Chapter 11 Corrections: History, Institutions, and Populations.

Chapter 11Corrections:

History, Institutions, and Populations

Learning Objectives

Understand the meaning of the term “the new penology”

Be able to explain how the first penal institutions developed in Europe

Explain how William Penn revolutionized corrections

Compare the New York and Pennsylvania prison models

Chart the development of penal reform

Learning objectives

Know how parole developed

List the purposes of jails and be familiar with the make-up of jail populations

Be familiar with the term “new generation jail”

Classify the different types of federal and state penal institutions

Discuss prison population trends

History of Correctional Institutions

10th Century England Prisons Used to detain debtors, unemployed, or those

awaiting trial

12th Century England County jails were constructed to hold thieves and

vagrants before the disposition of their sentence

1301 - Le Stinche prison in Italy Punishment was incarceration

Separate cells

Segregated by age, gender, mental state, and seriousness of the crime


1557

The Brideswell workhouse was built to hold those convicted of relatively minor offenses – serious offenders were held there pending execution

1780s

English housed prisoners on hulks (abandoned ships anchored in harbors)

Incarceration did not become the norm until 19th century


The Origin of Corrections in the United States: The modern American correctional system

actually started in Pennsylvania under the leadership of William Penn

Early seventeenth century:

The first American jail was built in James City, Virginia

1773

Newgate Prison opened in Connecticut

1775

Castle Island Prison opened in Massachusetts


The Development of Prisons:

William Penn’s code for prisons was adopted, and a group of Quakers formed the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons

The aim of the Society was to bring some degree of humane and orderly treatment to the growing penal system

The only models of custodial institutions at that time were the local county jails that Penn had established


The Development of Prisons:

In 1790, the Pennsylvania legislature called for renovation of the prisoner system. A new wing of the Walnut Street Jail was installed

The legislation ushered in ten years of reform and attracted worldwide notice

The Walnut Street Jail was not a total success; overcrowding undermined the goal of solitary confinement and soon more than one inmate was housed in each cell


The New York and Pennsylvania Systems:

Both experienced challenges in maintaining ever-increasing numbers of convicted criminals

1816 – New York built a new prison at Auburn

Many features used in these prisons systems are still in use today


The Auburn System:

Tier system

Congregate system

The philosophy of the Auburn prison system was crime prevention through fear of punishment and silent confinement

Silence and solitude was seen as key

Regimentation became a standard mode of prison life

Inmates congregate for eating and for work


The Pennsylvania System:

Pennsylvania took the radical step of establishing a prison that isolated each inmate in a single cell for the duration of his sentence

The new Pennsylvania State Prison opened in 1826 and was called the Western Penitentiary

Its inmates were housed in solitary confinement being allowed out about one hour per day

Pennsylvania vs. New York System

Prison Structure Living Activity Discipline

AuburnSystem

Tiered Cells

Congregate Group Work

Silence, Harsh punishment

Pennsylvania System

Single cells set in semicircle

Isolated In-cell work,Bible Study

Silence, Harsh Punishment


Prisons of the Nineteenth Century: The tier system was adopted in all states but

Pennsylvania

Prisons were overcrowded and the single cell principle was often ignored

Prison brutality common

Development of prison industry:

Contract system

Convict-lease system

Prison farms


Reform Efforts:

The National Congress Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline, held in Cincinnati in 1870, heralded a new era of prison reform:

Experts called for the treatment, education, and training of inmates

Elmira Reformatory (Zebulon Brockway) in New York, individualized treatment, the indeterminate sentence, and parole


Prisons of the Twentieth Century:

Time of contrast in the U.S. prison system

Advocate of reform, rehabilitation, education, religion

Development of specialized prisons

Industrial prisons for hard-core inmates

Agricultural prisons for non dangerous offenders

Institutions for criminally insane

Prison industry evolved


Contemporary Correctional Institutions: 1960s-1970s:

Prisoners’ rights movement

Prison riots

The medical model emerged

1980s: Inmate violence and gangs emerge

Control of inmates essential

Incapacitation

Punishment rather than rehabilitation


Contemporary Correctional Institutions:

Today:

Attempts to improve prison conditions

Tighten discipline

Build new super-maximum security prisons to house extremely violence inmates

Prison overcrowding has stalled improvement attempts

Jails

Five Purposes:

① Detain accused offenders who cannot make bail

② Hold convicted offenders awaiting sentence

③ Confinement for those convicted of misdemeanors

④ Hold probationers and parolees arrested for violations and waiting for a hearing

⑤ House felons when state prisons are overcrowded

Jails

Jail Populations and Trends:

By 2010, 750,000 jail inmates

9 out of 10 inmates are adult males

40% white

African American are nearly 5x more likely than whites to have been in jail

7,500 minors held in adults jails each day

Minorities are over represented in inmate population

Jails

Jail Conditions:

Jails are usually a low priority in the criminal justice system

Jails are usually administered at the county level

Jails in some counties are physically deteriorated, holding inmates that have serious emotional problems

Jails are considered a revolving door of the justice system

Jails

New Generation Jails:

A building boom is underway to alleviate overcrowding and improve effectiveness

Direct-supervision:

Allow for continuous observation of inmates

Indirect-supervision:

Allow for continuous observation of inmates, but using communication devices from secure rooms

Types of Prisons

Maximum Security Prisons: House the most notorious offenders

Fortress-like with high walls and guard towers

High tech security measures

Armed guards

Super-Maximum-Security-Prisons (Super-Max): These house the most predatory offenders

Inmates are locked up for 22 to 24 hours per day

Types of Prisons

Medium-Security Prisons:

Similar in appearance to maximum-security

The conditions are less vigilant and less tense than maximum security facilities

Promote treatment efforts and allows freedom of movement

Prisons

Minimum-Security Prisons:

Operate without armed guards and walls

House the most trustworthy and least violent offenders

These facilities have dormitories or small private rooms for inmates

Freedom of movement

Utilize work furloughs and educational/vocational training

Alternative Correctional Institutions

In addition to prisons and jails, a number of other correctional facilities are opening within the United States:

Prison farms and camps

Shock incarceration in boot camps

Community correctional facilities

Private prisons

Inmate Populations

Overview:

The vast correctional system now contains over 1.6 million inmates

1 in 31 adults in America is under correctional system supervision

90% inmates are young, male, minority, and poor

1 in 36 Hispanic men incarcerated

1 in 12 African American men incarcerated

Inmates suffer from social problems, emotional problems, and psychological problems

Imprisonment Rate, 1980-2009

Inmate Populations

Growth Trends: Between 1980 and 2006 population

skyrocketed, today the numbers have stabilized or declined slightly

1/3 of inmates are held on parole violations Mandatory sentences are holding prisoners

longer The nation’s prison population may be maxing

out High prison costs have compelled states to

utilize cheaper community supervision alternatives

Chapter 11 Corrections: History, Institutions, and Populations.

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Transcript of Chapter 11 Corrections: History, Institutions, and Populations.