Chapter 10 – Modal (Part 2)

Degrees of Certainty: Present Time

1. 100% sure: If we are sure that sth is true in the present, we don’t need to use a modal.– He is sick.

2. 95% sure: strong degree of certainty/ logical conclusion – He must be sick.

3. 50% or less: Express weak degree of certainty. Meanings same– He may be sick. He might be sick. He could be

sick.*maybe = adverb

Ex. 2, p. 182

2. must have the wrong number.3. may/might/could be at a meeting.4. may/might/could fit Jimmy.5. must miss them very much.

Ex. 5, p. 182

1. 50% sure2. 95% sure3. 99% sure4. 100% sure

Degrees of Certainty: Present Time – Negative

1. 100% sure: If we are sure that sth is true in the present, we don’t need to use a modal.– He isn’t hungry.

2. 99% sure: Speaker believes it’s impossible– Sam couldn’t be hungry. Sam can’t be hungry.

3. 95% sure: logical conclusion –“ best guess”– Sam must not be hungry.

• Sam didn’t eat dinner with us. That’s the only reason I can guess.

4. 50% or less: possibility– Sam may not be hungry. He might not be hungry.

Ex. 6, p. 183

1. Rob2. Linda and Hamid3. Lucy

Ex. 7, p. 183

2. be home. 3. be thirsty.4. like nuts.5. have many friends.

Ex. 9, p. 184

1. may be2. can’t be3. don’t run4. could be5. must be6. might be

7. may be8. couldn’t be9. could be 10. might be11. I’ll go12. ‘s

Ex. 11, p. 185

1. might have left2. couldn’t have left3. must have left

Degrees of Certainty: Past Time

1. 100% sure: If we are sure that sth is true in the past, we don’t need to use a modal.– She was sick.

2. 95% sure: strong degree of certainty/ logical conclusion – She must have been sick.

3. 50% or less: Express weak degree of certainty. Same meaning:– She may have been sick. – She might have been sick. – She could have been sick.

Degrees of Certainty: Past Time (Negative)

1. 100% sure: If we are sure that sth is true in the past, we don’t need to use a modal.– He wasn’t hungry.

2. 99% sure: Speaker believes it’s impossible– Sam couldn’t have been hungry.– Sam can’t have been hungry.

3. 95% sure: logical conclusion– Sam must not have been hungry. • Sam didn’t eat dinner with us. Only reason I can think of.

4. 50% or less: mentioning a possibility– Sam may not have been hungry. – He might not have been hungry.

Exercise 12 p. 186

2. couldn't have been (negative past 99%)3. must have been (affirmative past - 95%)4.must not have gotten (negative past - 95%)5. may/might/ could have gotten (affirmative - 50%)

Exercise 13

2. It may have been David.3. It must have been Dylan.4. It couldn’t have been Dick.5. It must not have been Doug.

Exercise 16 p. 188

2. must not like (pres)3. must have been (past)4. must be (pres)5. must not speak (pres)6. must be (pres)7. must have hurt (past)8. must mean (pres)9. must have been (past)

Exercise 17

1. 50%2. 100%3. 50%4. 90%5. 50%

Homework – Past Modal Quiz

1. should have stayed 2. are supposed to have3. could have gone 4. must have gone5. was supposed to call6. may have forgotten 7. could have phoned

8. could not have come - (past neg 99% impossible) p.186

9. should not have gone10. had to take (past necessity p. 164)

11. It may have been 12. couldn’t have seen

Degrees of Certainty: Future Time

1. 100% sure: speaker feels sure.– He will do well on the test.

2. 90% sure: speaker is almost sure – He should do well on the test. – He ought to do well on the test.

3. 50% or less: speaker is guessing– He may do well on the test.– He might do well on the test.– He could do well on the test.

Exercise 18, p. 189

1. Ned 2. Marco3. Linda

Exercise 19 3. must be 4. may/should/could/might/will5. should6. will7. must8. will/should/ought to9. should/will10. must 11. should have

12. must have

Progressive Forms of Modals

1. Present Time: modal + be + verb +ingMeans ~ in progress right now.– Tom may be sleeping….

2. Past time: modal + have been verb + ing Means ~ in progress at a time in the past– Tom may have been sleeping…

Exercise 24

3. must be burning (certain bc smell smoke)4. may be talking .... may be talking5. must be playing6. may be staying.... might be staying7. should be studying 8. must be joking9. could have been joking10. must have been joking

Modal Review:

• Must - 95% certainty • Should- 90% expectation• May/might/could – 50% or less certainty

Ex. 29 p. 197

2. B3. A 4. C5. B6. A7. B

8. C9. A10.B11.B12.B

Ex. 35, p. 200-201

2. would give3. used to be4. used to be … would start5. would take6. used to live.. would go… would wake…

would hike… would see7. used to be … would get … would spend…

would find… would gather

C an an d C o u ld

Can – expresses1. Physical ability - Past form could– I can run 5 miles. – I could run 5 miles three years ago.

2. 5 Senses– I can see your car.

3. Acquired skilled (knows how…)– Maria can play the piano.

4. Possibility – You can buy stamps at the post office.

5. Permission in informal situations (may – formal)– You can/may leave after you finish your test.

Would/Used to – Past Repeated Actions

1. Would: an action that was repeated regularly in the past. (Same meaning as used to – habitual past)– When I was a child, my father would read me a story at night. – When I was a child, my father used to read me a story at night.

2. Used to: a situation that existed in the past. Would is used only for regularly repeated actions in the past. In this case would may not be used.– I used to live in California. – They used to drive a Ford.

Would you rather…?1. Would you rather find true love OR 10 million

dollars?2. Would you rather be rich and ugly, OR poor and

good looking?3. Would you rather love and not be loved back, OR be

loved but never love?4. Would you rather be with someone who is smart but

ugly, OR someone who is attractive, but not smart?5. Would you rather be king/or queen of the universe

for one year OR get what you want for one year?6. Would you rather go to your GW class OR SL class?

Expressing Preferences – Would Rather

1. Would rather – expresses preferences– I would rather go to a movie tonight than study

grammar. – I would rather study history than (study) biology.

2. Negative Form: Would rather not – How old are you? I’d rather not say.

3. Past Form: would rather have + past participle– I would rather have gone to the concert last night.

4. Progressive form: would rather be + verb+ing– I would rather be lying on a beach in Hawaii than

(be) sitting in class right now.

Ex. 37, p. 202

1. I would rather stay home tonight. 2. Yes, but I would rather have stayed home.

(past)

3. I’m studying grammar, but I would rather be watching TV at home. (progressive)

4. I would rather play soccer than basketball. Not me. I would rather play basketball than soccer. I would rather take a trip with my friends than my girlfriend. Not me. I would rather take a trip with my girlfriend than my friends. I would rather defend than fight. Not me. I would rather fight than defend.

Modals & Phrasal Modals

1. modals - only one modal (one word)– I will can go.

2. modals + phrasal modal – I will be able to – I will have to

3. Phrasal modal + phrasal modal– Tom isn’t going to be able to help you.

Exercise 40

1. will you be able to get2. are going to have to take3. am not going to be able to attend

Ex. 41, p. 203

2. have to be able to3. must not have been able4. would rather not have to5. should not have to

Quiz 13 Chapter 9 Review1. May I borrow your grammar book?2. Could you please turn the AC off?3. He doesn't have to work for a living.4.I should have studied for the quiz, but I didn't.5. Why don't you call me tomorrow?6. Olivia and Robert should get married. OROlivia and Robert should have gotten married.7. If you lose your credit card, you should cancel the card immediately.8. John must go to bed at 8:30 tonight.9. When Mark is sick, he should stay home. ORWhen Mark was sick, he should have stayed home. 10. Let's go to the grocery store. I need some milk.

Quiz 11 Chapter 9 & 10 Review1. Alice must have forgotten...2. Children have to go to bed...3. The meeting with our attorney is supposed to start at 9:30...4. Dan had better not use bad language around his parents.5. I might be able to meet you...6. Jason should have spent less money...7. Maxine would rather drink coffee...8. May I borrow...9 Students may leave...10. That couldn't be true...11. Charles must be at work...12. My uncle Willy will not be able to come for ...13. Emily, can you lend me...? will you lend me...?14. We may/might/could get together ...15. When I was growing up, we could ride...

Modals – ReviewChapter 9 Test

A.1. if I opened the window2. you help me wash the dishes3. taking me to the airport4. I go to a movie tonight5. you vacuum the carpet B.1. had to2. do (we ) have to3. must not4. have to5. don't have to

Modals – Review Chapter 9 Test C.

1. should (not) have2. could3. should have stayed ( past - advice)4. could have5. should D.1. must, could, should2. don't have to, Why don't , have to , could, have to, had better, should have E.1. Silivia must send out...2. In the U.S., children are supposed to go to..3. Could you please....?4. Tony shouldn't have come to...5. Would you mind calling me...?

Chapter 10 Test

1. could/may/might be2. must be/ must have been3. can/could change, could/ may/might be4. could/may/might need5. should finish B.1. a. Linda b. Liz c. Sam 2. Mr. French b. Mrs. White c. Ms. Adams

Chapter 10 Test

C.1. should be leaving2. could/may/might be raining3. must/could/may/ might be leaking4. should be cleaning5. could/may/might be meeting D.1. couldn't2. can

3. can4. can't5. could, can E.1. would call2. would rather be eating3. would give4. would play5. would rather live