Chapter 11 Fine Motor and Manipulatives “In an early care and education classroom, the fine motor...
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Transcript of Chapter 11 Fine Motor and Manipulatives “In an early care and education classroom, the fine motor...
Chapter 11Fine Motor and Manipulatives
“In an early care and education classroom, the fine motor and manipulatives area probably includes a larger variety of activities and materials than any other center.”©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Fine Motor and Manipulative Play Defined Fine motor movements are the small
movements that occur in the hands, wrists, fingers, feet, toes, lips, and tongue The smaller actions involved in picking up
objects between the thumb and finger, using a pencil to write carefully, holding a fork and using it to eat
Fine motor skill is defined as the coordination of small muscle movements that occur in body parts such as the fingers, usually in coordination with the eyes
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Pre-Writing Hand Skills
Pincer grasp: Using thumb and index finger to pick up an item
Grasping and squeezing Bilateral coordination: Using both hands
together to perform a task Eye-hand coordination: Focusing and
coordinating eye movement and visual input to control and direct the hands
Wrist rotation and wrist stability Finger dexterity: Ability to move individual
fingers in isolation©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Infant & Toddler Fine Motor Development Infants
Pre-reachingNewborn
Mitten grasp 3-4 months
Hand to hand4-5 months
Pincer grasp 9 months
Toddlers Fills & Dumps Works simple
puzzles Turns knobs
and switches Flushes toilet Scribbles Points
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Preschool Fine Motor Skills Dressing
2-3 years Puts on and
removes Zips
3-4 years Buttons
4-5 years Dresses by
self
Feeding 2-3 years
Uses spoon3-4 years
Serves self4-5 years
Uses fork5-6 years
Uses knife on soft food
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Other Preschool Skills 2-3 years: Opens door,
strings beads 3-4 years: Uses
scissors, copies line and circle
4-5 years: Cuts on a line, copies triangle, cross and some letters
5-6 years: Ties shoes, draws six part person
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Primary-School-Aged Small Motor Skills Dramatic improvements with handwriting
and ability to write in cursive letters Can draw complex and detailed pictures that
incorporate depth cues and 3-D elements Become capable of detail-oriented craft
projects involving beading, sewing, scrap booking, and building models
Are good at using simple tools such as a hammer or a hand mixer
Become skillful at playing games involving eye-hand coordination
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Planning and Preparingthe Environment Fine motor skills are
developed in many learning centers of the early childhood classroom Art
Sensory
Blocks
Woodworking
Dramatic play
Library
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Manipulative Center Located in a quiet, uninterrupted area Is well lit, preferably with natural light Contains low, open shelves for materials Includes labeled tubs or baskets to hold
materials needed for a specific activity Provides both horizontal and vertical
surfaces Contains a variety of engaging materials
and high quality tools Contains materials for four to six
children to have several choices each
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Materials to Build Fine Motor Skills Play dough with a
pizza cutter and mini rolling pin
Spin tops Locks and keys Hole punches Wind-up toys Peg games Tweezers
Tongs Squeeze balls Squeeze squirters Chinese yo-yo’s Putty or dough with
beads and buttons Puzzles These materials do
not include pencils and worksheets!
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
More Fine Motor Materials Legos® Colored cubes Interlocking links Parquetry blocks Cuisenaire rods Lacing cards Alphabet bingo Card games Board games
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Fine Motor Play for Infants Use a pincer grasp to take objects out and put them in a container
Poke a button that causes something to pop-up or spin
Fill a bucket with toys or soft blocks to reach in and take out and then place back in the bucket
Make shape sorters from recycled containers with plastic lids
Fill a recycled wipe container with scarves to pull out Give older infants a thick crayon to scribble with, or
a stubby brush to paint with
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Fine Motor Play for Toddlers Build a tower with up to six blocks Press together manipulative pieces String big beads on a thick shoelace Lift and turn pages of thick board
books Use crayons to color and draw Paint with nontoxic shaving cream Paint with brushes or fingers Introduce low easels to provide a
vertical surface for making marks
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Fine Motor Play for Preschoolers Children should have strength and dexterity in
their hands and fingers before being asked to manipulate a pencil on paper Working on dexterity and strength can eliminate
the development of an inappropriate pencil grasp Becoming more commonplace as children are
engaged in writing experiences before their hands are ready
Use manipulatives, implements, and tools found in various learning centers to support fine motor development
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Manipulative Center Play Turn over cards, coins, checkers, or buttons without bringing them to the edge of the table
Pick out small objects from a tray of sand Play connect the dots
Encourage children to connect dots from left to right and from top to bottom
Trace around stencils Use small-sized screwdrivers Tie knots in string Pick up cotton balls or small pieces of fabric with
clothespins
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Cross Midline for Brain Development Encourage reaching across the body for
materials with each hand You may need to engage the other hand
in an activity to prevent child from switching hands at midline
Refrain from discouraging a child from using the left hand for any activity Allow the natural development of hand
dominance by presenting activities at midline and allowing the child to choose
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Cross Midline for Brain Development Start making the child aware of the left
and right sides of his or her body through spontaneous comments such as “kick the ball with your right leg”
Play imitation posture games such as “Simon Says” with across the body movements
When painting at an easel, encourage the child to paint a continuous line across the entire paper and also from diagonal to diagonal
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Hand Skill Development Encourage appropriate hand skill
development Minimize passive entertainment
usage such as video games as these do not build efficient pencil grasp patterns
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Vertical Surface and Fine Motor Development A vertical surface is the natural and
preferred plane to play for young children Best supports hand skill development of
young children in three ways Engages the shoulder against gravity,
which promotes the development of the hand and arm for writing
Encourages an extended wrist position needed for writing
Most appropriate visually for young children
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Vertical Surfaces & Activities
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Rip, Snip, Cut Sequence for scissor skill development Mastery of the each step will lead to
improved scissor use for complex patterns in the long run Rip: Start with ripping paper (use scraps
for mosaic art projects) Snip: Use scissors to snip play dough,
straws, grass, index cards Cut: Cut along short (1 inch) bolded
straight lines on strips of thick paper progressing gradually to longer, thinner straight lines on thinner types of paper
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Rip, Snip, Cut Practice cutting along curves with paper
plates after straight lines are mastered Cutting on angles is usually performed
competently by 1st or 2nd grade.
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Fine Motor Play for Primary-School-Aged Children Tear tissue paper into strips by placing
both hands on the top of each sheet and pulling in opposite directions Once the sheet of tissue is in strips, have
the child try to crumple it into a ball using just the fingers of one hand
Have the children practice drawing a line from the top to the bottom of a large piece of paper taped to a vertical surface such as an easel or wall
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Fine Motor Play for Primary-School-Aged Children (continued) Move small items from one container to
another using tweezers or a clothespin Include materials such as peg boards,
lacing cards and Legos® in your manipulative center
In your writing center, provide the children with a variety of stencils to trace and implements of various sizes
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Fine Motor Art Play for Primary Aged Children Have the children use their fingers to make
their artistic creations in finger paint After finishing, place a piece of construction
paper of a different color than the paint over the child’s work
Have the child press the paper down and pull up a print of the painting
Give them a sponge to wipe away the paint left on the table in a side to side motion, encouraging them to use their arms and wrists while keeping their shoulder still
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Fine Motor Sensory Play Mold and roll play dough into balls using
the palms of the hands facing each other and with fingers curled slightly toward the palm Or roll play dough into tiny balls using only
the finger tips
Use pegs or toothpicks to make designs in play dough Cut play dough with a plastic knife or
pizza wheel by holding in a diagonal grasp
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Fine Motor Sensory Play (continued)
Scrunch up one sheet of newspaper in one hand
Use a plant sprayer to spray plants or spray shaving cream with food coloring and water
Catch bubbles between hands by clapping Draw in wet sand, salt, rice, or “goop” Reach for objects under water Pour water or sand from one container to
another Use a turkey baster in water play
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Using Art to Develop Fine Motor Skills
Tear newspaper into strips and then crumple them into balls
Use eye droppers in colored water for color mixing or to make artistic designs on paper or coffee filters
Spray paintings with water in a small spray bottle to create a “rained on” effect
Use spray bottles to paint a mural on butcher paper attached to the wall outside
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Using Art to Develop Fine Motor Skills (continued)
Paint at an easel Roll small balls of tissue paper and glue
them onto construction paper to form pictures or designs
Tear and glue colored tissue to create a “stained glass window” on waxed paper
Make pictures using stickers or self-sticking paper reinforcements
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Fine Motor in Dramatic Play Play games with the “puppet fingers”
The thumb, index, and middle fingers
Put on dress up clothes using buttons, zippers, and snaps
Use puppets to act out stories Stir pretend food while cooking Pick up and hold pots and pans to
“cook”
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Using Manipulatives in Math Distinguishing
patterns Recognizing
geometric shapes Measuring Exploring and
describing spatial relationships
Communicating mathematical ideas effectively
Identifying and describing different types of symmetry
Developing and using spatial memory
Learning about and experimenting with transformations
Engaging in problem solving
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Diversity in Fine Motorand Manipulative Play
Multicultural materials Nesting dolls from
Russia Worry dolls from
Guatemala Fans and chopsticks
from Japan Molcajete from
Mexico Mancala game from
Africa
Multicultural activities Make stamped
cookies from Sweden or Belgium
Make cascarones out of egg shells and confetti to break on people’s heads at carnival time
Make origami sculptures
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Supporting Each and Every Child’s Success Encourage children to attempt buttons,
zippers, and snaps, giving them only as much assistance as needed
Block distractions by placing the manipulative table facing a shelf or make partitions out of laminated file folders or three-section display boards cut in half
Define play spaces by putting materials on individual trays, cookie sheets, tubs or small throw rugs on the floor
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Supporting Each and Every Child’s Success (continued)
Create a nonslip workspace by putting down rubbery shelf liner material
Provide a small container to put manipulative pieces in next to the puzzle or game while working to decrease clutter
Use manipulatives on the floor and well as the table
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Creating Partnerships with Families
Sorting socks Tearing paper Cutting with
scissors Tracing Stapling paper Punching holes
Wringing out sponges
Sewing and lacing
Stringing beads
Performing finger plays
Clapping©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
There are lots of activities parents can do at home to develop their child’s fine motor skills using common household items
The Teacher’s Role Teachers build the
foundation required to help children become proficient in fine motor skills, which are needed for proper growth
Important for teachers to create activities that captivate children’s interest and keep them engaged in learning
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Guidance Guidelines Start with simpler fine motor
activities to build strength in the fingers and wrists while developing eye-hand coordination
It is important for teachers to remember that development takes place at different times in children
Patience, understanding, and positive reinforcement help when developing fine motor skills
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Guidance Guidelines (continued) Allowing children access to
manipulative materials at all times during child initiated play encourages them to be creative
They will be able to practice fine motor skill development without having to follow a guided activity
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Teaching Tips Offer a range of opportunities to
practice developing fine motor skills Use various of materials for drawing,
painting, and writing Break fine motor skills into sequenced
steps Explicitly teach a new skill Built skills on the previously mastered
skills
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Model Appropriate Language Talk about what you are doing as you
demonstrate new skills Positively recognize effort
“You were very careful when you cut around the circle.”
Discuss how to do tasks “Put the scissors on the edge of the paper.”
Sequence the action through descriptive language “Hold the scissors in your cutting hand,
open them, put them on top of the cutting line, close them.”
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.