemSystem
Taking blood to the tissues and back
Arteries
Arterioles
Slide 11.27Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
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The Vascular SystemThe Vascular System
Slide 11.28Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.8b
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Blood Vessels: AnatomyBlood Vessels: Anatomy
Three layers (tunics)
Tunic intima
Endothelium
Tunic media
Slide 11.29Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tunic media
Smooth muscle
Controlled by sympathetic nervoussystem
Tunic externa
Mostly fibrous connective tissue
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Differences Between Blood VesselDifferences Between Blood VesselTypesTypes
Walls of arteries are the thickest
Lumens of veins are larger
Skeletal muscle milks blood in veins
Slide 11.30Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skeletal muscle milks blood in veinstoward the heart
Walls of capillaries are only one celllayer thick to allow for exchangesbetween blood and tissue
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Movement of Blood ThroughMovement of Blood ThroughVesselsVessels
Most arterial blood ispumped by the heart
Slide 11.31Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Veins use the milkingaction of muscles tohelp move blood
Figure 11.9
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Capillary BedsCapillary Beds
Capillary bedsconsist of twotypes of vessels
Slide 11.32Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
types of vessels
Vascular shunt directly connects anarteriole to a venule
Figure 11.10
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Capillary BedsCapillary Beds
True capillaries exchange vessels
Oxygen andnutrients cross to
Slide 11.33Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
nutrients cross tocells
Carbon dioxideand metabolicwaste productscross into blood
Figure 11.10
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Diffusion at Capillary BedsDiffusion at Capillary Beds
Slide 11.34Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.20
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Major Arteries of Systemic CirculationMajor Arteries of Systemic Circulation
Slide 11.35Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.11
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Major Veins of Systemic CirculationMajor Veins of Systemic Circulation
Slide 11.36Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.12
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Arterial Supply of the BrainArterial Supply of the Brain
Slide 11.37Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.13
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Hepatic Portal CirculationHepatic Portal Circulation
Slide 11.38Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.14
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Circulation to the FetusCirculation to the Fetus
Slide 11.39Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.15
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PulsePulse
Pulse pressure waveof blood
Slide 11.40Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Monitored atpressurepoints wherepulse is easilypalpated
Figure 11.16
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Blood PressureBlood Pressure
Measurements by health professionalsare made on the pressure in largearteries
Systolic pressure at the peak of
Slide 11.41Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Systolic pressure at the peak ofventricular contraction
Diastolic pressure when ventricles relax
Pressure in blood vessels decreases asthe distance away from the heartincreases
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Measuring Arterial Blood PressureMeasuring Arterial Blood Pressure
Slide 11.42Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.18
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Comparison of Blood Pressures in DifferentComparison of Blood Pressures in DifferentVesselsVessels
Slide 11.43Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.17
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Blood Pressure: Effects of FactorsBlood Pressure: Effects of Factors
Neural factors
Autonomic nervous system adjustments(sympathetic division)
Slide 11.44Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Renal factors
Regulation by altering blood volume
Renin hormonal control
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Blood Pressure: Effects of FactorsBlood Pressure: Effects of Factors
Temperature
Heat has a vasodilation effect
Cold has a vasoconstricting effect
Slide 11.45Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cold has a vasoconstricting effect
Chemicals
Various substances can cause increases ordecreases
Diet
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Factors Determining Blood PressureFactors Determining Blood Pressure
Slide 11.46Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.19
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Variations in Blood PressureVariations in Blood Pressure
Human normal range is variable
Normal
140110 mm Hg systolic
8075 mm Hg diastolic
Hypotension
Slide 11.47Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hypotension
Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)
Often associated with illness
Hypertension
High systolic (above 140 mm HG)
Can be dangerous if it is chronic
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Capillary ExchangeCapillary Exchange
Substances exchanged due toconcentration gradients
Slide 11.48Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Oxygen and nutrients leave the blood
Carbon dioxide and other wastes leave thecells
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Capillary Exchange: MechanismsCapillary Exchange: Mechanisms
Direct diffusion across plasmamembranes
Endocytosis or exocytosis
Some capillaries have gaps (intercellularclefts)
Slide 11.49Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Some capillaries have gaps (intercellularclefts)
Plasma membrane not joined by tightjunctions
Fenestrations of some capillaries
Fenestrations = pores
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Developmental Aspects of theDevelopmental Aspects of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
A simple tube heart develops in theembryo and pumps by the fourth week
The heart becomes a four-chambered
Slide 11.50Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The heart becomes a four-chamberedorgan by the end of seven weeks
Few structural changes occur after theseventh week
Chapter 11The Cardiovascular SystemSlide 11.2Slide 11.3Slide 11.4Slide 11.5Slide 11.6Slide 11.7Slide 11.8Slide 11.9Slide 11.10Slide 11.11Slide 11.12Slide 11.13Slide 11.14Slide 11.15Slide 11.16Slide 11.17Slide 11.18Slide 11.19Slide 11.20Slide 11.21Slide 11.22Slide 11.23Slide 11.24Slide 11.25Slide 11.26Slide 11.27Slide 11.28Slide 11.29Slide 11.30Slide 11.31Slide 11.32Slide 11.33Slide 11.34Slide 11.35Slide 11.36Slide 11.37Slide 11.38Slide 11.39Slide 11.40Slide 11.41Slide 11.42Slide 11.43Slide 11.44Slide 11.45Slide 11.46Slide 11.47Slide 11.48Slide 11.49Slide 11.50