Chapter 10 Plant Anatomy & Physiology Michael G. Simpson Plant Anatomy Study of tissue and cell...
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Transcript of Chapter 10 Plant Anatomy & Physiology Michael G. Simpson Plant Anatomy Study of tissue and cell...
Chapter 10Plant Anatomy & Physiology
Michael G. Simpson
Plant Anatomy
Study of tissue and cell structure of plants.
(In zoology, anatomy is study of internal organs; histology is study of tissues/cells.)
Plant Physiology
Study of metabolic processes in plants.
Cell Theory
All of life is composed of 1 or more cells.
Cells arise only from pre-existing cells, via cell division or cell fusion.
Cells are units of metabolic processes.
Each cell contains set of hereditary information (DNA), transferred from cell to cell, coding for structural & functional features.
contains DNAstorage: pigments, acids, ergastic substances
respiration
protein synthesis & transport of materials
transport &
modification
photosynthesis
cell recognition, transport
structural support
ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
storage high energy carbs.
Ergastic Substances:not actively metabolized (storage/waste)
chromoplasts
amyloplasts (starch grains):
alpha-1,4-glucopyranoside
crystals (Ca-oxalate; silica)
druses raphides styloids prismatics
aleurone grains: protein oil bodies
cell wall
mainly cellulose: beta-1,4-glucopyranoside
lignin - secondary cell wall
primary cell wall(cellulosic)middle lamellaplasmamembraneCell #1 Cell #2
secondary cell wall(lignified)plasmodesmataprimary pit field(collection of severalplasmodesmata)pit(pits of two adjacentcells = pit-pair)
Cell #2Cell #1
function?
lateral branch
rootshoot
axillarybudshootapex
lateralbranchnodeinternode
root tip
root apicalmeristemroot caproot hairs
shoot tipshoot apicalmeristembudprimordium
lateral roots
meristem - region of actively dividing cells 1) apical (shoot & root); 2) lateral (vascular & cork cambia)
Cell differentiation:1) Cell expansion (elongation)2) Cell maturation / specialization
Plant Tissues & Cell Types
Tissue:
= group of cells with common function or structure.
Three broad tissue types:
1) Dermal - outside layer(s)
2) Vascular - conduction
3) Ground - between dermal and vascular
Simple vs. Complex Tissue:
1 versus 2 or more cell types
Ground Tissue
Parenchyma: Gen. metabol.
1) Isodiametric to elongate
2) Primary cell wall
3) Living
Collenchyma: support
1) Elongate
2) Primary cell wall thick, uneven, rich in pectins
3) Living
Ground Tissue
Sclerenchyma
1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary)
2) Dead at maturity (usually)
Fibers
Elongate, sharply tapering
Ground Tissue
Sclerenchyma
1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary)
2) Dead at maturity (usually)
Sclereids
Isodiametric to irregular
Vascular Tissue
Xylem
Water & mineral conduction
Tracheary elements + parenchyma + sclerenchyma
Phloem
Sugar conduction
Sieve members + parenchyma + sclerenchyma
- Both complex tissues
Tracheary Elements
Tracheids - Imperforate Vessels - Perforate
Angiosperms (most)
Gnetales
A few Monilophytes
Sieve Elements
Sieve cells - No sieve plates Sieve tube members - Sieve plates
Apomorphy of Angiosperms
Dermal & Secretory tissues & cells
Epidermis Glands
Laticifers Nectaries
Stomates
Dermal tissues: Trichome anatomy
Epidermis
lateral branch
rootshoot
axillarybudshootapex
lateralbranchnodeinternode
root tip
root apicalmeristemroot caproot hairs
shoot tipshoot apicalmeristembudprimordium
lateral roots
root caproot apical meristem
ROOT (l.s.)1) Protective root cap
2) Absorptive root hairs
ROOT (c.s.)3) Give rise to new roots endogenously
(from within)
Casparian StripFunction: forces fluids from outside
through plasma membrane = selective absorption
lateral branch
rootshoot
axillarybudshootapex
lateralbranchnodeinternode
root tip
root apicalmeristemroot caproot hairs
shoot tipshoot apicalmeristembudprimordium
lateral roots
SPOROPHYTICSHOOT
Stems:• Give rise to leaves exogenously• Do not have a protective “cap” of cells• Do not have root hairs (but may have trichomes)
Stelar types
eustele atactostele
Protoxylem maturation
Vascular cambium - a lateral meristem
Conifers: non-porous
Ring porous Diffuse porous
Wood Ray Anatomy
Leaf anatomy
Stomata
C3 Photosynthesis
Kranz anatomy
C4 Photosynthesis
CAM photosynthesis