Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
-
Upload
alexander-mccormick -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
0
Transcript of Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
1/63
1
Chapter 11: World of States
– Political Geography
Developed by
Joe Naumann
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
2/63
2
Basics - Origin
• Somewhat hierarchical system – sometimesincludes all three levels
– International Political Systems
– National Political Systems
– Local and Regional Political Organization
• Early olitical systems may have develoed artly in
resonse to hysical conditions
– Early Egyt – cooeration needed to harness the Nile!loods !or roductive agriculture
– Eventually the "ingdoms o! uer and lower Egyt were
com#ined under one ruler
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
3/63
$
National Political Systems
• Terms: Nations, States, and Nation-States
– Nation: % grou o! eole with a sense o! oneness – an
ethnic grou& – State: % art o! the earth's land sur!ace which is
organized under a government and has #oundaries&
– Nation-state: (igh coincidence #etween the territory
occuied #y a nation and that which is organized as astate – % nation which has its own olitical structure !or th
territory it occuies&
– Multi-national state: % state in which more than one
nation resides
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
4/63
)
Stateless nation & part-nation
state
• Stateless nation – an ethnic grou which is divided
among several countries and which does not
comrise the ma*ority o! the oulation o! any o! the
countries& – Kurds
– Poles #e!ore the +reaty o! ,ersailles
• Part-nation state – % nation whose territory may
e-and #eyond the territory o! a state and may
encomass several states
– %ra# nation
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
5/63
.
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
6/63
/
State 0
Nation –oth themultinational
state and the
stateless nation
situations havethe potential !or
armed con!lict
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
7/63
1
The "volution o! the Modern State
• eveloed #y Euroean hilosohers in the 34 th
century
• "n#land –Nation state in which the ower gradually
shi!ted !rom the monarch to the electorate –$Democratic "volution%
• Idea sread through much o! Euroe #y 5rench
Revolution• +he colonial eriod6 and the demise o! the colonial
system6 #rought the model to much o! the rest o! the
world
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
8/63
4
eo#raphic 'haracteristics o!
States
• Si(e – larger countries may have more ossi#ilities availa#le
to them – to carrying caacity
– 7limate variety 0 agriculture
– Resources availa#le
• Shape – can !oster or hinder e!!ective organization o! the
state – see categories in slide to !ollow&
• )ocation – relative and a#solute
– Landloc"ed – very disadvantageous relative location
• 'ores and 'apitals – 7ore area is the nucleus !rom which a
state grew and develoed – usually contains the caital city&
Particularly true o! unitary states&
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
9/63
8
9ore on Shae
• 'ompact State – close to circular shae• Prorupt State – nearly comact #ut with one or two narrow
e-tensions o! national territory&
• "lon#ated State – least e!!icient state administratively – long
and narrow in shae• *ra#mented State – comosed o! disconnected arts :o!ten
islands or mainland lus islands;
• Per!orated State – comletely surrounds the territory o! one
or more states :usually small states;• "+clave – a territorial outlier o! one state is surrounded #ythe territory o! another state
• "nclave – a iece o! territory surrounded #y a country whichis not ruled #y that country :may #e an e-clave o! anothercountry
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
10/63
3<
shaes
"nclave
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
11/63
33
"+claves May be di!!icult to
maintain or toprotect !rom bein#
taen over by the
country .hich
surrounds them/
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
12/63
32
E-clave or Enclave=
• +he river movedso the red area isstill art o! Illinois
#ut is on the westside o! the9ississii River&
• Illinois – it's ane-clave
• 9issouri – it's anenclave
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
13/63
3$
Micro-States
0enclaves1
Mini-states
'ompact states
"lon#ated states
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
14/63
3)
*ra#mented
States
Per!orated &
*ra#mentedState
Prorupt State
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
15/63
3.
Micro-States
0enclaves1
Mini-states
'ompact states
"lon#ated states*ra#mented
States
Per!orated &
*ra#mentedState
Prorupt State
National core
areas !rom .hich
nation-states
developed
)andloced
States
)andloced
mini-states:
2ndorra,)iechtenstein,
)u+embour#
)andloced
micro-states:
San Marino,3atican 'ity
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
16/63
3/
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
17/63
31
The 2dvent o! the 2ir-2#e
rou#ht oth Political &
"conomic 'han#es
• 'lic the picture above to see the video o! pre-4et aircra!t
http://www.onesixright.com/video/aerials.html
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
18/63
34
5nly a !e. o! the small statesOther small states include Singaore6 island nations o!
the Paci!ic and 7ari##ean Sea6 %ndorra6
Liechtenstein.
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
19/63
38
Nationalism: double-ed#ed s.ord
• Nationalism can #ring a eole together and rovide
a strong centripetal !orce holding the country
together in a nation>state&
• Nationalism6 articularly when carried to e-tremes6
can #e a divisive6 centri!u#al !orce wor"ing to tear
a country aart when it is e-ercised in a multi>
national state& – ?hen a nation occuies a rather contiguous territory
within a multi>national state6 that can ma"e searatist
movements more li"ely to develo and@or succeed
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
20/63
2<
Multi-
national state
!ormer
6u#oslavia 7n
osnia, theterritory
occupied by
osnians and
Serbs .as so
disconti#uous
that there .as
no .ay to divide
the area alon#
ethnic lines/
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
21/63
23
8atreds8atreds had been
passed !rom one
#eneration to the
ne+t/ 9ith the end o!the totalitarian
communist system,
ethnic hatreds sur!acedand led to violence and
independence
movements in osnia
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
22/63
22
lobalism and devolution
• +wo seemingly contradictory trends
– +he #lobal economy and6 at least6 economic unions o!
states with the ossi#ility o! greater olitical integration
• Euroean Anion is still e-anding
• N%5+% may enlarge – 7hile as a otential mem#er
– Devolution – the slitting aart o! countries
• Ethnic grous in multi>national states ushing !or autonomy
and even indeendence
• ?ounds that were in!licted hundreds o! years ago sur!ace and
sometimes lead to violence – Bosnia6 Cosovo6 7hechnya
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
23/63
2$
Countries recentlyjoined: Poland,Czech Rep.,
Slovenia, Hungary,Estonia, & CyprusCountriesanticipating
negotiations tojoin: Latvia,Lithuania, Slovaia,Ro!ania, "ulgaria,& #urey.
Countries voting
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
24/63
2)
"!!orts to #ive
political
e+pression to
nationalist
#roups in"urope at
3ersailles, ;<
addressed the
desires o! some
ethnic #roups
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
25/63
2.
Britain has granted
Scotland its own
arliament and ?ales
may !ollow&
Sometimes granting
greater autonomy can
stave o!! a !ull scalerevolt and
indeendence&
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
26/63
2/
Devolutionthe !ormer Soviet
=nion
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
27/63
21
National Political Systems 0cont/1
• BoundariesD Set +he Satial Limits o! the State 0 relaced
!ormer !rontier zones
• 7lassi!ication o! Boundaries
– Natural or physical boundaries – o!ten ma"e oor #oundaries• 9ountainsD rarely total #arriers to interaction
• RiversD constantly shi!ting the course – usually gradually
– eometric boundaries :arti!icial;>>easily delimited and demarcated
• %ntecedent – draw #e!ore area oulated 0 cultural landscae is set• Su#seuent – a!ter settlement 0 develoment o! cultural landscae
• 7onseuent :su#seuent; – drawn to accommodate di!!erences
• Suerimosed – !orced uon the cultural landscae :38)4 – Israel;
• Relic – no longer !unctions #ut still mar"s a transition
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
28/63
24
>ivers Mae Poor
oundaries
The Missouri-Kansas
boundary .asori#inally surveyed
alon# the midline o! the
Missouri >iver, but the
river has since shi!ted
to a ne. course/ 2
similar situation e+ists
bet.een 7llinois and
Missouri alon# the
Mississippi >iver/
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
29/63
28
Shi!ting Rivers
2 series o! !our surveys o! the
Mississippi >iver sho.s
considerable chan#es in the
position o! the channel and the
!orm o! the meander bends/ Note
that one meander cuto!! has
occurred 0
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
30/63
$<
oundary e!!ects on transportation patterns
+ransortation lines cross only at a !ew locations – i!this weren't a national #oundary6 there would #emore o! a networ"6 rather than two arallel systems
Major border
crossings
B d i t
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
31/63
$3
• Position disputes – disagree to interretation o! the
#oundary treaty – 7hile@%rgentina in S& %ndes
• Territorial disputes – over ownershi o! territory
– 7rredentism – land that was !ormerly art o! another state
with which there are ethnic ties
• >esource disputes – Cuwait 0 Ira
• *unctional disputes – disagreement over oliciesto aly to #order – 9e-ico 0 A&S&%& over illegal
aliens crossing into the A&S&%
Boundary isutes
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
32/63
$2
In the 381
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
33/63
' i ( i *++* d
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
34/63
$)
'ar in (ra) in *++* and
• In 2
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
35/63
$.
Feoolitical %ssessments
• Relating national ower to geograhic!actors – somewhat tarnished reutation
due to Fermans in ??II&
• 8eartland theory – (al!ord 9ac"inder
• >imland theory – Nicholas Sy"man
• Both theories see Eurasia as the GrimeH
real estate
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
36/63
$/
erman school o! #eopoliti adopted by 8itler
eastern !ront aimed at controllin# the heartland/
A S olicy o! 7ontainment
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
37/63
$1
A&S& olicy o! 7ontainment
• 7old>war geoolitical strategy to counter the Soviet
attemt to control the heartland&• 9a*or oints
– 7ontrol rim o! e-terior continents 0 islands&
– 7ontrol strategic arts o! the rimland&
– Isolate communism and revent its e-ansion& – Li"e a GcancerH which is not allowed to grow6 communism
would wither u and die&
• ?as the Soviet demise the result o! it's own
mista"es or o! containment6 or some o! #oth= – %ndre %malric – Will the Soviet Union Survive until 1984?
7old ?ar %lliances
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
38/63
$4
7old ?ar %lliances
• ar" Frey – AS% 0 G%lliesH
• Light Frey – 7ommunist countries
WEAKNESS
HEARTLAND?
R I M L AN D ?
R I M L AN D ?
7 t i t l 5 P ll + th
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
39/63
$8
7entrietal 5orcesD Pull +ogether
• Nationalism
• Primarily one language in common use
• Ani!ying Institutions – common religion6 etc&
• Organization 0 %dmin& – evolve !rom national core
– Anitary state
– 5ederal state
• +ransortation 0 7ommunication – connect
– 5rench transortation system !ocuses on Paris
– +ranscontinental railroads in the A&S&
– +ransSi#erian RR in the Russia@Soviet Anion
7entri!ugal 5orces: Disrupt
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
40/63
)<
7entri!ugal 5orces: Disrupt
• Multi-nationalism – 7anada6 Bosnia6 %!ghanistan
• Incomati#le religions – artition o! India in 38)1 – still in
con!lict with Pa"istan over Cashmir
• 9ultile languages in use• ,ery strong regional di!!erences :cultural and@or economic; –
i&e& led to AS 7ivil ?ar
• %rti!icial creation – not evolving !rom a national core
– Particularly true o! most o! the !ormer colonies which #ecame thecountries o! modern %!rica
• Irredentism
• Insurgent grous oerating within the country
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
41/63
)3
7nsur#ency
• Serious
threat to
the
nationalgovt& o!
7olom#ia
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
42/63
)2
2ccounts !or
the lac o!
nationalism and
!or the potential
!or con!licts
bet.een
countries and.ithin
countries/
I t ti l P liti l S t
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
43/63
)$
International Political Systems
• +he =nited Nations and Its %gencies – reduced
con!licts and imroved the !ramewor" !or
international cooeration considera#ly – 9aritime Boundaries – #e!ore AN7LOS there was no
uni!ormity and there was great otential !or con!lict
– %n International Law o! the Sea – esta#lished #y Anited
Nations 7onvention on the Law o! the Sea – rati!ied 388)
• 9ost coastal countries have acceted these
rovisions
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
44/63
))
9aritime termsD
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
45/63
).
9aritime termsD
• Territorial Sea – coastal states have sovereignty6 including
e-clusive !ishing rights
• 'onti#uous Cone – 7oastal state can en!orce its customs6
immigration 6 and sanitation laws and e-ercise Ghot ursuitHout o! its territorial waters&
• "+clusive "conomic Cone – State has recognized rights to
e-lore6 e-loit6 conserve6 and manage the natural resources
• 'ontinental Shel! – countries have e-clusive rights tonatural resources u to $.< nm&
• 8i#h Seas – #eyond EE – Gcommon heritage o!
human"ind&H
Regional %lliances Increasing
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
46/63
)/
Regional %lliances Increasing• Economic %lliances
– "= – otential to #ecome a olitical union
– N2*T2 – may e-and into 7entral and South %merica – 9orld Trade 5r#ani(ation :?+O;
– eneral 2#reement on Tari!!s and Trade :F%++;
• Reduce tari!!s and romote world trade – economic glo#alism
– 5P"' – Frous in 7entral 0 South %merica 0 %!rica
• 9ilitary 0 Political %lliances–!eature o! 7old ?ar – N2T5 – growing 0 changing in nature
– Political alliances are o!ten short lived – i&e& Anited %ra# Re&
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
47/63
)1
Purposetoday
9orld *reedom: l i! M i
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
48/63
)4
9orld *reedom: reclassi!y Me+ico
Local 0 Regional Level
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
49/63
)8
Local 0 Regional Level
• +he Feograhy o! ReresentationD +he istrictingPro#lem
– Party in ower may try to maniulate #oundaries to its
#ene!it in the ne-t elections
– errymanderin# – declared unconstitutional #y the
Sureme 7ourt
• Princile o! comactness
• Princile o! one>man:erson;>one>vote• +he 5ragmentation o! Political Power
– 5unctional regions can #e olitically !ragmented li"e St&
Louis – rendered less e!!ect and e!!icient
Ferrymandering
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
50/63
.<
Ferrymandering
Violates the principle of compactness at the very least .
Redistricting Pro#lem
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
51/63
.3
Redistricting Pro#lem
O!ten the #oundaries are decided #y the courts #ecause theolitical arties cannot comromise on an acceta#le lan&
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
52/63
.2
St& Louis metroarea is more
comple+,
involvin# state
boundaries as
.ell as countyand local ones
it can cause
sta#nation in
the area/
7on!lict J System Brea"down
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
53/63
.$
7on!lict J System Brea"down
• In ast largely relegated to !ormal con!licts – armies
!acing armies–minimal civilian casualties
• ?orld ?ar II GlegitimizedH civilian targets
– Fermans6 Kaanese6 0 %llies #lan"et #om#ed cities
– 5ire #om#ings 0 the % #om#
• Since ?? II6 insurgent grous6 religious disutes6
minority movements involve terrorism – Re*ected the e-amles o! Fandhi 0 9L Cing6 Kr&
– Escalating terrorism holds the otential to unhinge the
olitical and economic structures o! glo#alism
(indu Nationaism centri!ugal
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
54/63
.)
(indu Nationaism – centri!ugal
!orce=
• Religious ro#lemssince 38)1
– Partition
• Si"h comlaints o!ersecution
• (indu nationalists
see"ing a G(induH
India win in 3884
• ?hat o! religious
toleration=
'lic on Shiva, belo. to see the video
'hildren as
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
55/63
..
'hildren as
!i#hters &
victims
Child enlisted to fight
in Afghanistan
Catholics run for cover in
Northern Ireland
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
56/63
./
+ali#an !ighting anti>
+ali#an
Taliban fighter
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
57/63
.1
Basuesearatist car
#om#ingFormer central market in
Grony! Chechnya " terrorism
hasn#t been carried to $osco%
yet " the potential e&ists.
e#innin# o! the ultimate in terror &
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
58/63
.4
e#innin# o! the ultimate in terror &
.ar on terrorism an o+ymoron
9/11/2001 –
Patriotism
reemerges
from anightmare of
terrorism.
>esponse to ;EE?FF
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
59/63
.8
>esponse to ;EE?FF
erman destroyer & moral
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
60/63
/<
y
support
together
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
61/63
/3
together
US embassy, Jaan
Mosco!, "#ssia
$#stra%ia
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
62/63
9e must not destroy democracy
-
8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt
63/63
9e must not destroy democracy
to $save% it/
• (ow will our olitical system #e altered=
• ?hat rights may #e reduced=
– Immigration changes=
– Pro!iling grous= – Increasing olice owers in search and seizure=
– 9aintaining (a#eas 7orus rotections=
• (ow to maintain the chec"s and #alances=• (ow do we avoid reducing ourselves to the level o!
the GenemyH=