Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.
-
Upload
derrick-casebolt -
Category
Documents
-
view
237 -
download
2
Transcript of Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.
![Page 1: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 10:Worlds of Gas and
Liquid-The Giant Planets
![Page 2: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Giant Planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune
![Page 3: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Some numbers on the giant planets
![Page 4: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Uranus & Neptune are discovered worlds
Near IR and visible light images taken with
the Keck telescope using adaptive optics
![Page 5: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
William Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781
He tried to name it Georgium Sidus after King George III (yes, it’s the same King George the American colonist called a tyrant).
No one outside England liked the name so it became Uranus
![Page 6: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The discovery of Neptune is wrapped up in political
intrigue
![Page 7: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
John Couch Adams (England) & Urbain Le Verrier (France)
independently predicted Neptune in 1846 based on the orbit of Uranus
![Page 8: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
After receiving the predicted position from Le Verrier, Johann
Galle actually discovered Neptune on September 23,
1846
![Page 9: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Jupiter and Saturn are mostly Hydrogen & Helium with other stuff deep in their
interior
Atmospheric Composition
by mass
• 75% Hydrogen
• 24% Helium
• 1% Other
Overall Planet Compositionby mass
• 71% Hydrogen
• 24% Helium
• 5% Heavier elements
![Page 10: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Uranus and Neptune have much more heavy
elements
While the atmosphere is similar in composition to Jupiter and Saturn. The interior is much different. Both have a “rocky” core with a mass about that of Earth and an “icy” mantle with about 10 Earth masses. That makes the overall amount of hydrogen only about 15% of the total mass with helium being only a few percent
![Page 11: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Jupiter and Saturn rotate faster at the equator than at
the polesPolar Rotation Period 9 hr 55 min 41 sec
Equatorial Rotation Period 9 hr 50 min 28 sec
Polar Rotation Period10 hr 39 min 25 sec
Equatorial Rotation Period10 hr 13 min 59 sec
![Page 12: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Differential Rotation
Uranus and Neptune probably have differential rotation too but we haven’t been able to measure it
![Page 13: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
When we look at giant planets all we see are the
cloud tops
![Page 14: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The wind patterns on Jupiter are extremely complex
![Page 15: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Great Red Spotis a huge
anticyclone
![Page 16: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Saturn’s Atmosphere: Similar to Jupiter but
different
![Page 17: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Saturn’s polar
vortex storm is
very unusual
![Page 18: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The weather on Uranus and Neptune is best seen in IR
Uranus, especially, has very few clouds and they are deep in the atmosphere. Neptune is more active.
![Page 19: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Neptune’s Great Dark Spot was actually a hole in the
clouds
![Page 20: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The clouds on Jupiter and Saturn are not just water
Because Saturn is colder, the layers are deeper down
![Page 21: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Uranus and Neptune have similar cloud layers
Uranus and Neptune are colder than Saturn so you have to go even deeper down to find the
clouds
![Page 22: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The winds on Saturn are actually stronger than those on
Jupiter
![Page 23: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The strongest winds of all are found on Neptune
![Page 24: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The zonal winds on Jupiter are driven by strong storm vortexes
![Page 25: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Similar processes may drive the winds on Saturn
![Page 26: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Much of the internal heat comes from ongoing
differentiation
This is especially true for Saturn and Neptune
![Page 27: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Differentiation in Jupiter and Saturn has resulted in a layered
interior structure
Liquid metallic hydrogen requires extreme pressure and high temperatures
![Page 28: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Uranus & Neptune have more “icy” interiors
The pressure inside Uranus and Neptune is never high enough to form liquid metallic hydrogen
![Page 29: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The result of all that liquid metallic hydrogen in Jupiter is an
enormous magnetosphere
![Page 30: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Jupiter’s magnetic field creates radio waves by synchrotron emission
![Page 31: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The “donut” in the magnetosphere is created by
particle spewed out of volcanoes on Io
![Page 32: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Io’s movement through Jupiter’s magnetic field creates a 5 million amp current
![Page 33: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Saturn’s Magnetosphere is not as strong as Jupiter’s
Saturn’s liquid metallic hydrogen layer is smaller than Jupiter’s but it still creates a huge magnetic
field
![Page 34: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Uranus & Neptune don’t have liquid metallic hydrogen
The highly compressed liquid water and ammonia layer is a good conductor so it can create a magnetic
field
![Page 35: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Uranus and Neptune have very unusual
magnetospheres
Their magnetic fields are tilted at an extreme angle from their rotation axis. They are also
offset from the center of the planet
![Page 36: Chapter 10: Worlds of Gas and Liquid- The Giant Planets.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc25503460f94989762/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
A compariso
n of the orientation
of the giant
planets magnetic
fields