Chapter 10 Selected Single-Row Functions Oracle...
Transcript of Chapter 10 Selected Single-Row Functions Oracle...
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Chapter 10Selected Single-Row Functions
Oracle 10g: SQL
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Oracle 10g: SQL 2
Objectives
• Use the UPPER, LOWER, and INITCAP functions to change the case of field values and character strings
• Extract a substring using the SUBSTR function• Locate a substring within a character string with the INSTR
function• Nest functions inside other functions• Determine the length of a character string using the
LENGTH function• Use the LPAD and RPAD functions to pad a string to a
certain width
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Oracle 10g: SQL 3
Objectives (continued)• Use the LTRIM and RTRIM functions to remove specific
characters strings• Substitute character string values with the REPLACE and
TRANSLATE functions• Round and truncate numeric data using the ROUND and
TRUNC functions• Return the remainder only of a division operation using the
MOD function• Calculate the number of months between two dates using the
MONTHS_BETWEEN function• Manipulate date data using the ADD_MONTHS,
NEXT_DAY, TO_DATE, and ROUND functions
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Oracle 10g: SQL 4
Objectives (continued)• Extend pattern matching capabilities with regular
expressions• Identify and correct problems associated with calculations
involving NULL values using the NVL function• Display dates and numbers in a specific format with the
TO_CHAR function• Perform condition processing similar to an IF statement with
the DECODE function• Use the SOUNDEX function to identify character phonetics• Use the DUAL table to test functions
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Oracle 10g: SQL 5
Terminology
• Function – predefined block of code that accepts arguments
• Single-row function – returns one row of results for each record processed
• Multiple-row function – returns one result per group of data processed (covered in the next chapter)
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Oracle 10g: SQL 6
Types of Functions
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Oracle 10g: SQL 7
Case Conversion Functions
• Case conversion functions alter the case of data stored in a column or character string:– Used in a SELECT clause they alter the
appearance of the data in the results– Used in a WHERE clause they alter the value
for comparison
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Oracle 10g: SQL 8
LOWER Function
• Used to convert characters to lowercase letters
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Oracle 10g: SQL 9
UPPER Function
• Used to convert characters to uppercase letters• It can be used in the same way as the LOWER
function:– To affect the display of characters it is used in a
SELECT clause – To modify the case of characters for a search condition
it is used in a WHERE clause • The syntax for the UPPER function is UPPER(c)
– Where c is the character string or field to be converted into uppercase characters
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Oracle 10g: SQL 10
INITCAP Function
• Used to convert characters to mixed case
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Oracle 10g: SQL 11
Character Manipulation Functions
• Character manipulation functions manipulate data by extracting substrings, counting the number of characters, replacing strings, etc.
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Oracle 10g: SQL 12
SUBSTR Function
• Used to return a substring, or portion of a string
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Oracle 10g: SQL 13
INSTR Function
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Oracle 10g: SQL 14
Nesting Functions
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Oracle 10g: SQL 15
LENGTH Function
• Used to determine the number of characters in a string
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Oracle 10g: SQL 16
LPAD and RPAD Functions
• Used to pad, or fill in, a character string to a fixed width
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Oracle 10g: SQL 17
LTRIM and RTRIM Functions
• Used to remove a specific string of characters
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Oracle 10g: SQL 18
REPLACE Function
• Substitutes a string with another specified string
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Oracle 10g: SQL 19
TRANSLATE Function
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Oracle 10g: SQL 20
CONCAT Function
• Used to concatenate two character strings
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Oracle 10g: SQL 21
Number Functions
• Allow for manipulation of numeric data:– ROUND– TRUNC– MOD– ABS
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Oracle 10g: SQL 22
ROUND Function
• Used to round numeric columns to a stated precision
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Oracle 10g: SQL 23
TRUNC Function• Used to truncate a numeric value to a specific position
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Oracle 10g: SQL 24
MOD Function
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Oracle 10g: SQL 25
ABS Function
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Oracle 10g: SQL 26
Date Functions
• Used to perform date calculations or format date values• Subtract date for number of days difference
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Oracle 10g: SQL 27
MONTHS_BETWEEN Function
• Determines the number of months between two dates
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Oracle 10g: SQL 28
ADD_MONTHS Function
• Adds a specified number of months to a date
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Oracle 10g: SQL 29
NEXT_DAY Function
• Determines the next occurrence of a specified day of the week after a given date
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Oracle 10g: SQL 30
TO_DATE Function
• Converts various date formats to the internal format (DD-MON-YY) used by Oracle 10g
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Oracle 10g: SQL 31
Format Model Elements - Dates
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Oracle 10g: SQL 32
ROUND Function
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Oracle 10g: SQL 33
TRUNC Function
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Oracle 10g: SQL 34
Regular Expressions
• Regular expressions allow the description of complex patterns in textual data
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Oracle 10g: SQL 35
REGEXP_LIKE
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Oracle 10g: SQL 36
Other Functions
• NVL• NVL2• TO_CHAR• DECODE• SOUNDEX
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Oracle 10g: SQL 37
NVL Function
• Substitutes a value for a NULL value
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Oracle 10g: SQL 38
NVL2 Function
• Allows different actions based on whether a value is NULL
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Oracle 10g: SQL 39
TO_CHAR Function
• Converts dates and numbers to a formatted character string
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Oracle 10g: SQL 40
Format Model Elements –Time and Number
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Oracle 10g: SQL 41
DECODE Function
• Determines action based upon values in a list
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Oracle 10g: SQL 42
SOUNDEX Function
• References phonetic representation of words
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Oracle 10g: SQL 43
TO_NUMBER Function
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Oracle 10g: SQL 44
DUAL Table
• Dummy table• Consists of one column and one row• Can be used for table reference in the FROM
clause
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Oracle 10g: SQL 45
Using DUAL
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Oracle 10g: SQL 46
Summary
• Single-row functions return a result for each row or record processed
• Character case conversion functions such as UPPER, LOWER, and INITCAP can be used to alter the case of character strings
• Nesting one function within another allows multiple operations to be performed on data
• Simple number functions such as ROUND and TRUNC can round or truncate a number on both the left and right side of a decimal
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Oracle 10g: SQL 47
Summary (continued)
• The MOD function is used to return the remainder of a division operation
• Date functions can be used to perform calculations with dates or to change the format of dates entered by a user
• Regular expressions enable complex pattern matching operations
• The NVL and NVL2 functions are used to address problems encountered with NULL values
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Oracle 10g: SQL 48
Summary (continued)
• The TO_CHAR function lets a user present numeric data and dates in a specific format
• The DECODE function allows an action to be taken to be determined by a specific value
• The SOUNDEX function looks for records based on the phonetic representation of characters
• The DUAL table can be helpful when testing functions