Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin...

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Chapter 10 Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans Evans

Transcript of Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin...

Page 1: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

Chapter 10 Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in EuropeNationalism Triumphs in Europe

Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin

Sulpizio and Bruce EvansSulpizio and Bruce Evans

Page 2: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.
Page 3: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

Taking Steps Toward UnityTaking Steps Toward Unity Napoleon Raids German LandsNapoleon Raids German Lands

– Annexed lands along the Rhine RiverAnnexed lands along the Rhine River– Some accepted Napoleon, Some did not like the Some accepted Napoleon, Some did not like the

change.change.– Feelings rose for a Unified German StateFeelings rose for a Unified German State

• Zollverein– Dismantled tariff barriers between many German States

• Frankfurt Assembly– Demanded public unity– Offered throne of unified German State to Frederick William IV of Prussia

He rejected the offer

Page 4: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

Bismark Unites GermanyBismark Unites Germany Otto von Bismark Otto von Bismark

– Came from Prussia’s Junker ClassCame from Prussia’s Junker Class– Servered as a diplomat in Russia and FranceServered as a diplomat in Russia and France– King William I made Bismark Prime MinisterKing William I made Bismark Prime Minister– He becomes a He becomes a chancellorchancellor

Highest official in a monarchHighest official in a monarch– Use blood and Iron policy to unite German States under Use blood and Iron policy to unite German States under

Prussian RulePrussian Rule– His Success was due to his strong willHis Success was due to his strong will– Was master of Was master of RealpolitikRealpolitik

Realistic politics based on needs of the stateRealistic politics based on needs of the state– He was primarily loyal to Hohenzollerns, the ruling dynatsy in He was primarily loyal to Hohenzollerns, the ruling dynatsy in

PrussiaPrussia He felt unification of Germany would strengthen the He felt unification of Germany would strengthen the

HohenzollernsHohenzollerns

Page 5: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.
Page 6: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

The Prussian ArmyThe Prussian Army

Bismark tried to strength the armyBismark tried to strength the army– But legislature denied fundingBut legislature denied funding– Bismark used money collected from other purposes Bismark used money collected from other purposes – He army was ready for battleHe army was ready for battle

Prussia declares war on AustriaPrussia declares war on Austria– Prussians defeat Austria in seven week and then Prussians defeat Austria in seven week and then annexedannexed (took (took

control of) North German Statescontrol of) North German States

Franco-Prussian War of 1870Franco-Prussian War of 1870– Bismark stirs up German NationalismBismark stirs up German Nationalism– Bismark instigates Napoleon the war beginsBismark instigates Napoleon the war begins– The Superior Prussian and German troops crush FranceThe Superior Prussian and German troops crush France

Page 7: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

Birth of German EmpireBirth of German Empire

William named KaiserWilliam named Kaiser– Princes from North and South Germany persuade William I of Princes from North and South Germany persuade William I of

Prussia to take the title of Prussia to take the title of kaiserkaiser (emperor) (emperor)

January 1871January 1871– German nationalists celebrated the birth of the second Reich German nationalists celebrated the birth of the second Reich

(empire)(empire)

New Government in Germany New Government in Germany – Bismark drafts a Constitution Bismark drafts a Constitution – Two-House legislature Two-House legislature – Bundesrat (upper house) and Reichstag (lower house) voted for Bundesrat (upper house) and Reichstag (lower house) voted for

universal male suffrageuniversal male suffrage– Bundesrat made up of the emperor and his chancellor and held Bundesrat made up of the emperor and his chancellor and held

real power with the vetoreal power with the veto

Page 8: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

Section 2 Section 2 Germany StrengthensGermany StrengthensGermany Becomes an Industrial GiantGermany Becomes an Industrial Giant

Making Economic ProgressMaking Economic Progress–Germany had an ample supply of iron and coal, and had an Germany had an ample supply of iron and coal, and had an educated and disciplined workforceeducated and disciplined workforce–The population increased from 41 million people in 1871 to 67 The population increased from 41 million people in 1871 to 67 million in 1914million in 1914

Social and Economic DevelopmentSocial and Economic Development–Industrialists in Germany saw value in synthetic Industrialists in Germany saw value in synthetic dyes and chemicalsdyes and chemicals–In 1872, Germany issued a single currency In 1872, Germany issued a single currency system and recognized the banks system and recognized the banks

Page 9: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

The Iron ChancellorThe Iron Chancellor In 1871, Otto von Bismarck became the chancellor In 1871, Otto von Bismarck became the chancellor

of Germanyof Germany– He was nicknamed the Iron Chancellor and wanted to keep France He was nicknamed the Iron Chancellor and wanted to keep France

weak while building strong links with Russia and Austriaweak while building strong links with Russia and Austria Campaign Against the ChurchCampaign Against the Church

– Bismarck distrusted the priests in Germany because he thought that Bismarck distrusted the priests in Germany because he thought that they were more loyal to the Church than to the Germany. As a result they were more loyal to the Church than to the Germany. As a result of this, Bismarck launched the Kulturkampf, or “battle for civilization”of this, Bismarck launched the Kulturkampf, or “battle for civilization”

– The Kulturkampf forced German priests and Catholics to make The Kulturkampf forced German priests and Catholics to make Germany their first loyalty instead of the Catholic ChurchGermany their first loyalty instead of the Catholic Church

– The move failed. The faithful Catholics rebelled againstThe move failed. The faithful Catholics rebelled against the Kulturkampf and forced Bismarck to make peacethe Kulturkampf and forced Bismarck to make peace with the Catholic Church in 1878with the Catholic Church in 1878

Page 10: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

Campaign Against SocialistsCampaign Against Socialists– Bismarck feared that socialists would undermine the Bismarck feared that socialists would undermine the

loyalty of German workers and make them start a loyalty of German workers and make them start a revolution.revolution.

– To turn workers away from socialism, he made laws to To turn workers away from socialism, he made laws to protect them such as health, accident, and old-age protect them such as health, accident, and old-age insuranceinsurance

– Bismarck showed that conditions for workers could be Bismarck showed that conditions for workers could be improved without a revolution. Bismarck’s policies were improved without a revolution. Bismarck’s policies were used by other European nations later onused by other European nations later on

Page 11: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

Kaiser William IIKaiser William II

In 1888, William II succeeded his In 1888, William II succeeded his grandfather as Kaisergrandfather as Kaiser

In 1890, he asked Otto von Bismarck to resign his In 1890, he asked Otto von Bismarck to resign his position position – William II believed that his right to rule came directly from GodWilliam II believed that his right to rule came directly from God

He started social welfare and made transportation He started social welfare and made transportation cheapercheaper– Social Welfare: Programs to help certain Social Welfare: Programs to help certain

groups of peoplegroups of people

Spent a lot of money on the militarySpent a lot of money on the military– Tried to build up the German navy to compete with Tried to build up the German navy to compete with

Britain and France. This built tensions between theBritain and France. This built tensions between thecountries and eventually led to World War Icountries and eventually led to World War I

Page 13: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

Obstacles to Italian UnityObstacles to Italian Unity•Austria controlled much of northern Italy, while the Austria controlled much of northern Italy, while the Hapsburgs ruled other Italian states.Hapsburgs ruled other Italian states.

•Idea of unified Italy was absurdIdea of unified Italy was absurd

•Giuseppe MazziniGiuseppe Mazzini•Established Young Italy- secret society whose goal was to Established Young Italy- secret society whose goal was to make Italy a free, independent, republican nationmake Italy a free, independent, republican nation•Mazzini was a nationalist who believed a unified Italy made Mazzini was a nationalist who believed a unified Italy made sense geographically, culturally, and economicallysense geographically, culturally, and economically

Giuseppe

Mazzini

Page 14: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

The Struggle for ItalyThe Struggle for Italy• In 1852, Count Camillo Cavour is appointed prime minister of Sardinia by Victor In 1852, Count Camillo Cavour is appointed prime minister of Sardinia by Victor

Emmanuel, the constitutional monarch of the islandEmmanuel, the constitutional monarch of the island• Cavour was a monarchist who believed in Realpolitik and his long term goal was to end Cavour was a monarchist who believed in Realpolitik and his long term goal was to end

Austrian power in ItalyAustrian power in Italy

• 1858- Cavour negotiates secret deal with Napoleon, who promises to help Sardinia 1858- Cavour negotiates secret deal with Napoleon, who promises to help Sardinia if they go to war with Austria. This war happens the next year, and France helps if they go to war with Austria. This war happens the next year, and France helps Sardinia defeat AustriaSardinia defeat Austria

• Giuseppe Garibaldi- nationalist and ally of Mazzini who wanted to create an Italian Giuseppe Garibaldi- nationalist and ally of Mazzini who wanted to create an Italian republicrepublic• 1860- Garibaldi recruits force of 1,000 “Red Shirts” who win control of Sicily1860- Garibaldi recruits force of 1,000 “Red Shirts” who win control of Sicily

• Italy is united at lastItaly is united at last• Garibaldi unites Naples and Sicily and, eventually, he and the Garibaldi unites Naples and Sicily and, eventually, he and the

Sardinians gain control of Venetia and RomeSardinians gain control of Venetia and Rome

Camillo

Cavour

Giuseppe

Garibaldi

Page 15: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

The New Nation Faces The New Nation Faces ChallengesChallenges

• Nation DividedNation Divided– North was richer and had more cities than southNorth was richer and had more cities than south– Hostility between Italy and Roman Catholic ChurchHostility between Italy and Roman Catholic Church

• Turmoil in ItalyTurmoil in Italy– Radicals struggle against a conservative governmentRadicals struggle against a conservative government

• Socialists had strikes; anarchists turned to violenceSocialists had strikes; anarchists turned to violence

• Italy Develops EconomicallyItaly Develops Economically– Industrialization leads to urbanization as peasants move to Industrialization leads to urbanization as peasants move to

cities looking for jobs in factoriescities looking for jobs in factories– This causes a population explosion This causes a population explosion

which leads to emigrationwhich leads to emigration• Many Italians move to U.S., Many Italians move to U.S.,

Canada, and Latin AmericaCanada, and Latin America

Page 16: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

Chapter 10 Section 4Chapter 10 Section 4

Nationalism Nationalism Threatens Old Threatens Old

EmpiresEmpiresBackground: The Balkans 1817-1877 and

1878-1912

Page 17: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

The End of the Hapsburg EmpireThe End of the Hapsburg Empire 1800- Hapsburgs are oldest ruling family in Europe1800- Hapsburgs are oldest ruling family in Europe

– Control areas of Austria, Romania, Poland, Ukraine, Italy, and Control areas of Austria, Romania, Poland, Ukraine, Italy, and HungaryHungary

In Austria, fought to stop liberal ideas after Congress of In Austria, fought to stop liberal ideas after Congress of ViennaVienna– Could not stop changes brought by industrializationCould not stop changes brought by industrialization– Presided over multinational empirePresided over multinational empire

Caused feelings of nationalismCaused feelings of nationalism

Francis Joseph Grants inherits throneFrancis Joseph Grants inherits throne– Last ruler of Hapsburg EmpireLast ruler of Hapsburg Empire– Made new constitution and set up legislatureMade new constitution and set up legislature

Legislative body mostly German- did not satisfy other ethnic groupsLegislative body mostly German- did not satisfy other ethnic groups

Crest of Hapsburg Empire

Background: Flag of Hapsburg Empire

Page 18: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

Austria-Hungary Creates Austria-Hungary Creates Dual MonarchyDual Monarchy

1866- Austria loses a war to Prussia1866- Austria loses a war to Prussia– Causes Hungarians to call for change in governmentCauses Hungarians to call for change in government

Hungarian Ferenc DeHungarian Ferenc Deáák compromised with Austrians by k compromised with Austrians by forming a Dual Monarchyforming a Dual Monarchy

– Dual Monarchy (ruled by Francis Joseph) consisted of two Dual Monarchy (ruled by Francis Joseph) consisted of two completely separate governments in all ways except the ministries completely separate governments in all ways except the ministries of finance, defense and foreign affairsof finance, defense and foreign affairs

Despite changes, some Hungarians were still Despite changes, some Hungarians were still dissatisfieddissatisfied– Called for all Slavs to fight together for their autonomyCalled for all Slavs to fight together for their autonomy– By 1900, government control had been greatly By 1900, government control had been greatly

diminished by many social and political tribulationsdiminished by many social and political tribulations

Ferenc Deák

Page 19: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

Collapse of the Ottoman EmpireCollapse of the Ottoman Empire Like Hapsburgs, ruled over Like Hapsburgs, ruled over

multinational/multicultural empire multinational/multicultural empire (background picture)(background picture)

– Nationalists wanted their own, separate Nationalists wanted their own, separate governmentsgovernments

– Many Balkan national groups took after Greece Many Balkan national groups took after Greece and Serbia and staged their own revoltsand Serbia and staged their own revolts

European powers (Eng, Fr, Russ, Aus-Hun) European powers (Eng, Fr, Russ, Aus-Hun) took advantage of crumbling Empire to took advantage of crumbling Empire to expand their bordersexpand their borders– Created “Balkan Powder Keg” – too many Created “Balkan Powder Keg” – too many

countries fighting over a small, unstable areacountries fighting over a small, unstable area Tensions could lead to large-scale global war…….Tensions could lead to large-scale global war…….

WWI

Page 20: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

Условия вУсловия в российском российском ОбществеОбществе

Conditions inConditions in Russian Russian SocietySocietyBy 1815, Russia had become the most By 1815, Russia had become the most vast, populated nation of Europe and vast, populated nation of Europe and distinguished as a strong world power distinguished as a strong world power with countless resources. with countless resources. Tsars recognized the need to Tsars recognized the need to modernize, but refused to give up power.modernize, but refused to give up power. Social Structure-Social Structure- Landowning nobles Landowning nobles dominated; small, powerless middle dominated; small, powerless middle class; The majority of Russians consisted class; The majority of Russians consisted of serfs, peasants.of serfs, peasants. Many enlightened Russians were Many enlightened Russians were convinced that serfdom restrained the convinced that serfdom restrained the economy from stepping forward.economy from stepping forward. Tsars, traditionally imposing an Tsars, traditionally imposing an unquestionable will upon society, unquestionable will upon society, attempted liberal reform, but their attempted liberal reform, but their efforts were squashed by another Tsar.efforts were squashed by another Tsar. Neither the Enlightenment nor the Neither the Enlightenment nor the French Revolution had lasting affects on French Revolution had lasting affects on Russian societyRussian society

Page 21: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

РеволюцияРеволюция в в РоссииРоссии Revolution Revolution In In RussiaRussia 1855- Alexander II comes to throne during Crimean 1855- Alexander II comes to throne during Crimean

War.War. Russia attempts to expand its borders into the Russia attempts to expand its borders into the

Ottoman Empire, thus starting the Crimean War Ottoman Empire, thus starting the Crimean War against Britain, France and the Ottoman Turks. Russia against Britain, France and the Ottoman Turks. Russia suffered defeat and realized that drastic change must suffered defeat and realized that drastic change must take place.take place.

Alexander II agreed with liberal demands and issued an Alexander II agreed with liberal demands and issued an emancipation, freedom of the serfs.emancipation, freedom of the serfs.

Although at first peasants were too poor to sustain Although at first peasants were too poor to sustain their farmlands, they fled to cities to work in Russian their farmlands, they fled to cities to work in Russian factories and boosted the drive for reformfactories and boosted the drive for reform

Alexander established local governments called Alexander established local governments called zemtovs, responsible for schools, roads and zemtovs, responsible for schools, roads and agricultural matters.agricultural matters.

Legal Reforms: trial by jury, military service reduced, Legal Reforms: trial by jury, military service reduced, less brutal discipline and encouraged industrial less brutal discipline and encouraged industrial expansion.expansion.

Serfs had freedom but no land to build on. Liberals Serfs had freedom but no land to build on. Liberals wanted a constitution and elected legislature. Radicals wanted a constitution and elected legislature. Radicals sought to have even more changes, like the West.sought to have even more changes, like the West.

These failures sparked anger that caused radicals to These failures sparked anger that caused radicals to resort to terrorism and eventually the assassination of resort to terrorism and eventually the assassination of Alexander II on March 13, 1881.Alexander II on March 13, 1881.

Page 22: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

Лидеры Обращаются кЛидеры Обращаются к Судебному Судебному преследованиюпреследованию

Leaders ResortLeaders Resort to to ProsecutionProsecution

Alexander III responded to his Alexander III responded to his father’s assassination by wiping out father’s assassination by wiping out revolutionaries and liberals, just as revolutionaries and liberals, just as Nicholas I. Nicholas I.

Non- Russian peoples within the Non- Russian peoples within the empire the were persecuted.empire the were persecuted.

Under the rule of Alexander III, Under the rule of Alexander III, persecution of Jewish people persecution of Jewish people increased, limited amounts of Jews increased, limited amounts of Jews were allowed to study in were allowed to study in universities.universities.

Russian-Jews were limited to their Russian-Jews were limited to their choice of profession. choice of profession.

Pogroms, violent mob attacks, were Pogroms, violent mob attacks, were the cause of many Russians to flee the cause of many Russians to flee Russia, becoming refugees, and set Russia, becoming refugees, and set course for the United States.course for the United States.

Page 23: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

Толчок кТолчок к ПромышленностиПромышленности

A Push toA Push to IndustryIndustry Russia begins to industrialize under Alexander III Russia begins to industrialize under Alexander III

and his son Nicholas II.and his son Nicholas II. Nicholas focused on economic development, Nicholas focused on economic development,

resulting in the Trans-Siberian Railroad (linked resulting in the Trans-Siberian Railroad (linked European Russia to Pacific Ocean).European Russia to Pacific Ocean).

Government officials praised the industrialization Government officials praised the industrialization while peasants feared its changes. Peasants fled while peasants feared its changes. Peasants fled to cities only to find long and low wages inside to cities only to find long and low wages inside dangerous factories.dangerous factories.

Socialists preached revolutionary ideas of Karl Socialists preached revolutionary ideas of Karl Marx outside the factories and protested.Marx outside the factories and protested.

Page 24: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

Революция иРеволюция и Кровопролитие Кровопролитие Revolution andRevolution and BloodshedBloodshed Protesters poured into the streets in Protesters poured into the streets in

front of the tsar’s Winter Palace on front of the tsar’s Winter Palace on Sunday, January 22, 1905.Sunday, January 22, 1905.

Here, they petitioned for freedom Here, they petitioned for freedom and justice and were shot by Russian and justice and were shot by Russian soldiers by order of the tsar. This soldiers by order of the tsar. This was known as “Bloody Sunday”.was known as “Bloody Sunday”.

Soon after, there were many strikes Soon after, there were many strikes and attempts at assassination.and attempts at assassination.

Nicholas promised freedom and Nicholas promised freedom and summoned an elected national summoned an elected national legislature, called a Duma. The legislature, called a Duma. The Duma set laws into effect.Duma set laws into effect.

Peter Stolypin, appointed prime Peter Stolypin, appointed prime minister, organized arrests , minister, organized arrests , pogroms and executions in order to pogroms and executions in order to maintain order. He recognized the maintain order. He recognized the need to reform.(introduced land need to reform.(introduced land reforms)reforms)

Stolypin was assassinated in 1911Stolypin was assassinated in 1911“The tsar has deserted us!”

Page 25: Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Mike Donahue, Mike Kane, Tom Finn, Matt McMonagle, Colin Sulpizio and Bruce Evans.

Works CitedWorks Cited

http://www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1693748.htmlhttp://www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1693748.html http://www.thecorner.org/hist/wwi/national.htmhttp://www.thecorner.org/hist/wwi/national.htm http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/nationalism/historical-http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/nationalism/historical-

evolution-of-nationalism.htmlevolution-of-nationalism.html http://weuropeanhistory.suite101.com/article.cfm/http://weuropeanhistory.suite101.com/article.cfm/

early_19th_century_revolutionary_movementsearly_19th_century_revolutionary_movements www.historyofnations.net/europe/germany.htmlwww.historyofnations.net/europe/germany.html http://www.factmonster.com/ikpa/A0107568.htmlhttp://www.factmonster.com/ikpa/A0107568.html www.germanculture.com.ua/library/facts/bl_germany.htmwww.germanculture.com.ua/library/facts/bl_germany.htm http://www.facts-about.org.uk/history-and-events-http://www.facts-about.org.uk/history-and-events-

timeline-german.htmtimeline-german.htm (The Textbook – Chapter 10) (The Textbook – Chapter 10)