Chapter 10, Section 3 War of 1812 OBJECTIVE: Identify the causes of the war of 1812.

Chapter 10, Section 3

War of 1812

OBJECTIVE:

Identify the causes of the war of 1812

Jefferson’s Second Term: 1804-1808

1804: Jefferson wins Electoral College, 162 to 14

1805: France and Britain at it again!

1806: London attempts to blockade the French. American merchants are caught in middle

1807: USS Chesapeake attacked 10 miles off Virginia by Great Britain

1803-1812: 6,000 Americans impressed by G.B.

Will it mean war?

Interactive Video on the Causes of War of 1812

http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/themes.aspx?id=warof1812&sub=warof1812_basics_causes&lang=En



Manning the Navy, English engraving showing the impressment of American sailorsThe impressment of sailors into the British navy from American ships was one of the more prominent causes of the War of 1812. This 1790 engraving shows an American sailor being seized at gunpoint while those who might try to assist him are elbowed aside. (Library of Congress)

Manning the Navy, English engraving showing the impressment of American sailors

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Chesapeake Encounter with the LeopardA painting of the British frigate Leopard firing its guns into the U.S.S. Chesapeake when the U.S. ship refused to be searched for British deserters. The British boarded the subdued Chesapeake and seized four deserters, three of them American citizens. Americans were humiliated and angered by the British violation of American rights. (Courtesy of William Gilkerson)

Chesapeake Encounter with the Leopard



Interactive Video about the Chesapeake Incident



Jefferson’s EmbargoSITUATION: US merchants’ shipping is victim to both

France and Britain. Many Americans are calling for war

PROBLEM: Jefferson has a weak army, and a small navy (his own fault, too!)

SOLUTION: Embargo Act of 1807RESULT: West and NE are devastated economically,

smuggling takes off, Embargo repealed 1809, except for w/ England & France.

Republicans’ popularity plummets, Federalists are revived.

Still no Navy!!!

Tecumseh and the Prophet• Shawnee chief Tecumseh and his half-brother, the

Prophet, start to build an alliance at Tippecanoe• This alliance wants to return to traditional Indian

culture and ways• Tecumseh’s alliance refuses to recognize the treaty

of Ft. Wayne – believing that only treaties that all tribes agree to are valid

• Gen. Harrison destroys Tippecanoe Nov. 7, 1811

Interactive Video about Tecumseh

http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/themes.aspx?id=warof1812&sub=warof1812_people_firstnations&lang=En



Western War Hawks• 1811: Twelfth Congress moves toward war

• War Hawks are enraged at British support for Tecumseh and his Native American alliance in the Ohio River Valley and on the Canadian Border

• Henry Clay of Kentucky, who is also Speaker of the House, & John Calhoun of South Carolina lead the War Hawks and they call for war

What were the main causes of the War of 1812?

Chapter 10, Section 4

War of 1812

OBJECTIVE:

Describe its Long-term effects

Second War for Independence:

War of 1812A Bad Idea, Poorly Executed

• America has no army, no navy

• New England (maritime states) oppose the war

• British and Canadians are ready to fight

• Americans have no strategy for Canada (forget the lessons of Montreal in the Fr. & Indian War)

• 1813 American invasions of Canada fail

Map: Major Campaigns of the War of 1812

Major Campaigns of the War of 1812The land war centered on the U.S.-Canadian border, the Chesapeake Bay, and the Louisiana and Mississippi Territories.


War of 1812 - The Scorecard• 6,000 Americans killed or wounded

• New respect for America abroad

• Sectionalism and Federalist Party defunct

• U.S. is now has a NATIONAL IDENTY

• Andrew Jackson & William Henry Harrison heroes

• Revives antagonism with Britain

• Establishes a border with Canada, wary peace

• Oregon Territory shared by Britain and U.S.

http://library.thinkquest.org/22916/ex1812.html

• Oliver Hazard Perry has some success on Lake Erie• British forced to withdraw from Detroit, leading to Battle

of the Thames Oct. 1813• British return in 1814, with 4,000 troops• Washington DC is burned August 1814• Baltimore is attacked next, important port for privateers• Ft. McHenry holds, “Star Spangled Banner”

War at SeaSUMMARY: Americans win the battles,

But lose the war at sea

• Americans fight better ship for ship

• American ships are stronger, crews better, handled better by captains

• YET, British superiority in sheer #’s allow for a blockade that strangles American shipping, fishing, even banking (no customs or tariffs collected)

Old IronsidesCOMPARATIVE FORCE.

Tons. Guns. Broad-side. Men. Loss.

Constitution 1576 27 684 456 14

Guerrière 1338 25 556 272 79http://www.ecst.csuchico.edu/~beej/constguerr.html

The British commander should not have engaged. He was at a disadvantage.

The loss of the Guerriere to the Constitution was a huge humiliation to Britain. In the last two decades the British had NEVER lost as ship. This, probably more than any other battle, cemented the US as a world power because it could now project power beyond its borders.

http://www.ussconstitution.navy.mil/VirtualTour.htm

Battle for Lake Erie“In short, our victory was due to our

heavy metal.” -Theodore Roosevelt

• Perry has more ships and more carronades –so he needs to get close and fight ship to ship.

• His second and command, inexplicably, fails to engage.

• Perry’s flagship is destroyed and he rows, under heavy fire, to a second, smaller ship. He continues the fight and the British surrender.

• This puts all the British forts along the Great Lakes in peril.

http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/ppet/erie/page1.asp?secid=31

• Jackson wins Battle of Horseshoe Bend against the Creek• Next he fights Battle of New Orleans, last campaign of war• Andrew Jackson's 5,600 troops—including 2 companies of African American volunteers from New Orleans--defeat 8,000 better-trained British troops in January of 1815, •2K British lost in 30 min, Americans lose 70+. •The battle made Andrew Jackson a national hero, esp. in West and on the frontier.

Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans, artist unknown

Treaty of Ghent, 1814SAD IRONY: Signed 2 weeks before Battle for New Orleans

Armistice signed Christmas Eve 1814.

ORCHESTRATED by Tsar Alexander I, Russia b/c of Napoleon’s advances, needs England out of war w/ US

NEGOTIATED IN IGNORANCE by both sides.

English think they are winning the war, but news of Battles in NY and Baltimore, along with events in Europe, pressure GB to come to terms.

MYTH: Americans credit Battle of New Orleans with winning the war. TRUTH: More like a draw.

Lesson Extension

Military History

Of the

War of 1812

http://www.historycentral.com/1812/baltimore.html

Battle of Baltimore,

Battle for Baltimore• 9/12/1814: British first attack overland from North Point

(near Key Bridge today).• MD militia successfully delays British marines. Col.

Ross, their commander is “shot off his horse by two Baltimore teenagers (Henry McComas and Daniel Wells.”British withdraw.http://www.pattersonpark.com/Park%20Information/rodgersbastion.html

• 9/13/1814: 2nd attempt: Battle for Hampstead Hill and try again. Commodore John Rodgers, USN led 12,000 men in fighting off British, using 100 cannon on site of Pagoda in Patterson Park today.

• British Navy held at bay by Ft. McHenry and chained and sunken ships in inner harbor.

• British give up and retreat.• “Star Spangled Banner”

War of 1812 - The Scorecard• 6,000 Americans killed or wounded

• New respect for America abroad

• Sectionalism and Federalist Party defunct

• U.S. is now has a NATIONAL IDENTY

• Andrew Jackson & William Henry Harrison heroes

• Revives antagonism with Britain

• Establishes a border with Canada, wary peace

• Oregon Territory shared by Britain and U.S.

Chapter 10, Section 3 War of 1812 OBJECTIVE: Identify the causes of the war of 1812.

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 10, Section 3 War of 1812 OBJECTIVE: Identify the causes of the war of 1812.