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Chapter 10 Personality Slide 2 Activity On a sheet of paper- write a list of words/characteristics that describe your personality (tear off the empty half) Slide 3 Get a partner that knows you- give them the empty half sheet with your name on it Your partner should now describe you Slide 4 Give the list back to the person Compare the list you wrote, with the list your partner wrote Are there similarities & differences? Why? Slide 5 How are people similar? How are people different? What makes you unique? Slide 6 Personality An individuals unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Slide 7 Slide 8 Attempt to describe and explain how people are similar, how they are different, and why every individual is unique Personality Theory Slide 9 Personality Perspectives Psychoanalyticimportance of unconscious processes and childhood experiences Humanisticimportance of self and fulfillment of potential Social cognitiveimportance of beliefs about self Traitdescription and measurement of personality differences Slide 10 Psychoanalytic Approach Developed by Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy and a theory of personality. Emphasizes unconscious motivation the main causes of behavior lie buried in the unconscious mind Slide 11 Slide 12 Psychoanalytic Approach Conscious all things we are aware of at any given moment Slide 13 Psychoanalytic Approach Preconscious everything that can, with a little effort, be brought into consciousness Slide 14 Psychoanalytic Approach Unconscious inaccessible warehouse of anxiety- producing thoughts and drives Slide 15 Psychoanalytic Divisions of the Mind Idinstinctual drives present at birth does not distinguish between reality and fantasy operates according to the pleasure principle Egodevelops out of the id in infancy understands reality and logic mediator between id and superego Superego internalization of societys moral standards responsible for guilt Slide 16 Id: The Pleasure Principle Pleasure principledrive toward immediate gratification, most fundamental human motive Sources of energy Eroslife instinct, perpetuates life Thanatosdeath instinct, aggression, self- destructive actions Libidosexual energy or motivation Slide 17 Ego: The Reality Principle Reality principleability to postpone gratification in accordance with demands of reality Egorational, organized, logical, mediator to demands of reality Can repress desires that cannot be met in an acceptable manner Slide 18 Superego: Conscience Internalization of societal and parental values Partially unconscious Can be harshly punitive using feelings of guilt Slide 19 Defense Mechanisms Unconscious mental processes employed by the ego to reduce anxiety Slide 20 Slide 21 Slide 22 Defense Mechanisms Repressionkeeping anxiety- producing thoughts out of the conscious mind Reaction formationreplacing an unacceptable wish with its opposite Slide 23 Defense Mechanisms Displacementwhen a drive directed to one activity by the id is redirected to a more acceptable activity by the ego Sublimationdisplacement to activities that are valued by society Slide 24 Defense Mechanisms Projectionreducing anxiety by attributing unacceptable impulses to someone else Rationalizationreasoning away anxiety-producing thoughts Regressionretreating to a mode of behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development Slide 25 Psychosexual Stages Freuds five stages of personality development, each associated with a particular erogenous zone Fixationan attempt to achieve pleasure as an adult in ways that are equivalent to how it was achieved in these stages Slide 26 Oral Stage (birth 1 year) Mouth is associated with sexual pleasure Weaning a child can lead to fixation if not handled correctly Fixation can lead to oral activities in adulthood Slide 27 Anal Stage (1 3 years) Anus is associated with pleasure Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly Fixation can lead to anal retentive or expulsive behaviors in adulthood Slide 28 Phallic Stage (3 5 years) Focus of pleasure shifts to the genitals Oedipus or Electra complex can occur Fixation can lead to excessive masculinity in males and the need for attention or domination in females Slide 29 Latency Stage (5 puberty) Sexuality is repressed Children participate in hobbies, school, and same-sex friendships Slide 30 Genital Stage (puberty on) Sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others Healthy adults find pleasure in love and work, fixated adults have their energy tied up in earlier stages Slide 31 Post-Freudian Psychodynamic Theories Carl Jungs collective unconscious Karen Horneys focus on security Alfred Adlers individual psychology Slide 32 Carl Jung More general psychic energy Universality of themesarchetypes Collective unconscioushuman collective evolutionary history First to describe introverts and extraverts Slide 33 Karen Horney Looked at anxiety related to security and social relationships Basic anxietythe feeling of being isolated and helpless in a hostile world Moving toward, against, or away from other people Slide 34 Alfred Adler Most fundamental human motive is striving for superiority Arises from universal feelings of inferiority that are experienced during childhood Overcompensation may cause superiority complex where person exaggerates achievements and importance Slide 35 Evaluation of Psychoanalysis Evidence is inadequatedata are not available or able to be reviewed Theory is not testablelack of operational definitions. Good at explaining past but not at prediction Sexismbelieved that women were weak and inferior. Used male psychology as basis for all people Slide 36 Humanistic Perspective Free will Self-awareness Psychological growth Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Slide 37 Actualizing tendencyinnate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism Self-conceptset of perceptions you hold about yourself Positive regardconditional and unconditional Slide 38 Slide 39 Evaluating Humanism Difficult to test or validate scientifically Tends to be too optimistic, minimizing some of the more destructive aspects of human nature Slide 40 Social Cognitive Perspective Social cognitive theorythe importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experience, self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism in personality Reciprocal determinism-model that explains personality as the result of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental interactions Self-efficacybelief that people have about their ability to meet demands of a specific situation Slide 41 Reciprocal Determinism Albert Bandura Slide 42 Evaluation of Social Cognitive Perspective Well grounded in empirical, laboratory research However, laboratory experiences are rather simple and may not reflect the complexity of human interactions Ignores the influences of unconscious, emotions, conflicts Slide 43 Trait and Type Theories Traitrelatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way Surface traitcharacteristic that can be inferred from observable behavior Source traitMost fundamental dimensions of personality; relatively few Slide 44 Theorists Raymond Cattell16 PF Hans EysenckThree factor model McCrae and CostaFive factor model Slide 45 Raymond Cattell Used factor analysis to come up with 16 basic personality traits also called source traits 16-PF test that was developed to measure these traits Generally considered as too many traits Slide 46 Slide 47 Hans Eysenck Similar method to Cattell Had 3 different source traits Introversion-extraversion Neuroticism-stability Psychoticism Generally considered as too few traits Slide 48 Five Factor Model Described somewhat differently among researchers Factorsusually rated from low to high Extraversion Neuroticism Openness to Experience Agreeableness Conscientiousness Slide 49 Slide 50 Behavioral Genetics Interdisciplinary field that studies the effects of genes and heredity on behavior Heredity seems to play a role in four of the big five personality traitsextraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, and conscientiousness Slide 51 Evaluation of Trait Perspective Dont really explain personality, simply describe the behaviors Doesnt describe the development of the behaviors Trait approaches generally fail to address how issues such as motives, unconscious, or beliefs about self affect personality development Slide 52 Personality Assessment Projective Techniques Interpretation of an ambiguous image Used to determine unconscious motives, conflicts, and psychological traits Slide 53 Rorschach Inkblot Test Presentation and interpretation of a series of black and white and colored inkblots Numerous scoring systems exist Slide 54 Slide 55 Thematic Apperception Test Series of pictures depicting ambiguous scenes Subject is asked to create a story about the scene Answers are scored based on themes, motives, and anxieties of main character Slide 56 Slide 57 Drawbacks to Projective Tests Examiner or test situation may influence individuals response Scoring is highly subjective Tests fail to produce consistent results (reliability problem) Tests are poor predictors of future behavior (validity problem) Slide 58 Self-Report Inventory Psychological test in which an individual answers standardized questions about their behavior and feelings The answers are then compared to established norms Slide 59 MMPI Most widely used self-report inventory Originally designed to assess mental health and detect psychological symptoms Has over 500 questions to which person must reply True or False Includes lying scales Slide 60 Strengths of Self-Reports Standardizedeach person receives same instructions and responds to the same questions Use of established norms: results are compared to previously established norms and are not subjectively evaluated Slide 61 Weaknesses of Self-Reports Evidence that people can fake responses to look better (or worse) Tests contain hundreds of items and become tedious People may not be good judges of their own behavior