Chapter 10 Section 2, 3, & 4. Influenced by the Scientific Revolution Earth revolves around the...
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Transcript of Chapter 10 Section 2, 3, & 4. Influenced by the Scientific Revolution Earth revolves around the...
PATH TO THE ENLIGHTENMENT Influenced by the Scientific Revolution
Earth revolves around the sunAdvances in medicineAdvances in math
Applied the scientific method to society Hoped to make progress towards a
better society Reason, natural law, hope, progress
THE PHILOSOPHERSJohn Locke tabula rasa – “blank mind”
People are molded by the experience that came through their senses from the surrounding world.
Born good and equal Government’s role – to protect people’s
natural rightsPeople consent to their governmentPeople have the right to overthrow their
government Two Treatises on Government
Born with natural rights - “life, liberty, and property”
THE PHILOSOPHERSMontesquieu Spirit of the Laws (1748) was a study of
governments 3 Kinds of governments
1.) republics (small states)2.) despotism (large states) one person has
all the power3.) monarchies (moderate sized states)
Separation of powers – each branch of government is limited and controlled each other in a system of checks and balances.
Voltaire Known for his criticism of
Christianity and religious tolerance
Treatise on Toleration (1763) “all men are brothers under God.”
deism – a religious philosophy in which a mechanic (God) creates a clock (the universe) and sets it in motion, allowing it to run on its own without his interference and according to its own natural laws.
THE PHILOSOPHERS
Diderot Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary
of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades “change the general way of thinking”
28 Volumes, written between 1751 and 1772
became a weapon against old French society
sold to doctors, teachers, clergymen, and lawyers
THE PHILOSOPHERS
Adam Smith Wealth of Nations (1776) laissez-faire – “to let people do what
they want”; the state should not interrupt the free play of natural economic forces by imposing regulations on the economy. Instead it should leave the economy alone.
Three basic roles of governmentProtect societyDefend against injusticeMaintain public works
THE PHILOSOPHERS
Jean-Jacques Rousseau Displeased that mankind had become
enslaved by government The Social Contract (1762) – presented
social contract, or the belief an entire society agrees to be governed by it general will. Through the general will liberty is achieved.
believed emotions as well as reason were important to human development.
THE PHILOSOPHERS
Cesare Beccaria Prior punishment for crimes
was harsh On Crimes and Punishment
(1764) Punishments should not be brutal Opposed capital punishment
THE PHILOSOPHERSMary Wollstonecraft Pointed out two flaws of Enlightenment
philosophersSince the oppression of government over men
was wrong, men’s oppression over women equally wrong
Women reason and are entitled to the same rights as men
SUMMARY QUESTIONS
What were the main problems that the enlightenment philosophers attempted to solve with their new ideas?
Do you think the philosophers were successful in improving society? Why or why not?
IMPACT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT Enlightened absolutism – rulers who
attempted to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining power.
But were they truly enlightened
3 ExamplesPrussiaAustriaRussia
For each country… identify the following Ruler(s) How was the social and political system
before the enlightenment? How did rulers incorporate
enlightenment ideas? Were they truly enlightened? Why or
why not?
IMPACT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Were the Enlightened despots really enlightened?
Support your answer with an example from each country in your group.
ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM
PRUSSIARulers: Frederick William
Frederick II
Social system: serfdom, nobles serve in army (civil service)
Political system: military power house, absolute monarchy
Enlightenment reforms: Frederick II – abolished torture, more freedom of speech, religious toleration
AUSTRIARulers:Maria Theresa
Joseph II
Social system: serfdom, favored landowning nobility, many languages, religions and cultures
Political system: absolute monarchy
Enlightenment reforms: Maria Theresa - ease on serf’s restrictions. Joseph II – eliminated death penalty, equality before the law, religious reforms and toleration
RUSSIA
Rulers:Catherine II (The Great)
Social system: serfdom, favored landowning nobility
Political system: absolute monarchy, great territorial expansion
Enlightenment reforms: ease on serf’s restrictions, attempted new law code (more equality under the law)
ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM Only Joseph II sought changes.
All interested in power and welfare of the state
Used enlightenment ideas to suppress their subjects
Created and lead to a rivalry among states
WAR OF AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION Maria Theresa not seen as a legitimate
ruler Prussia invades Silesia Fought in three areas of the world –
Europe – Austria vs. Prussia over SilesiaAsia – France took Madras from BritishNorth America – French vs. British for Fort
Louisbourg Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Everything returned except Silesia
Team Austria
Team Prussia
Old Alliances
(War of Austrian Succession)
1. Austria
2. Great Britain
1. Prussia
2. France
New Alliances
(Seven Years’ War)
1. Austria
2. France
3. Russia
1. Prussia
2. Great Britain
SEVEN YEARS’ WAR
War in Europe Prussian known for
strong military
Gradually worn down to a stalemate
Russia withdrew
Ended with peace and all lands returned except for Silesia
Austria accepted defeat
War in Asia Britain v France Struggle for India and
colonial domination British won (more
persistent) Treaty of Paris
SEVEN YEARS’ WAR
War in North America British v. French Differences in set up of colonies Fought over two main areas
Gulf of St. LawrenceOhio River Valley
Clash with the Native Americans British prevailed over French in the
naval battles Ended with the Treaty of Paris and
British domination over American territory
EXTENDED RESPONSE QUESTIONName two enlightenment ideas that
influenced the founding documents of the United States. Include the idea, which philosopher it came from, and how we incorporated it. (6 points)
BIRTH OF A NEW NATION Articles of Confederation
Weak central government out of fear Federal system – national and state
governments share power 3 Branches (Montesquieu’s idea)
LegislativeExecutive Judicial
Ratification by ¾ of the states (9 /13) Included the Bill of Rights
First 10 amendmentsProtects basic freedoms based on natural
rights