Chapter 10 (Transport System)
-
Upload
norizan-darawi -
Category
Documents
-
view
247 -
download
0
Transcript of Chapter 10 (Transport System)
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
1/207
TRANSPORT
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
2/207
EXAMPLES OF MATERIALSTRANSPORTED
INTO THE CELL
-OXYGEN
-NUTRIENTS
-WATER
-HORMONES
OUT OF THECELL
-CARBON DIOXIDE
-UREA
-HEAT
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
3/207
Activity 1
2 Students walkalong diferentdistance. Whichstudent arrives
earlier
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
4/207
How can you relate the situation withthese organisms in transporting
materials into their bodies
Multicellular organism Unicellular organism
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
5/207
Multicellular organism Unicellular organism
What do you think about the size
between these two oeganisms?
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
6/207
Size 1
tsa/
-T!e "!#si$a% i&"%i$ati'(s a)e * a+ s&a%%e) %ii(, '),a(is&s !ae %a),e) TSA/- )at TSA/- )ati' !e%"s i( t!e e$ie(t ,ase'0s ') s
3+ %a),e) %ii(, '),a(is&s !ae e)# s&a%% TSA/-TSA/- )ati'( %i&its t!e )ate '4 ,ase'0s ') s'%0
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
7/207
TRANSPORT IN UNICELLULARORGANISMS
-t)a(s"')t &ate)ia%s 'e) s!')t ista($e5 s a7a$e(t $e%%s.
8 3# si&"%e i20si'(5 's&'sis5 a$tie t)a(s 9$i)$0%ati'( ') st)ea&i(, '4 $#t'"%as& 6i
- its $e%% &e&3)a(e is i( 40%% $'(ta$t 6it!
its e(i)'(&e(t. s'5 t!e &ate)ia%s (eee a)e t)a(s"')tei)e$t%# i(t' t!e$e%%.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
8/207
TRANSPORT IN MULTICELLULARORGANISMS
-$e%% ' ('t $'(ta$t 6it! e:te)(a%e(i)'(&e(t
-t!e)e a)e %a#e)s '4 $e%%s 3e%'6 t!ee"ie)&a% $e%% %a#e)
-si&"%e i20si'( $a(('t t)a(s"')t
s03sta($es 9':#,e(5(0t)ie(ts5 $';a( 6aste ")'0$ts+ t' t!e
3'# $e%%s.
-(ee t)a(s"')t s#ste& t' t)a(s"')t
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
9/207
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
-Circulatory system transports substances such as nutrients,
water and oxygen to the body cells and removes carbon dioxide
and other nitrogenous wastes from the body cells.
-The circulatory systems of humans and animals consist of 3
components:
a) a medium/fluid re!uired to carry materials around the
circulatory system "blood, haemolymph)
b) vessels tubes for the medium to flow through
c) pump heart that help to propel and circulate the medium
around the body
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
10/207
HUMAN BLOOD
B%'' $e%%s P%as&a
E)#t!)'$#tes
9)e 3%''$e%%+
Le0$'$#tes96!ite 3%''
$e%%+
T!)'&3'$#tes
9"%ate%ets+
G)a(0%'$#tes
3as'"!i%Ne0t)'"!i%e'si('"!i%
A,)a(0%'$#tes&'('$#tes
L#&"!'$#tes
Fi3)i(',e(
Se)0&
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
11/207
ERYTHROCYTES
-# million per mm3of blood
-Tiny "$%m), biconcave, disc shape
-&o not have nucleus, mitochondria or
ribosomes
-'ull of haemoglobin
-made in the bone marrow, live for about (*
days
+ &estroyed and recycled in the liver
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
12/207
-daptations of erythtocytes:
a) have no nucleus provide more space for haemoglobin
b) transport oxygen haemoglobin combine to oxygen and form
oxyhaemoglobin
c) transport C- haemoglobin combine to C-as hydrogen+
carbonate
d) biconcave, disc shape increase the T/ ratio for optimum
gaseous exchange
e) small and flexible can diffuse through narrow capillary walls
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
13/207
LEUCOCYTES
0eucocytes in blood
-colorless, do not have haemoglobin
-0arger than erythrocytes, fewer in number
-1*** per mm3 of blood. 2aised the number
of leucocytes "leucocytosis), decrease thenumber of leucocytes " leucopenia)
-rregular shape, have nucleus
-mportant in body defence mechanisms against disease
-divided into basic types : granulocytes and agranulocytes
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
14/207
G)a(0%'$#tes
-4ave granular cytoplasm and
lobed nucleus.
granules
5i+lobednucleus
-moeboid
movement and
engulf bacteria by phagocytosis
-6roduce in bone
marrow
-&ivide into 3 types:
a) 7eutrophils form 1*8 of
total leucocytes
+ has multi+lobed
nucleus
+ engulf bacteria byphagocytosis
b) 9osinophils +8 of total
leucocytes
+ detoxify chemical,
reduce inflammation
c) 5asophils (8 of leucocytes
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
15/207
;ranulocytesgranulocytes
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
16/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
17/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
18/207
AGRANULOCYTES
4ave non+granular cytoplasm,
compact nucleus
&ivide into typesa)
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
19/207
THROMBOCYTES 9PLATELETES+
- re tiny fragments of mega=aryocytes "bone
marrow cell) found in the bone marrow.
- Colourless, irregular shape, no nucleus.
- m across.
-
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
20/207
PLASMA
- @ellowish li!uid which the blood cells are suspended.
- Consist about A*8 water, (*8 dissolved substances.
- &issolved substances consist of plasma proteins, dissolved gases, absorbed food molecules, excretory waste products,
hormones and salts.
+ 4eat produced by respiration is being absorbed by plasma.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
21/207
C'(te(t C'&"'siti'(
Wate) '4 t!e "%as&a
As a s'%e(t a( t)a(s"')t &ei0&P)'tei(s A%30&i(s ? 4') is$'$it# a( 's&'ti$
3a%a($e A(ti3'ies e.,. ,%'30%i( ? 4')
i&&0(it# C%'tti(, 4a$t')s s0$! as @3)i(',e(
a( ")'t!)'&3i(
Diss'%e,ases
C'(sist '4 CO; a( O;
A3s')3e
4''&'%e$0%es
C'(sist '4 ,%0$'se5 a&i(' a$is5
4att# a$is5 ita&i(s
E:$)et')#6aste")'0$ts
C'(sist '4 CO;5 0)ea5 0)i$ a$i5$)eati(i(e
H')&'(es A)e(a%i(e5i(s0%i(5,%0$a,'(5
Content of blood plasma
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
22/207
FUNCTION OF BLOOD AND HAEMOLYMPH INTRANSPORT
- 'unctions of blood:
a) transport of materials
b) defence against diseases
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
23/207
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD IN TRANSPORT
Mate)ia%st)a(s"')te
E:a&"%es T)a(s"')tei( T)a(s"')te 4)'& T)a(s"')te t'
Gases
O:#,e( Hae&',%'3i( i(e)#t!)'$#tes
L0(,s Res"i)i(,$e%%s
CO; Hae&',%'3i( i(e)#t!)'$#tes
Res"i)i(,$e%%s L0(,s
H#)',e($a)3'(atei'(s i("%as&a
A3s')3eA&i('a$is Lie) a(
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
24/207
Mi(e)a%sa%ts
I)'(
P%as&a I(testi(es
B'(e&a))'6
Ca%$i0& Teet!
a(3'(es
I'i(e T!#)'i,%a(s
H')&'(es
I(s0%i(
P%as&aPa($)eas Lie)
A(tii0)eti$ !')&'(e
Pit0ita)#,%a(
i(e#
E:$)et')#
")'0$ts
U)ea5 0)i$
a$i5a&&'(i0& sa%ts
P%as&a Lie) i(e#
Heat Meta3'%i$!eat
W!'%e3%''
Lie)5&0s$%es
W!'%e3'#
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
25/207
FUNCTION OF HAEMOLYMPH IN TRANSPORT
- 4aemolymph is the circulatory fluid in the body cavities of insects
that have an open circulatory system.
- Bnown as insect bloodD.
- Contains water, amino acids, sugars, salts and white blood cells
- 4elp to transport hormones, nutrients, salts and metabolic wastes
around the body.
- &oes not contain haemoglobin
- &oes not transport oxygen and C- in insects, these gases are
transported by the tracheal system.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
26/207
- Body cavity
contains
blood
- Responsibe or
the circulation o
blood
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
27/207
T@69 -' 50--& C900
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
28/207
THE STRUCTURE OF HUMAN BLOOD -ESSELS
- The heart is connected to a series of tubes called blood vessels.
-The main types of vessels : artery, arterioles, capillary, venule and
vein.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
29/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
30/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
31/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
32/207
5lood flow in blood vessel
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
33/207
rtery, ein vs Capillary : Ehat are the
differencesF
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
34/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
35/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
36/207
-esse%sAs"e$t
A)te)# Ca"i%%a)# -ei(
St)0$t0)e
'4 6a%%
%a#e)s ?
e('t!e%i0&5s&''t!&0s$%es5@3)'0s$'((e$tietiss0e
Si(,%e %a#e)8
e('t!e%i0&
%a#e)s8
e('t!e%i0&5s&''t!&0s$%e5@3)'0s$'((e$tietiss0e
T!i$(ess'4 6a%%
T!i$ -e)# t!i( T!i((e) t!a(a)te)#
Di)e$ti'( '43%'' '6
A6a# 4)'& t!e!ea)t
F)'& a)te)iest' ei(s
T'6a)s t!e!ea)t
-a%e A3se(t A3se(t P)ese(t
O:#,e(ate 3%''
Yes 9e:$e"t"0%&'(a)#a)te)#+
A)te)i'%e$a))#':#,e(ate3%''.
-e(0%e $a))#
Ca))iese':#,e(ate 3%''9e:$e"t
"0%&'(a)#
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
37/207
B%''")ess0)e
Hi,! De$)eases4)'& t!ea)te)i'%e t' t!e
e(0%e
L'6
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
38/207
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THEHUMAN HEART
-9nveloped by a membrane called pericardium.
-
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
39/207
-4as chambers :
a) upper auricles / atria
b) lower ventricles
- thic= muscular wall, called medium septum completely separate
the right side of the heart from its left side.
-The heart functions as separate pumps side by side:
"a) The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood
"b) The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
40/207
-Contraction of the atria:
"a) when the right atrium contracts, blood passes into the lower right
ventricle.
"b) when the left atrium contracts, blood passes into the lower left
ventricle.
-Contraction of the ventricle:
"a) when the right ventricle contracts, it pumps blood out into the
pulmonary arteries.
"b) when the left ventricle contracts, it pumps blood out into theaorta
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
41/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
42/207
-Thic=ness of the muscular walls:
"a) tria have thinner and less muscular walls because they only
pump blood down the ventricles.
"b) 2ight ventricle has to pump blood to the lungs, and therefore
has a thic= wall.
"c) 0eft ventricles has to pump blood to the body and has thic=est
wall.
-4as valves :
"a) Tricuspid valveon the right side of the hearthas 3 flapsprevents the bac=flow of blood into
the right atrium when the
right ventricle contracts."b) 5icuspid valve/ mitral valveon the left side and has flapsprevents the bac=flow of blood into
the left atrium when the left
ventricles contracts.
Tricuspid
valve
5icuspid
valve
orta
6ulmonary
artery
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
43/207
"c) emi+lunar valvesfound at the base of pulmonary artery and aortaprevent the bac=flow of blood into the right and the left
ventricles when they relax.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
44/207
Bicuspid valve !"#$Upper part % tricuspid valve
&ower part % bicuspid valve
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
45/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
46/207
T9T7; @-H290'
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
47/207
THE CIRCULATION OF BLOOD INHUMAN
-4umans have closed, double circulatory system:
a) t is closed because the blood is contained within the heart and
the blood vessels, does not come in direct contact with the
respiring body cells.
b) t is double circulatory system because the blood passes
through the heart twice for each complete circuit of the body.
-Consist of sub+circuits:
"a) 6ulmonary circulation heart lung heart
"b) ystemic circulation heart rest of the body heart
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
48/207
6ulmonary
circulation
ystemic
circulation
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
49/207
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
-&eoxygenated blood from the heart is pumped from the right
ventricle through the pulmonary artery.
--xygenated blood from the lungs then return to the left atrium
through pulmonary vein.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
50/207
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
- upplies blood to all parts of the body, except the lungs.
--xygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta
before it is distributed by:
"a) subclavian arteries to the arms
"b) carotid arteries to the nec= and head
-uperior vena cava collects deoxygenated blood from the upper
part of the body and return it to the right atrium.
-nferior vena cava collects deoxygenated blood from the lower
part of the body and returns it to the right atrium.
+4eart receives blood form a pair of coronary arteries leading from
the aorta.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
51/207
-The flow of blood during blood circulation is maintained by:
a) the pumping action of the heart ventricles press the blood
through the arteries into the capillaries.
b) contraction and relaxation of s=eletal muscle around the veins
during the normal body movements to propel the blood to the
heart.
c) inhalation movements during inspiration, the thoracic pressure is reduced, and this aids in drawing blood bac= into the heart.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
52/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
53/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
54/207
THE PUMPING OF HEART
- Two atria contract simultaneously: a) blood from the right atrium is forced into the right ventricle
b) blood from left atrium is forced into the left ventricle
- Two atria relax simultaneously:
a) left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins b) right atrium receives blood from the superior upper part of
body) and inferior "lower part of body) vena cavae.
- fter a slight pause, two ventricles contract "systole)
simultaneously : a) blood in the right ventricle is forced into the pulmonary artery
and blood in the left ventricle is forced into the aorta.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
55/207
b) 5lood in the right ventricle and the left ventricle is prevented
from flowing bac= into the atria by the closure of bicuspid
tricuspid valve.
c) The simultaneous closure of the two valve will produce lubD sound.
-Ehen ventricles relax "diastole):
a) the volume of the ventricles increaseI drawing in blood from
the atria.
b) blood in the arteries "pulmonary artery and aorta) is prevented
from flowing bac= to the ventricles by the closure of both the
two semilunar valves, produce dubD sound.
- heartbeat consist of a systole "lubD sound) and a diastole
"dubD sound).
+ 7ormal heartbeat 1 times/minute
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
56/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
57/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
58/207
BLOOD PRESSURE AND THE REGULATORYMECHANISM
- 5lood pressure is the force that blood exerts on the walls of the
blood vessels, which is measured in millimetres of mercury
"mm4g).
- Caused by the contraction of the heart and by the muscles thatsurround blood vessels.
- 5lood pressure in the arteries is highest when the ventricles
contract "systole) and force the blood into the pulmonary artery
and the aorta.
+ 5lood pressure decreases when the two ventricle relax "diastole).
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
59/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
60/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
61/207
-7ormal blood pressure : (*/$* mm4g , (* over $*
-The first number represent the pressure when the ventricles
contract.
-The second number represents the pressure when the ventricle
relax.
-n human, blood pressure is regulated by: a) nervous system send impulse to speed up or slow down the
heart rate
b) =idney regulate blood pressure by controlling the amount of
fluid in our blood. Ehen blood pressure is too high, =idneysremove water from the blood "less volume of blood), blood
pressure become lower.
REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE BY THE
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
62/207
REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE BY THENER-OUS SYSTEM
-5aroreceptor / stretch receptors groups of nerve fibres within
the walls of the carotid sinus "a swelling of the internal carotid
artery) and the aortic.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
63/207
-f blood pressure in the arteries is high:
a) the baroreceptors detect it and send impulses from the sensory
nerves to the cardiovascular centre in the medulla oblongata ofthe brain.
b) Cardiovascular centre of the brain sends impulses "in the vagus
nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system) to the heart to
decrease the heart rate and also the cardiac output "volume of
blood pumped by the heart).
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
64/207
c) t the same time, the cardiovascular centre sends nervous
impulses to relax the smooth muscles of the arterioles,causing the arterioles to dilate "vasodilation) and reduce the
resistance to blood flow.
d) reduced heart rate, a lowered cardiac output and a
vasodilation of the arterioles will help to reduce the blood
pressure.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
65/207
"5aroreceptor)
/ medulla
6arasympathetic
&ecreased 4eart 2ateand cardiac output
timulate smooth
muscle in the
arterioles to dilate
4igh
f blood pressure drops too low:
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
66/207
-f blood pressure drops too low:
i) The baroreceptors detect it and stimulate the cardiovascular
centre to send the nervous impulse "via the sympathetic nervous
system): to increase the heart rate "via the sympathetic nerve) to stimulate the smooth muscles in the arterioles to contract
"vasoconstriction) to decrease flow of blood.
ii) n increased heart rate and a vasoconstriction of the arterioles will help to increase blood pressure.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
67/207
"5aroreceptor)/medulla
timulate smooth
muscle
in the
arterioles
to contract
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
68/207
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS IN OTHER ANIMALS
INCOMPLETE
e.,. a&"!i3ia(s
COMPLETE
e.,. !0&a(s5 3i)s
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
69/207
-ingle circulation blood passes through the heart only once in
a complete circulation of the body
-&ouble circulation blood passes through the heart twice in a complete circulation of the body
liJards, sna=es, and turtles have incomplete septums,
oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood may
mix to some degree.
n crocodiles a complete septum and a valve prevent this
from happening.
-pen or closed circulatory
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
70/207
-pen or closed circulatory
systemF
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
71/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
72/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
73/207
) C
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
74/207
b) Closed circulatory system
+ found in all vertebrates "human, fish) and invertebrates
"earthworms).
+ blood is pump within a vessel and never comes in direct
contact with the body cells.
+ can transport oxygen and other materials faster
-pen vs Closed circulatory system : what are the
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
75/207
p y y
differencesF
Types of Closed Circulatory ystem : Compare the structure
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
76/207
FISH
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
77/207
FISH
+ 4as a simple two+chambered heart, consisting of an atrium and
ventricle that are separated by atrio+ventricular valve.
-trio+ventricular valve prevents the bac=ward flow of the blood
from the ventricle into the atrium.
-lood circulation:
a) ventricle of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the capillary
networ= of the gills to be oxygenated.
b) rteries carry the fully oxygenated blood from the gills to
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
78/207
various parts of body capillaries.
c) &eoxygenated blood from the body capilaries returns to the
atrium of heart.Hea)t
9e(t)i$%e
+
Gi%%s B'#Hea)t
9at)i0&+
-'ish have a
a) single circulation blood is pumped through the heart only
once.
b) closed circulation blood is always contained within the
heart and blood vessels.
-&isadvantage of the single circulation single heart has to pump
blood through the gill capillary networ= and the body capillary
networ=. Thus, reduce blood pressure and sluggish flow of blood
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
79/207
A!"H#$#A%S
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
80/207
A!"H#$#A%S
+ 4as 3 chambered heart, consist two atria and one ventricle
"partially divided).
-5lood circulation: 6ulmonary artery carries blood
from the ventricle to the
pulmonary capillary networ=,where gas exchange occurs. 6ulmonary vein returns
oxygenated blood from the lungs
to the left atrium of the heart ena cava returns deoxygenated
blood from the systemic capillaries
to the right atrium. ingle ventricle receives both
oxygenated blood and
deoxygenated blood.
6ulmonaryartery 6ulmonary
vein
ena
cavae
orta
Ehen the ventricle contract, a mixture of oxygenated and
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
81/207
, yg
deoxygenated blood is pumped into both the pulmonary artery
and aorta.
-mphibians have: incomplete double circulation although blood is pumped through
the heart twice in a circulation,
there is a mixing of oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood in the
ventricle. closed circulation blood is contained within the blood vessel
-dvantage for incomplete double circulation is higher blood
pressure, so the flow of blood is more efficient compared to fish.
$#&'S
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
82/207
$#&'S
-4ave +chambered heart that completely separate oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood.
-eptum of the heart is complete, providing separate circulatory
systems: 6ulmonary circulation right atrium and right ventricle
receives deoxygenated blood fromthe body and send it to the lungs
ystemic circulation the left atrium and left ventricle receive
oxygenated blood from the lungs and
sends it to the body tissues.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
83/207
-5irds have higher metabolic rate than humans, the pulse rate of
chic=en can reach ** beats/minute.
-ts ventricle have more muscle mass and less chamber space than
human.
$())' *()++#%,
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
84/207
$())' *()++#%,
-mportance of blood clotting:
a) prevents excessive blood loss which ma=e blood pressuredangerously low.
b) prevents the entry of microorganisms and foreign particles
into the body
c) forms scabs and helps in the healing of wounds
d) maintains the circulation of blood in a closed system
MECHANISM OF BLOOD CLOTTING
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
85/207
MECHANISM OF BLOOD CLOTTING
+ 5lood flowing in blood vessels is prevented from clotting by asubstance called heparin "family of carbohydrate) found in the
blood plasma.
-5lood clotting is initiated by the:
a) clotting factors from damaged cellse.g. fibrinogen, prothrombin, thromboplastin, calcium ions
b) Collagen fibres from damaged blood vessel wall
+
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
86/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
87/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
88/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
89/207
IMPAIRED BLOOD CLOTTING MECHANISM
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
90/207
a) &eficient in calcium and vitamin B:ot will ta=e a longer time than normalocause bleeding
b) 4aemophilia5lood is unable to clot because the deficiency of blood
proteinsCause bleeding or death
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
91/207
c) Thrombosis
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
92/207
c) ThrombosisThrombosis is the formation of a clot or thrombus inside a
blood vessel, bloc=ing the flow of blood.The bloc=age stops the tissues from receive blood flow and
oxygencause damage to the tissues in that area
clot formed in coronary artery cause heart attac=.
clot formed in the brain cause stro=.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
93/207
4eart attac= tro=
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
94/207
T! 3 3 %
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
95/207
T!)'&30s s e&3'%0s
' clot that adheres to the vessel wall is called a thrombus(where as the intravascular clot that loats in the blood is
embolus
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
96/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
97/207
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
98/207
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
-The space between tissue cells
interstitial space
-nterstitial space is filled with a
colourless li!uid interstitial fluid
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
99/207
-The formation of interstitial fluid and lypmh :
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
100/207
a) 5lood enters the arterial ends of the
capillary networ= under high pressure
b) 9ndothelial cell walls of the capillaries act as filter. 0arge cellular
components "red blood cell) and large protein molecules cannot
pass through. -nly water and dissolved substances of
the plasma "oxygen, products of digestion and hormone) can
diffuse out of the cell.c) 5lood plasma diffuse out into the interstitial spaces to form
interstitial fluid.
d) The process of producing interstitial fluid from the blood is
called ultrafiltration.
e) The interstitial fluid circulates among the tissue cells and
returns to the blood circulatory system in two ways:
"i) passes into the venous end of the capillaries
ii) drain into the lymph capillaries as lymph
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
101/207
) y y
C'(te(ts B%'' P%as&a I(te)stitia%0i
L#&"!
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
102/207
0i
Wate)
P%as&a")'tei(s9a%30&i(5,%'30%i(5@3)i(',e(+
X9")'tei(s)e&ai( i(3%''$a"i%%a)ies+
P%ate%ets X X X
Le0$'$#tes
X X 9%#&"!'$#tes+
e)#t!)'$#tes
: : :
I'(s9Na55Ca;+
N0t)ie(ts 9&')e
Waste t
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
103/207
")'0$ts90)ea5 0)i$a$i+
Gases
H')&'(es
+ The importance of interstitial fluid:
a) tissue fluid fills the interstitial spaces between the tissue cells,
providing them with a stable external environment b) nutrients and oxygen from the bloodstream in the capillary
networ= diffuse across the capillary walls into the interstitial fluid
and then into the tissue cells.
c) waste products that accumulate within the active cells diffuse
in the opposite direction across the interstitial fluid from the cells
to the capillaries.
STRUCTURE OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
104/207
-0ymph is found inside the lymph vessels.
-The composition of lymph is similar to interstitial fluid but with
more fats.
-
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
105/207
+ formed from lymph capillaries
+ similar as veins "have 3 layered walls), but have thinner
walls and more valves
+ carry lymph away from the tissues
c) 0ymph node
+ small round or oval structures
+ contains a networ= of fibres
and irregular channelsacting li=e a filter
+ filter lymph when it
flows through the
nodes
+ eliminates bacteriaand cellular debris by
phagocytosis
d) pleen
l t d th l ft id f th bd th
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
106/207
+ an organ located on the left side of the abdomen near the
stomach
+ produce lymphocytes, filters the
blood, store blood cells, destroy old blood cells.
e) 0ymph ducts "larger lymph vessel)
+ lymph vessels drain their contents
bac= into the bloodstream + Thoracic duct "left lymphatic duct)
and right lymphatic duct.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
107/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
108/207
)ow lymph return back to our
circulatory system?
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
109/207
y y
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
110/207
+ 0ymph is moved along the lymph vessel by:
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
111/207
a) 4ydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid+ push lymph along the
lymphatic capillaries
b) Contraction of s=eletal muscle lymph flow along the lymphatic vessel
c) alves within lymphatic vessel lymph flow away from the tissue
to the heart in one direction
d) nhalation reduce pressure in thoracic cavity and drawing lymph
towards the thorax.
-'unction of lymphatic system:
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
112/207
a) transport interstitial fluid bac= to the bloodstream
b) distributes fluids and nutrients in the body and drains excess
fluids and protein so that tissues do not swell up c) transport fat and fat+soluble vitamin from small intestine into
the blood circulation
d) provides immunological defence against disease by:
"i) produce lymphocytes and antibodies to fight and destroy
microorganisms "ii) filtering out microorganisms and other foreign substances
from the lymph by the lymph nodes and from the blood by
the spleen.
WHEN INTERSTITIAL FLUID FAILS TO RETURNTO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
113/207
TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
-Too much interstitial fluid is produced, but little or none isreabsorbed bac= into the circulatory system.
-Cause the organs and tissues of the body to swell up+ oedema
--edema can be caused by: a) increase in the capillary blood
pressure, forcing an excess fluid
lea=age to the interstitial space
b) bloc=age of the lymphatic vessel
which slows down the drainage
of excess interstitial fluid.
-9lephantiasis caused by the bloc=age of the bodyKs lymphatic
system by certain parasitic round worms leading to oedema
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
114/207
system by certain parasitic round worms leading to oedema.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
115/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
116/207
ROLE OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN BODY DEFENCEMECHANISM
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
117/207
-'irst and second lines of the defence mechanism:
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
118/207
a) nonspecific they do not distinguish infectious pathogens
b) inborn they are natural built+in defences
+ for example :s=in act as barrier to the pathogens
: phagocytes engulf pathogens
c) provide immediate protection against invading pathogens.
-Third line of defence mechanism:
a) specific distinguish specific pathogens. 'or example,
lymphocytes produce specific type of antibody to fight
pathogens.
b) c!uired and developed
c) ta=es a longer time to be effective, but remember the pastinfections. o, it can be better prepared for future invasions by the
same type of pathogens.
FIRST LINE DEFENCE
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
119/207
-Si(
")'ies a $'(ti(0'0s %a#e)")'te$t a 6!'%e 3'#.
Fe6 &i$)''),a(is&s $a("e(et)ate t!e %a#e)s '4 ea$e%%s at t!e s0)4a$e '4 t!e si(.
A $0t i( t!e si( a%%'6 t!e&i$)''),a(is&s t' e(te) t!e 3'#.
B%'' $%'ts "%0, t!e 6'0( a( ")ee(t t!e'4 &i$)''),a(is&s.
-M0$'0s &e&3)a(e
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
120/207
%i(es a%% tiss0es a( '),a(s s0$! as )es"i)at') i,estie5 0)i(a)# a( )e")'0$tie t)a$ts. se$)ete &0$0s5 6!i$! is t!i$5 s%i""e)# %i0i
")'te$t t!e &e&3)a(e a( ee" it &'ist a( ")'te$t t!e i(te)i') s0)4a$es '4 t!e 3'# t!at
e:"'se t' "at!',e(s
-B't! t!e si( a( &0$'0s &e&3)a(e a)e ('(s"ee4e($e 3e$a0se* a+ 0se t!e sa&e 3a))ie) a,ai(st a%% t#"es '4
&i$)''),a(is&s 3+ ('t i)e$te a,ai(st a(# "a)ti$0%a) "at!',e
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
121/207
CHEMICALS USE BY SIN AND MUCOUSMEMBRANE
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
122/207
MEMBRANE
8Pe)s"i)ati'(/s6eat E:$)ete 4)'& s6eat ,%a(s $'(tai(s %#s'z#& a$is t!at est)'# !a)&40% 3a$te)ia a( i(!i3i ,)'6t! '4 40(,i.
-L#s'z#&ea%s' ")ese(t i( tea)s5 sa%ia a( (asa% se$)eti'
-Se30&%'6 "H
")ee(ts t!e ,)'6t! '4 $e)tai( &i$)''),a(is& a( 40(,i
-M0$0st)a" &i$)''),a(is&s a( i)t
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
123/207
" ,"a)ti$%es.
-Ci%ia%itt%e !ai) t!at $a))# t!e &0$0s5 t)a""e &i$)''),a(is&s a( i)t
t'6a)s t!e ,%'ttis t' t!e t!)'at
8 A$i i( ,ast)i$ 70i$ei%%s &i$)''),a(is&s ")ese(t i( 4'' ') 6ate) '( i( s6a%%'6e
&0$0s.
SECOND LINE DEFENCE
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
124/207
-Tae a$ti'( 6!e( "at!',e(s $a( "e(et)ate t!e s
') &0$'0s &e&3)a(e.
-N'(s"e$i@$ i&&0(e )es"'(se 3e$a0se 0se sa&e&et!' '4 e4e($e t' a%% t#"e '4 "at!',e(s.
-T!e ('(s"e$i@$ i&&0(e )es"'(se i($%0e* a+ "!a,'$#t'sis ? $a))ie '0t 3# 6!ite 3%'' $e%%s
as (e0t)'"!i%s5 &a$)'"!a,es'$$asi'(a%%# e'si('"!i%.
3+ (at0)a% i%%e) $e%%s ? est)'# i(4e$te $e%%s a($a($e)'0s $e%%s.
$+ I(a&&ati'( ? i('%e )e(ess5 !eat5 s6e%%i+ Fee) ? !i,! te&"e)at0)e i%% 3a$te)ia 3#
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
125/207
+ Fee) ? !i,! te&"e)at0)e i%% 3a$te)ia 3#e(at0)i(, t!ei) ")'tei( a( !e%" !ea
")'$ess
PHAGOCYTOSIS
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
126/207
-P!a,'$#t'sis 9"!a,' eat $#te $e%%+ atta$5
e(,0%4 a( est)'# "at!',e(s
-T6' $'&&'( t#"es '4 "!a,'$#tes a)e (e0t)'"!i% &a$)'"!a,es
-Ne0t)'"!i%s*$i)$0%ate 4)ee%# t!)'0,! t!e 3%'' esse%ss0eeze 3et6ee( $e%%s '4 t!e $a"i%%a)# 6a%% t'
t!e site '4 i(4e$ti'(5 att)a$te 3# t!e $!e&i$a
)e%ease 3# t!e &i$)''),a(is&s 9$!e&'ta:is+@)st "!a,'$#tes t' a))ie at t!e i(70)e tiss0 &a$)'"!a,es.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
127/207
-Ma$)'"!a,est! t 4 ! t % 4
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
128/207
a('t!e) t#"e '4 "!a,'$#te ee%'"e 4)'& &'('$#tes 96!ite 3%'' $e%%s+
%'(,e)8%ie a( a))ie at t!e i(a&e site8 a#s %ate) a4te) t!e (e0t)'"!i%s.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
129/207
PROCESS OF
PHAGOCYTOSIS
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
130/207
NATURAL ILLER CELLS
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
131/207
INFLAMMATION
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
132/207
THIRD LINE OF DEFENCE
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
133/207
8 I&&0(it# * a3i%it# '4 t!e !0&a( 3'# t' )esist i
-I&&0(e )es"'(se * 3'#Js e4e($e )ea$ti'( 6!e a(ti,e( is )e$',(ize a( s"e$i@$ a(ti3'ies a
")'0$e 3# %#&"!'$#tes t' e4e( a,ai(st"at!',e(s
-A(ti,e( * 4')ei,( ")'tei( &'%e$0%e 93a$te)ia5 i) 40(,i+ t!at e(te) t!e 3'# a( sti&0%ate t!e
")'0$ti'( '4 a(ti3'ies
-A(ti3'# * a ")'tei( s03sta($e ")'0$e 3# i&& s#ste& t' )e$',(ize a(ti,e(.
* Y s!a"e ")'tei( &'%e$0%e t!at a%s' ('as i&&0(',%'30%i(.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
134/207
as i&&0(',%'30%i(. * 40($ti'( ? est)'# ') 6eae( a "at!',e
(e0t)a%ise its t':i(
-; 6!ite 3%'' $e%%s t!at i('%e* a+ %#&"!'$#tes ? ")'0$e a(ti3'ies 3+ &a$)'"!a,es 8 "!a,'$#t'sis
8 A(ti,e( )e$',(iti'( a( t!e ")'0$ti'( '4 a(ti3 taes "%a$e 6!e(*
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
135/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
136/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
137/207
WAYS WHICH ANTIBODIES HELP TO DEFENSEBODY
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
138/207
a+ A,,%0ti(ati'(3+ O"s'(isati'($+ Ne0t)a%isati'(+ P)e$i"itati'(
AGGLUTINATION
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
139/207
-A(ti3'ies a( a(ti,e(s sti$ t',et!e) a( t!e
&i$)''),a(is&s $%0&" t',et!e) i( %a),e (0&3 &ai(, t!e a(ti,e(s !a)&%ess.
8T!e i(a$tie "at!',e(s a)e t!e( i(,este 3#
"!a,'$#tes.
OPSONISATION
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
140/207
- A( a(ti,e( is $'e)e 6it! a(ti3'ies 6!i$! &a
easie) 4') i(,esti'( 3# "!a,'$#tes.
-A( a(ti3'#8$'ate "at!',e( $a( 3e &ae t' 30)9$e%% %#sis+5 i%%i(, it 3e4')e 3ei(, i(,este 3# "!a
Cell produce fromdifferentiation of
monocytes
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
141/207
NEUTRALISATION
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
142/207
8 A(ti3'ies 3i( t' t!e t':i(s 9a(ti,e(s+5 (e0t)a%
"'is'( '4 t!e t':i(.
-W!e( a( a(ti3'# 3i(s t' a t':i(5 it is $a%%e a(
-T!e (e0t)a%ise t':i( is t!e( i(,este 3# t!e"!a,'$#tes
--i)0s a( 3a$te)ia a)e si&i%a)%# (e0t)a%ise t' ") t!e& 4)'& atta$! a( "e(et)ate t!e 3'# $e%%s.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
143/207
PRECIPITATION
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
144/207
8 A(ti3'ies 3i( t' t!e s'%03%e a(ti,e(s5 $a0se
t' ")e$i"itate.
8 T!e(5 t!e# 6i%% 3e i(,este 3# "!a,'$#tes.
-ARIOUS TYPES OF IMMUNITY
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
145/207
-A4te) a( i(itia% i(4e$ti'(5 s'&e %#&"!'$#tes a)e i( t!e 3'# as a K&e&')#. T!is !e%"s t!e 3'# te4e( itse%4 a,ai(st 40)t!e) atta$s 3# t!e sa&ea(ti,e(s.
-As t!is K&e&')# &a# %ast 4') #ea)s5 t!e 3'# is3e i&&0(e t' t!e isease.
-T!e)e a)e ; t#"es '4 i&&0(it#*
a+ a$tie i&&0(it# 3+ "assie i&&0(it#
A$tie i&&0(it# Passie i&&0(it#
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
146/207
A$0i)e 6!e(%#&"!'$#tes i( t!e3'# a)e a$tiate 3#a(ti,e(s t' ")'0$ea(ti3'ies
O$$0) 6!e( a "e)s'(3e$'&es te&"')a)#i&&0(e t' a( a(ti,e(
3# )e$eie )ea#8&aea(ti3'ies 4)'&
a('t!e)
"e)s'( ') a(i&a%.
Lasts 4') a %'(, ti&e Lasts '(%# 4') a s!')tti&eas t!e a(ti3'ies
ee(t0a%%# ie '2 '))e&'e 4)'& t!e
3'# as4')ei,( ")'tei(s.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
147/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
148/207
- S'&e a$$i(es a)e &ae 4)'&* a+ %ie atte(0ate 96eae(e+ "at!',e(s ? &e
&0&"s )03e%%a $!i$e("':
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
149/207
&0&"s5 )03e%%a5 $!i$e("': 3+ i%%e "at!',e(s ? i(0e(za5 a"a(ese e($e 9.E+5 !e"atitis A5 t#"!'i 4ee) $+ t':'i ? 3a$te)ia% t':i( t!at !as 3ee( 6ea a( (' %'(,e) t':i$ ? teta(0s5 i"!t!e)ia
EFFECTS OF HI- ON THE BODYJS DEFENCEMECHANISM
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
150/207
- HI- * H ? 4') H0&a(5 3e$a0se it i(4e$t !0&a(s I 8 I&&0('e@$ie($#5 3e$a0se i)0s atta$ t! 3'#Js i&&0(e s#ste&5 6eae(i(, it s' t it $a(('t @,!t 't!e) ea%# isease - ? -i)0s 3e%'(, t' t!e ,)'0"5 )et)'i)0s
- AIDS ? A$0i)e5 "e)s'( ,et HI- 4)'& a('t!e) i "e)s'(.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
151/207
8 I&&0(e5 )e4e) t' t!e 3'#Js e4e($e s#ste&
8 De@$ie($# 5 &ai(, t!e i&&0(e s#ste& e@$ie(t 8 S#()'&e5 )e4e) t' a ,)'0" '4 i%%(ess
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
152/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
153/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
154/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
155/207
- W!e( t!e i&&0(e s#ste& is 6eae(e* a+ t!e 3'# 3e$'&es 0%(e)a3%e t' a a)iet# '
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
156/207
# # i(4e$ti'(s a( $a($e)s.
3+ 't!e) i(4e$ti'(s tae aa(ta,e '4 t!e 6ea i&&0(e s#ste&. T!ese $a%%e as K '""')t0 i(4e$ti'(s. $+ t!e 3'# 3e$'&es s' 6ea5 a( t!e "e)s'(
- T)a(s&issi'( '4 HI- 3#* a+ i)e$t $'(ta$t 6it! i(4e$te 3%''
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
157/207
3+ se:0a% $'(ta$t 6it! a( HI-8i(4e$te "e)s'(
$+ HI-8i(4e$te &'t!e)s t' i(4a(ts 0)i(, ")e, e%ie)# ') 3)east4eei(, + s!a)i(, (ee%es 6it! )0, 0se)s 6!' a)e i( 6it! HI-
- HI- is ('t t)a(s&itte a+ 3# i(se$t 3ites 3+ t!)'0,! t!e ai) $+ !0,,i(,5 t'0$!i(,5 !a(s!ai(,
+ %ii(, i( t!e sa&e !'0se e+ s!a)i(, 4'' a( 6ate) 4+ s!a)i(, $0"5 ,%ass5 "%ates et$.
TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES INPLANTS
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
158/207
- T)a(s"')t s#ste& is (e$essa)# 3e$a0se* a+ CO;is a3s')3e a( t)a(s"')te t'
"!'t's#(t!esisi(, $e%%s 3+ O;is )e%ease 4)'& "!'t's#(t!esisi(, $e%%s
t!e at&'s"!e)e. $+ 6ate) a( &i(e)a%s 4)'& t!e )''ts !ae t't)a(s"')te t' t!e %eaes
+ "!'t's#(t!eti$ ")'0$ts 9s0,a)5 a&i(' a$i !ae t' 3e t)a(s"')te a6a# 4)'& t!e %ea
4') st')a,e a( t' 't!e) tiss0es.
- T)a(s"')t 40($ti'(s a)e $a))ie '0t 3# :#%e& a "!%'e&.
-ASCULAR TISSUE IN STEM5 ROOTAND LEAF
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
159/207
- C'(sist '4 "!%'e& a( :#%e&.
- R'%es '4 as$0%a) tiss0e* a+ :#%e& ? t)a(s"')t 6ate)
s0""')t t!e "%a(ts
3+ P!%'e& ? t)a(s"')t (0t)ie(t
- -as$0%a) 30(%e st)a( '4 $'(0$ti(, tiss0e
9:#%e& a( "!%'e&+ Ste& ? "!%'e& is %'$ate '0t6a) 4a$i(, t!e
e"ie)&is5 :#%e& is t'6a) t!e $e(t)e.
Lea4 ? "!%'e& 4a$i(, at t!e %'6e) "a)t5 :#% at t!e 0""e) "a)t.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
160/207
- A &at0)e as$0%a) 30(%e $'(sist '4 :#%e&5 "!% a( $a&3i0&. Ca&3i0& se"a)ate t!e :#%e& a "!%'e&.
STRUCTURE OF -ASCULAR TISSUE
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
161/207
- T!e &ai( tiss0es i( a ste& '4 a i$'t *
a+ e"ie)&is 3+ $')te:5 t!at $'(tai( $'%%e($!#&a5 $!%')e($! a( e('e)&is $+ as$0%a) 30(%e5 t!at $'(tai( "!%'e& a( :#
+ t!e "it!
-T!e as$0%a) 30(%es i( t!e ste& '4 a i$'t a)ea))a(,e i( a )i(,.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
162/207
8 T!e $a&3i0& is sa(6i$!e 3et6ee( t!e :#%e a( "!%'e&.
-C')te: is %'$ate '0tsie '4 t!e as$0%a) 30(%ei( t!e ste&.
8 T!e "it! is t!e tiss0e %'$ate i(sie t!e as$0%a))i(,.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
163/207
- Pa)e($!#&a8 $e%%s 6it! t!i( ")i&a)# 6a%%st!at )etai(
t!ei) ")'t'"%as&- C'%%e($!#&a 8 $e%%s 6it! t!i$ ")i&a)# 6a%%s
t!at
)etai( t!ei) ")'t'"%as&- S$%e)e($!#&a8 $e%%s 6it! %i,(i@e se$'(a)#
6a%%st!at !ae %'st t!ei)
")'t'"%as& at &at0)it#5 i.e. a)e ea8 C!%')e($!#&a 8 C'(tai(i(, C!%')'"%ast
-ASCULAR TISSSUE IN THE LEAF OF ADICOT
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
164/207
- -as$0%a) 30(%e $'(sist '4*
a+ :#%e& ? 4a$es t!e 0""e) e"ie)&is 3+ $a&3i0& ? t!at iies t' ")'0$e :#%e& a
"!%'e& $e%%s $+ "!%'e& ? 4a$es t!e %'6e) e"ie)&is
-ASCULAR TISSUE IN THE ROOT OF A DICOT
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
165/207
- -as$0%a) tiss0e is "a$e i( t!e $e(t)e.
- Ot!e) st)0$t0)es '3se)e i( t!e )''t* a+ )''t !ai) ? e:te(si'( '4 t!e e"ie)&a% $e%%s
8 i($)ease a3s')"ti'( '4 6ate) 3# t!e
s0)4a$e
3+ e"ie)&is ? a3s')"ti'( '4 6ate) a( &i(e)a%
$+ $')te: ? $'(sist '4 e('e)&is a( "a)e($!# t!at st')e sta)$!.
+ "e)i$#$%e ? %a#e) '4 "a)e($!#&a $e%%s i(siee('e)&is 6!e)e %ate)a% )''t ')i,i
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
166/207
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
167/207
RELATING THE STRUCTURE OF XYLEM TOTRANSPORT
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
168/207
- F0($ti'(s '4 :#%e&* a+ t)a(s"')t 6ate) a( iss'%e &i(e)a%s 4)'& t!e )''t t'
't!e) "a)ts '4 $e%% 9'(e 6a#+. 3+ ")'ie &e$!a(i$a% s0""')t
- X#%e& $'(sist* a+ esse% 3+ t)a$!ei
$+ @3)e 9)i,i se$'(a)# $e%% 6a%% 4') s0""')t a( ")'te$ti'(+ + "a)e($!#&a 9st')e 4''+
- -esse%s Dea $e%%s t!at 4')& !'%%'6 t03e5 6!i$! $'( t!e )''t t' t!e %ea4.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
169/207
De"'site 3# %i,(i( t' st)e(,t!e( it a( s0"
t!e ste&
T!e st)0$t0)e '4 :#%e& esse% is aa"te t't)a(s"')t 6ate) 3e$a0se *
o it !as $'(ti(0'0s %0&e( 6it!'0t a(# 6a%%s")'t'"%as& 6it!i( it t' a%%'6 t!e '6 '4a( &i(e)a%s sa%ts
o t!e 6a%%s a)e %i,(i@e t' ")'ie st)e(,t!")ee(t t!e 6ate) 4)'& $'%%a"si(,
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
170/207
- T)a$!eis Dea $e%%s 6!e( &at0)e L'(, s%e(e) $e%%s 6it! ta"e)e 'e)%a""i
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
171/207
L'(,5 s%e(e) $e%%s 6it! ta"e)e5 'e)%a""i
Hae t!i$5 !a)5 %i,(i@e se$'(a)# $e%% 6 S&a%%e) %0&e( t!a( :#%e& esse% N' siee "%ates at t!e e( 6a%%s
- T!e &'e&e(t '4 6ate) i( t)a$!eis* a+ 6ate) &'es sie6a# t!)'0,! t!e "its i( a t)a$!ei $e%%s 3e4')e ,'i(, 0"6a)
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
172/207
, , " 3+ &'e&e(t '4 6ate) 0"6a)s is s%'6e) t!a(
esse%
RELATING THE STRUCTURE OF PHLOEM TOTRANSPORT
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
173/207
- T)a(s"')t 4'' s0$! as s0,a)s a( a&i(' a$is 4 t!e %eaes 4') st')a,e i( ste& a( )''t
- T)a(s"')t 4'' 4)'& st')a,e i( )''ts t' 't!e) "a
"%a(ts.
8 ;86a# '6
- C'&"'(e(ts '4 "!%'e& * a+ siee t03e
3+ $'&"a(i'( $e%%s
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
174/207
3+ $'&"a(i'( $e%%s
$+ "a)e($!#&a + @3)es
a+ Siee t03e
&ae 0" '4 a si(,%e )'6
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
175/207
8 &ae 0" '4 a si(,%e )'6
'4 e%'(,ate a( t!i(86a%% %ii(, $e%%s $a%%e siee t03e $e%%s. 8 A &at0)e siee t03e !as '(%# t!i( %a#e) '4 $#t'"%as&5 ('
(0$%e0s ') $e(t)a% a$0'%e5%'st &'st '4 its '),a(e%%es
8 Siee "%ates se"a)ate sieet03e $e%%s at 3't! e(s.
8 Siee "%ates a%%'6 $#t'"%as&i$ $'((e$ti'(s 3et6ee( e)ti$a%%#8sta$e $e%%s t t)a(s"')t 4'' 3# i20si'( a( a$tie t)a(s"'
3+ C'&"a(i'( $e%%
8 %ie (e:t t' ea$! siee t03e $e%%
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
176/207
8 !as a (0$%e0s5 e('"%as&i$ )eti$0%0&5 )i3's'&es a(
&it'$!'()ia 8 ")'ie &eta3'%i$ s0""')t 4') t!e siee t03e $e%%s i( t!e t)a(s"')t '4
&a(04a$t0)e 4''
REMO-ING A RING OF PHLOEM TISSUEFROM A PLANT
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
177/207
-P!%'e& $a( 3e )e&'e 3# $0tti(, a )i(, '4 3a )e&'i(, it 4)'& t!e ste&.
- T!is K)i(,i(, $0ts '2 t!e s0""%# '4 4'' '6( 3e#'( t!e )i(,.- F'' t!at is t)a(s"')te 4)'& t!e %eaes '6(
i( t!e "!%'e& a$$0&0%ates a3'e t!e )i(,.- A4te) a 4e6 6ees5 t!e 3a) a3'e t!e )i(, s6e- T!is s!'6s t!at s0,a) t)a(s"')te '6(6a) i "!%'e&.
TRANSLOCATION
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
178/207
8 M'e&e(t '4 s0,a)s a( 't!e) '),a(i$ &ate)ia% '(e "%a$e t' a('t!e) 6it!i( t!e "%a(t 3'#
-T!e i&"')ta($e* a+ ist)i30te 4'' t' 't!e) "a)ts '4 t!e "%a(ts
see5 )''t5 t03e). 3+ 6it!'0t t)a(s%'$ati'(5 "%a(ts 6'0% ('t 3e
&eta3'%ise 4'' 4') e(e),#5 ,)'6t! a(&ai(te(a($e
TRANSPIRATION
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
179/207
-T!e %'ss '4 6ate) 3# ea"')ati'( 4)'& t!e "a)ts
"%a(ts t!)'0,! t!e st'&ata '4 t!e %eaes.
-T)a(s"i)ati'( '$$0)* a+ &ai(%# t!)'0,! t!e '"e( st'&ata ? '4 6
3+ 6a:# $0ti$%e ? e)# %itt%e 6ate) es$a"e t!)'0, $0ti$%e '4 t!e %eaes $+ %e(ti$e%s '4 6''# ste&
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
180/207
PROCESS OF TRANSPIRATION
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
181/207
- T!e)e a)e i(te)$e%%0%a) ai) s"a$es a&'(, t!e s"' &es'"!#%% $e%%.
- S"'(,# &es'"!#%% $e%% !as&'ist s0)4a$e
- Wate) ea"')ates 4)'&t!ese $e%%s i(t' t!ei(te)$e%%0%a) s"a$es a(
i20se t!)'0,! t!e st'&ata t' t!e )ie) ai) '0tsie t!e %ea4.
- As t!ese 3')e) '4 &es'"!#%% $e%%s %'se 6ate)5 t! sa" 3e$'&es &')e $'($e(t)ate a( t!e)e4')e 6ate) 3# 's&'sis 4)'& t!e $e%%s ee"e) i(sie t!
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
182/207
8 T!ese $e%%s i( t0)( )a6 6ate) 4)'& t!e :#%e& '4"%a(t ei(s 3# 's&'sis.
8Wate) 4')&s a( 0(3)'e( 6ate) $!ai( 93# $'!esi
a!esi'( 4')$e '4 6ate) &'%e$0%e+ 4)'& t!e '0te s0)4a$e '4 %eaes t' t!e )''ts.
8As t!e 6ate) ea"')ates 4)'& t!e "%a(t %eaes5 t att)a$t 't!e) 6ate) &'%e$0%es 6!i$! a)e sti%% i( t t' t!e t'".
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
183/207
*ranspiration in plants
THE IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPIRATION
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
184/207
- T!e )'%es '4 t)a(s"i)ati'(*
a+ $''%i(, t!e "%a(ts As 6ate) ea"')ates 4)'& t!e %eaes5 it )e !eat 4)'& t!e "%a(t i( t!e 4')& '4 %ate(t !
a"')isati'(5 t!e)e3# $''%i(, t!e "%a(t
3+ P)'ie s0""')t 3# t0),') ")ess0)e 3e$a0se 6ate) i20se 4)'& !i,!e) $'($e(t t' %'6e) $'($e(t)ati'(5 a%% t!e $e%%s i( t!e
3e$'&e t0),i.
$+ T)a(s"')t 6ate) a( &i(e)a% sa%ts T)a(s"i)ati'( $)eate a t)a(s"i)ati'( "0%%5
6ate) a( iss'%e &i(e)a% sa%ts 0" t!e
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
185/207
6ate) a( iss'%e &i(e)a% sa%ts 0" t!e
4)'& t!e )''t t' t!e %ea4.
- Ne,atie e2e$t '4 t)a(s"i)ati'(* a+ i4 t!e )ate '4 t)a(s"i)ati'( e:$ees t!e i(ta 6ate) 3# t!e )''ts5 "%a(ts ,)'6t! 6'0% 3e
3+ a(# e:$ess %'ss '4 6ate) $a0ses t!e "%a(t t'ie
THE PATHWAY OF WATER FROM SOIL TO THE LEA-ES
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
186/207
St'&ata
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
187/207
'bsorption and movement o water in plant
MO-EMENT OF WATER FROM SOIL TO ROOT
T!e $e%% sa" '4 )''t !ai)s is &')e $'($e(t)ate t
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
188/207
8 T!e $e%% sa" '4 )''t !ai)s is &')e $'($e(t)ate t
s'i% 6ate).
8T!e !i,! s'%0te $'($e(t)ati'( '4 t!e $e%% sa" is t!e a$tie t)a(s"')t '4 t!e s'%0te &'%e$0%es i(t
$e%%.
8Wate) &'es 4)'& t!e s'i% 6ate) i(t' t!e $e%% sa !ai) 3# 's&'sis.
-W!e( 6ate) e(te) t!e a$0'%e '4 t!e )''t !ai) $ a+ t!e $e%% sa" 3e$'&es i%0te a( its $'($e(t) a( 's&'ti$ ")ess0)e a)e )e0$e
3+ t!e t0),') ")ess0)e '4 t!e $e%% i($)ease a( ) its s0$ti'( ")ess0)e $+ t!e $e%% sa" 3e$'&e !#"'t'(i$ t!e $e%% sa" '4
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
189/207
a7a$e(t $e%%
-Wate) 4)'& !#"'t'(i$ )''t !ai) $e%% sa" &'e t'a7a$e(t !#"e)t'(i$ $e%%s.
8T!e)e4')e5 6ate) &'e '0t 4)'& t!e )''t !ai) $e% a7a$e(t $e%%s5 $')te: a( t!e( i(t' t!e :#%e&.
PATHWAY OF WATER UP THE STEM
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
190/207
-T!e &'e&e(t '4 6ate) i( t!e :#%e& 0" t!e stee2e$te 3#* a+ )''t ")ess0)e 3+ t)a(s"i)ati'( "0%% $+ $'!esi'(8 a!esi'( t!e')# '4 6ate)
a+ R''t ")ess0)e
8 t!e "0%%i(,J '4 6ate) i(t' t!e :#%e& 4)'& t!s0))'0(i(, $e%%s ")'0$es a !#)'stati$ ")e
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
191/207
s0))'0(i(, $e%%s ")'0$es a !#)'stati$ ")e
i(sie t!e :#%e&5 4')$i(, 6ate) 0"6a)s. 8 t!is "'sitie ")ess0)e is $a%%e )''t ")ess0)e
3+ T)a(s"i)ati'( "0%% 8 6!e( 6ate) ea"')ates 4)'& &es'"!#%% $e%%s5
$e%% sa" 3e$'&es &')e $'($e(t)ate.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
192/207
"
8 t!ese &es'"!#%% $e%%s i( t0)( )a6 6ate) 3#'s&'sis 4)'& t!e $e%%s 4'0(i( ee"e) i(sie t!e %ea4.
8 t!ese i((e) $e%%s 6!i$! a)e a7a$e(t t' t!e ei(s )a6
6ate) 4)'& t!e& 3# 's&'sis.
8 t!e $'%0&( '4 6ate) is$'(ti(0'0s 4)'& t!e )''t 0"t' t!e %eaes
- as t!e &es'"!#%% $e%%s s0$J 6ate) 4)'& t!e : esse%5 t!e 6!'%e $'%0&( '4 6ate) is "0%%e 0 )''t t' %ea4 90e t' $'!esie a( a!esie '4
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
193/207
9
&'%e$0%e+
8 T!e "0%%i(, 4')$e is $a%%e t)a(s"i)ati'( "0%%
$+ C'!esi'(8a!esi'( t!e')# '4 6ate)
8 t!e $'(ti(0'0s '6 '4 6ate) t!)'0,! t!e :
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
194/207
e"e(s '( t6' i&"')ta(t ")'"e)ties* i+ $'!esi'( ? att)a$ti'( 3et6ee( 6ate) a(
&'%e$0%es ii+ a!esi'( ? att)a$ti'( 3et6ee( 6ate) a( esse%
8 t!is is 6!# 6ate) 4')&s a $'(ti(0'0s 6ate)0" t!e :#%e& esse% 6!i%e 3ei(, s0$e 0"t!e t)a(s"i)ati'( "0%%.
EXTERNAL CONDITIONS AFFECTINGTRANSPIRATION
T!e a&'0(t '4 6ate) %'st 4)'& t!e "%a(t i( t)a(
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
195/207
8 T!e a&'0(t '4 6ate) %'st 4)'& t!e "%a(t i( t)a(
e"e( '(* a+ %i,!t i(te(sit# 3+ te&"e)at0)e $+ )e%atie !0&iit#
+ ai) &'e&e(t
a+ Li,!t i(te(sit# 8 ,0a) $e%%s )e,0%ate t!e size '4 t!e st'&at '"e(i(,s*
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
196/207
" ,
i+ 0(e) !i,! %i,!t i(te(sit#5 t!e st'&ata ' e(%a),e a( t)a(s"i)ati'( i($)ease ii+0(e) %'6 %i,!t i(te(sit#5 t!e st'&ata '" e$)ease a( t)a(s"i)ati'( e$)eases
8 t!e )ate '4 t)a(s"i)ati'( is i)e$t%# ")'"')ti t!e i(te(sit# '4 %i,!t.
3+ Te&"e)at0)e 8 Hi,! te&"e)at0)e i($)ease t!e i(eti$ e(e) 6ate) &'%e$0%es 6!i$! i($)eases t!e )ate '
i20si'( t!)'0,! t!e st'&ata
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
197/207
i20si'( t!)'0,! t!e st'&ata
8 t!e )ate '4 t)a(s"i)ati'( is i)e$t%# ")'"')ti t' te&"e)at0)e
$+ Re%atie !0&iit#
8 i(te)$e%%0%a) ai) s"a$es i( t!e %ea4 a)e sat0)
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
198/207
6ate) a"'0).
8 6ate) a"'0) i20se 4)'& t!e i(te)$e%%0%a)t!e ai) '0tsie.
8 t!is sat0)ate 6ate) a"'0) i20se '0t '4 t a * i+ !i,!e) )ate i4 t!e ai) '0tsie is )# 9!i, )e%atie !0&iit#+
ii+ %'6e) )ate i4 t!e ai) '0tsie is a&" 9%' !0&iit#+
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
199/207
,raph humidity
+ Ai) &'e&e(t
8 I( sti%% ai)5 6ate) a"'0) t!at i20se '0t t!)'
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
200/207
st'&ata 4')&s a %a#e) '4 sti%% &'ist ai) a)'0( %ea4
8 M'ist ai) e$)ease t!e )ate '4 6ate) a"'0)a( )'" t!e )ate '4 t)a(s"i)ati'(.
8 M'i(, ai) $a))# a6a# t!is %a#e) '4 &'ist ai) 4 a)'0( a %ea4 a( i($)ease t!e )ate '4 t)a(s"
8 T!e )ate '4 t)a(s"i)ati'( is i)e$t%# ")'"')ti' t!e e%'$it# '4 t!e ai) $0))e(t.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
201/207
THE OPENING AND THE CLOSING OF THESTOMA
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
202/207
- T!e 0(ee( t!i$e(i(, '4 t!e '0te) a( i((e) 6 t!e ,0a) $e%%s ")'ie a &e$!a(is& 4') t!e '" a( t!e $%'si(, '4 t!e st'&a.
- T!e i((e) $'($ae 6a%% '4 ea$!
,0a) $e%% is e)# t!i$5 30t t!e '0te) $'(e: 6a%% is t!i((e)
- F') !i,! %i,!t i(te(sit#5 t!e )ate
'4 "!'t's#(t!esis i($)ease a(t!e ,0a) $e%%s a3s')3 6ate)
a( 3e$'&e t0),i.
- Wate) i( ea$! ,0a) $e%% "0s! t!e t!i( '0te) 6 t!at e(%a),e t!e st'&ata '"e(i(,.
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
203/207
- U(e) "'') %i,!t5 t!e t0),') ")ess0)e '4 t!e ,0 )'"5 it 3e$'&e a$$i a( t!e st'&a 3e$'&e
s&a%%e) ') $%'ses.
HOW STOMA OPENS IN DAYLIGHT
- P!'t's#(t!esis tae "%a$e i( t!e ,0a) $e%%
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
204/207
# " ,
S0,a)a$$0&0%ates i(
,0a) $e%%
Os&'ti$ ")ess0)ei( ,0a) $e%%
i($)ease
Wate) e(te) t!e,0a) $e%% 3#'s&'sis
G0a) $e%%3e$'&e t0),i
St'&a '"e(s
8 P!'t's#(t!esis tae "%a$e i( t!e %ea4 $e%%s
C'($e(t)ati'( '4CO; i( t!e %ea4 "
H ,'es 0"Sta)$! i( t!e $e%% is
$'(e)te i(t'
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
205/207
CO;i( t!e %ea4
$e%% )'"s
"H ,'es 0" $'(e)te i(t'
s0,a)
St'&a '"e(
HOW STOMA CLOSES AT NIGHT
P!'t's#(t!esis i( ,0a) $e%%s st'"
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
206/207
8 P!'t's#(t!esis i( ,0a) $e%%s st'"
C'($e(t)ati'('4 s0,a) i(
,0a) $e%%e$)ease
Os&'ti$")ess0)ei( ,0a)
$e%%e$)ease
Wate)%eaes,0a)$e%% 3#
's&'sis
G0a)$e%%
a$$i
St'&a $%'se
- P!'t's#(t!esis i( t!e %ea4 $e%%s st'"
C t ti S i
-
7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)
207/207
C'($e(t)ati'( '4 CO; i(i(te)$e%%0%a)s"a$e )ise
"H,'es'6(
S0,a) is$'(e)t
t'sta)$!
St'&a$%'se