Chapter 11Chapter 11

Emotion, Stress, and Emotion, Stress, and CopingCoping

Zhang ZhiyongZhang ZhiyongDepartment of PsychologyDepartment of Psychology

Peking UniversityPeking University

你在闹情绪吗？你在闹情绪吗？ 心境如何？心境如何？ 你的情绪深而不露？还是溢于言表？你的情绪深而不露？还是溢于言表？ 你有什么烦恼或者高兴的事情？你有什么烦恼或者高兴的事情？ 心情郁闷有什么不好的后果？心情郁闷有什么不好的后果？ 如何保持良好的心情？如何保持良好的心情？

DefinitionDefinition

Emotion, or affect, is an evaluative response (a positive or negative feeling) that typically includes some combination of physiological arousal, subjective experience, and behavioral or emotional expression.

OutlinesOutlines

EmotionEmotion StressStress Coping Coping Some Concluding ThoughtsSome Concluding Thoughts

1 Emotion1 Emotion Physiological ComponentsPhysiological Components Subjective ExperienceSubjective Experience Emotional ExpressionEmotional Expression A Taxonomy of EmotionsA Taxonomy of Emotions Perspectives on EmotionPerspectives on Emotion A Different Perspective: Integrating the A Different Perspective: Integrating the

Perspectives on EmotionPerspectives on Emotion

1.1 Physiological Componen1.1 Physiological Componentsts William James (1884)William James (1884)

• the peripheral theorythe peripheral theory Carl Lange (1885)Carl Lange (1885)

• James-Lange theoryJames-Lange theory Cannon (1927) and Bard (1934)Cannon (1927) and Bard (1934)

• Two criticisms to James-Lange theoryTwo criticisms to James-Lange theory– Too slowToo slow– Not specificNot specific

• Cannon-Bard theoryCannon-Bard theory

害怕

James-Lange Theory

害怕

Cannon-Bard Theory

The neuro-psychology of emotiThe neuro-psychology of emotionon Emotion located in the heart,face or the peripheral nervous

system? Distributed throughout the nervous system Three areas of the brain of special importance:

Hypothalamus, Limbic system, cortex

• The Papez circuit: thalamus, hypothalamus, cortex, limbic system,

• Amygdala, the brain emotional computer

Two circuits of the emotional reaction The role of the cortex with respect to emotion

1.2 Subjective Experience1.2 Subjective Experience happy, angry, sad, and Elatedhappy, angry, sad, and Elated Individual difference in the intensity of emoIndividual difference in the intensity of emo

tional statestional states• Personality disorders/Psychological disorderPersonality disorders/Psychological disorder

Acknowledging and examining one’s feelinAcknowledging and examining one’s feelings can have a positive impact on health. (Begs can have a positive impact on health. (Berry & Pennebaker,1993; Pennebaker et al,19rry & Pennebaker,1993; Pennebaker et al,1990)90)

1.3 Emotional Expression1.3 Emotional Expression

The overt behavioral signs of The overt behavioral signs of emotionemotion

Various ways: facial expressions, Various ways: facial expressions, posture, gestures, and tone of posture, gestures, and tone of voice.voice.

Creating fear in the faceCreating fear in the face

1.3.1 Facial Expression and Emo1.3.1 Facial Expression and Emotiontion

Tomkins(1962): the face is the primary center of emotioTomkins(1962): the face is the primary center of emotionn

The relationship between emotion and facial muscle moThe relationship between emotion and facial muscle movements is uniform enough across individuals and culturvements is uniform enough across individuals and cultures.(Ekman, 1971)es.(Ekman, 1971)

Facial expressions not only indicate a person emotional Facial expressions not only indicate a person emotional state, but they also influence its physiological and subjestate, but they also influence its physiological and subjective components.(Ekman, 1992)ctive components.(Ekman, 1992)

1.3.2 Culture and Emotional Display R1.3.2 Culture and Emotional Display Rulesules

Some facial expressions are universally recognized (Ekman,1971;Ekman & Oster,1979)• Ekman & Oster(1979): surprise, fear, anger, disgust, happiness,

and sadness.• Izard(1977): shame and interest.

Display rules: express in an appropriate way within their culture or subculture.• Stephan et al(1996): Costa Rica & US on PE, NE expressing• Ekman(1977): Japanese & North Americans, aware or unaware

of being observed.• Cool

1.3.3 Gender and Emotional Expres1.3.3 Gender and Emotional Expressionsion

Woman probably experience emotion more intensWoman probably experience emotion more intensely, are better able to read emotions from other peely, are better able to read emotions from other people faces and nonverbal cues, and express emotioople faces and nonverbal cues, and express emotion more intensely and openly than men.n more intensely and openly than men.

Children as young as 3 yrs old recognize that femaChildren as young as 3 yrs old recognize that females are more likely to express fear, sadness, and hales are more likely to express fear, sadness, and happiness, and males, anger.ppiness, and males, anger.

The possible reason: gender rolesThe possible reason: gender roles

1.4 A Taxonomy of Emotions1.4 A Taxonomy of Emotions Basic EmotionsBasic Emotions Positive affect / Negative affectPositive affect / Negative affect

Basic EmotionsBasic Emotions

Criterion: (Izard & Buechler, 1980)Criterion: (Izard & Buechler, 1980)• An emotion is basic if it has characteristic physiAn emotion is basic if it has characteristic physi

ological, subjective, and expressive componentological, subjective, and expressive components.s.

Anger, fear, happiness, sadness, and disgustAnger, fear, happiness, sadness, and disgust Surprise, contempt, interest, shame, guilt, joSurprise, contempt, interest, shame, guilt, jo

y, trust, and anticipation.y, trust, and anticipation.

Positive affect / Negative Positive affect / Negative affectaffect

Two factors underlie people self-reported emTwo factors underlie people self-reported emotions.(Watson & Clark,1992; Watson & Telotions.(Watson & Clark,1992; Watson & Tellegen, 1985)legen, 1985)

Approach-oriented/Avoidance-oriented systeApproach-oriented/Avoidance-oriented system driven by positive/negative affectm driven by positive/negative affect

The tendency appears to some degree heritabThe tendency appears to some degree heritable(N/P, 0.40/0.55)le(N/P, 0.40/0.55)

One final solution(Fischer et al., 1990)One final solution(Fischer et al., 1990)

An emotion hierarchyAn emotion hierarchyEmotionEmotion

PositivePositive NegativeNegative

LoveLove JoyJoy AngerAnger SadnessSadness FearFear

FondnessFondness

InfatuationInfatuation

BlissBliss PridePride JealousyJealousy AnnoyanceAnnoyance

The Emotion Wheel The Emotion Wheel (Plutchik,1984)(Plutchik,1984)

接受

恐惧

惊奇

忧伤厌恶

愤怒

期待

喜悦

爱

敬畏

怜悯

进取

乐观

鄙视

谦恭

失望

1.5 Perspectives on Emotion1.5 Perspectives on Emotion Psychodynamic Perspectives on EmotionPsychodynamic Perspectives on Emotion Cognitive Perspectives on EmotionCognitive Perspectives on Emotion The Evolutionary PerspectiveThe Evolutionary Perspective Behaviorist PerspectiveBehaviorist Perspective

Psychodynamic Perspectives on EmotPsychodynamic Perspectives on Emotionion

Being unconscious of one own emotional experienceMoray(1969)

• Neutral words-->conditioned fear-inducing words

• Words in Unattended channel

Unconscious emotional processes can influence thought, behavior, and even health

• People regularly delude themselves about their own abilities and personality attributes as a way of avoiding unpleasant emotion.

• Shedler et al(1993): such defensive self-deception about emotions takes its toll physiologically.

Cognitive Perspectives on Cognitive Perspectives on EmotionEmotion

Interpretation and EmotionInterpretation and Emotion• Schachter-Singer theory (1962): not simpSchachter-Singer theory (1962): not simp

ly the subjective awareness of arousally the subjective awareness of arousal• CriticismCriticism

Emotion-inducingEmotion-inducingstimulusstimulus

PhysiologicalPhysiologicalarousalarousal

Cognitive Cognitive interpretationinterpretation

of arousalof arousalEmotionEmotion

Cognitive Perspectives on Cognitive Perspectives on EmotionEmotion

Cognition and AppraisalCognition and Appraisal• People emotions reflect their judgments and apprPeople emotions reflect their judgments and appr

aisals of the situations or stimuli (Lazarus)aisals of the situations or stimuli (Lazarus)• Finding a doctor negligent or incompetentFinding a doctor negligent or incompetent

Zajonc(1980): Zajonc(1980): mere exposure effectmere exposure effect

The Influence of Emotion and Mood on CogThe Influence of Emotion and Mood on Cognitionnition

Cognitive Perspectives on Cognitive Perspectives on EmotionEmotion

The Influence of Emotion and Mood on The Influence of Emotion and Mood on CognitionCognition• Mood: relatively extended emotional states that Mood: relatively extended emotional states that

typically do not shift attentiontypically do not shift attention• Affects on memory, thinking(judgments, Affects on memory, thinking(judgments,

inferences, or predictions)inferences, or predictions)– Mood and autobiographical memory(72Vs52%)Mood and autobiographical memory(72Vs52%)

– Depressed personDepressed person

The Evolutionary PerspectiveThe Evolutionary Perspective

Emotion serve an adaptive purposeEmotion serve an adaptive purpose Communicative functionCommunicative function A powerful source of motivation (movere)A powerful source of motivation (movere) Why people become jealous in intimate?Why people become jealous in intimate?

• Female: emotional commitmentFemale: emotional commitment• Male: sexual accessMale: sexual access• Buss et al(1992): study 1,2,3Buss et al(1992): study 1,2,3

The Behaviorist The Behaviorist PerspectivePerspective

Conditioned emotionConditioned emotion Reinforced emotional behaviorReinforced emotional behavior

2 Stress2 Stress A challenge to a person’s capacity to adapt A challenge to a person’s capacity to adapt

to inner and outer demands, which may be to inner and outer demands, which may be physiologically arousing and emotionally physiologically arousing and emotionally taxing and call for cognitive or behavioral taxing and call for cognitive or behavioral responses.responses.

2 Stress2 Stress Stress as a Psychobiological ProcessStress as a Psychobiological Process Stress as a Transactional ProcessStress as a Transactional Process Sources of StressSources of Stress Stress and HealthStress and Health

2.1 Stress as a Psychobiological P2.1 Stress as a Psychobiological Processrocess

Hans Selye (1936, 1976)Hans Selye (1936, 1976) General adaptation syndromeGeneral adaptation syndrome

• Three stages:Three stages:– alarmalarm

– resistanceresistance

– exhaustionexhaustion

2.2 Stress as a Transactional Proc2.2 Stress as a Transactional Processess Richard Lazarus (1981, 1991, 1993)Richard Lazarus (1981, 1991, 1993) The extent of stress depends on the person’s appraisal of The extent of stress depends on the person’s appraisal of

both the situation and his ability to cope with it.both the situation and his ability to cope with it. Lazarus’s two stages in the process of stress and copingLazarus’s two stages in the process of stress and coping

• primary appraisal: what’s it?• Secondary appraisal: What should I do?

Lazarus’s three types of stress: Lazarus’s three types of stress: • harm/loss• threat• challenge

Social and economic forcesSocial and economic forces

2.3 Sources of Stress2.3 Sources of Stress StressorStressor Life EventsLife Events CatastrophesCatastrophes Daily HasslesDaily Hassles

Holmes-Rahe Life Events Rating ScaleHolmes-Rahe Life Events Rating Scale(1967)(1967)

Death of spouse 100Death of spouse 100 Divorce 7Divorce 7

33 Marital separation 65Marital separation 65 Jail term 6Jail term 6

33 Death of family_m 63Death of family_m 63 Personal inju/ill 53Personal inju/ill 53 Marriage 50Marriage 50 Fired at work 47Fired at work 47

Retirement 45Retirement 45 Pregnancy 40Pregnancy 40 Business readjust 39Business readjust 39 Begin or end sch. 26Begin or end sch. 26 Trouble with boss 23Trouble with boss 23 Change in reside 20Change in reside 20 Vocation 1Vocation 1

33 Christmas 1Christmas 1

22

Life events and its meaning for Life events and its meaning for individualsindividuals

Perceived stress----The different meanings Perceived stress----The different meanings of various events for different individuals.of various events for different individuals.

Longer-lasting effectsLonger-lasting effects• Parkes & Brown(1972): 45 yrs. People who wiParkes & Brown(1972): 45 yrs. People who wi

dowed an average of 14 monthsdowed an average of 14 months• Increased illness, appetite disturbance, depressiIncreased illness, appetite disturbance, depressi

on,sleep disturbances fatigue, loneliness, and hion,sleep disturbances fatigue, loneliness, and higher mortality rate.gher mortality rate.

Acculturative stressAcculturative stress

2.3 Sources of Stress2.3 Sources of Stress StressorStressor Life EventsLife Events CatastrophesCatastrophes

• Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSDPost-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD• Survivors’ guiltSurvivors’ guilt

Daily HasslesDaily Hassles

常见的日常烦恼常见的日常烦恼 担心体重担心体重 家人的健康家人的健康 生活必须品的涨价生活必须品的涨价 家务家务 要做的事情太多要做的事情太多 东西找不着或丢失东西找不着或丢失 收拾院落或室外收拾院落或室外 财产、投资或交税财产、投资或交税 犯罪犯罪 体型相貌体型相貌

2.4 Stress and Health2.4 Stress and Health Stress PeopleStress People

• 酗酒、吸烟、睡眠不足、运动少酗酒、吸烟、睡眠不足、运动少 Stress and the Immune SystemStress and the Immune System Stress, Health, and PersonalityStress, Health, and Personality

• Type A behavior pattern (Friedman & RosenType A behavior pattern (Friedman & Rosenman, 1959)man, 1959)

Impatient, hard-driving, ambitious, competitive, aImpatient, hard-driving, ambitious, competitive, and hostile.nd hostile.

• Power Motivation, HardinessPower Motivation, Hardiness

3 Coping 3 Coping Coping MechanismsCoping Mechanisms Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms The impact of Culture on Coping The impact of Culture on Coping

StylesStyles Social SupportSocial Support CommentaryCommentary

3.1 Coping Mechanisms3.1 Coping Mechanisms Change the situationChange the situation

• Problem solvingProblem solving Alter one’s cognitionAlter one’s cognition Alter unpleasant emotional Alter unpleasant emotional

consequences of stressconsequences of stress

3.2 Defense Mechanisms3.2 Defense Mechanisms RepressionRepression DenialDenial ProjectionProjection Reaction formationReaction formation SublimationSublimation RationalizationRationalization Passive aggressionPassive aggression

3.3 The impact of Culture on Coping S3.3 The impact of Culture on Coping Stylestyles

U.S. Children are more likely to U.S. Children are more likely to attempt to master stressful attempt to master stressful situations activelysituations actively

Mexican children are socialized to Mexican children are socialized to modify themselves rather than modify themselves rather than confronting obstacles in the confronting obstacles in the environment.environment.

Low effort syndromeLow effort syndrome

3.4 Social Support3.4 Social Support 有可信任的人，可以指望获得帮助和关有可信任的人，可以指望获得帮助和关

心。心。 机制机制

• 缓冲假设缓冲假设• 积极支持力积极支持力

3.5 Commentary: A Caveat3.5 Commentary: A Caveat

The use of questionnairesThe use of questionnairesTwo implicit assumptionsTwo implicit assumptions• Everyone experiences the same events to Everyone experiences the same events to

the same stressful degreethe same stressful degree• People know what is stressful to them People know what is stressful to them

and can report the mechanisms they use and can report the mechanisms they use to cope with themto cope with them

Artifacts of correlating variables that Artifacts of correlating variables that are not independent of each otherare not independent of each other

4 Some Concluding Thought4 Some Concluding Thoughtss 情绪是一种评价情绪是一种评价 情绪有基本的类型模式情绪有基本的类型模式 情绪与无意识、生理、认知、适应性情绪与无意识、生理、认知、适应性 应激源、应激模型应激源、应激模型 应付与自我防御机制应付与自我防御机制