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Chapter 10 Intelligence. DEFINING INTELLIGENCE Exactly what makes up intelligence is a matter of...
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Transcript of Chapter 10 Intelligence. DEFINING INTELLIGENCE Exactly what makes up intelligence is a matter of...
Chapter 10Intelligence
DEFINING INTELLIGENCEExactly what makes up
intelligence is a matter of debate
David Wechsler’s Definition Act purposefully Think rationally Deal effectively with the
environment
EARLY THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE Charles Spearman
Believed intelligence is general – “G-Factor”
People who are bright in one area are usually bright in other areas as well
L. L. Thurstone Believed that intelligence is
made up of seven distinct, independent abilities: Spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, verbal meaning, memory, word fluency, reasoning
Thurstone did not believe in a G-Factor, but researchers who scored well in one of the seven areas tended to score well on others.
Ain’t nuthin but a G thang.
7 Differen
t abilities!
Early Theories of Intelligence:
R. B. Cattell Identified two clusters of mental abilities Crystallized intelligence
includes abilities such as reasoning and verbal skills
Fluid intelligence includes skills such as spatial and visual imagery, rote memory, and the ability to notice visual details
While education can increase crystallized intelligence, it was not thought to have any effect on fluid intelligence
Contemporary Theories of Intelligence:Howard Gardner
Logical-mathematical
Linguistic Spatial Musical
Bodily-kinesthetic
Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalistic
Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
Explains savant syndrome
CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE:HOWARD GARDNER
CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE:ROBERT STERNBERG
Triarchic theory of intelligence claims there are three types of intelligence (prototype of 3 grad school applicants) Analytical intelligence includes
the ability to learn how to do things, solve problems, and acquire new knowledge (Alice)
Creative intelligence includes the ability adjust to new tasks, generate novel ideas, use new concepts, and respond well in new situations (Barbara)
Practical intelligence includes the ability to select contexts in which you can excel and solve practical problems (Celia)
CreativityDefined as the ability to
produce novel and socially valued ideas or objects
Creativity and Intelligence – Early studies suggested that there was little relationship between the two, however, later research indicates otherwise: creative individuals tend to have higher IQs AND creative individuals are perceived as being more intelligent as well.
IQ of at least 120 required to be creative, but it doesn’t mean you will be!
Convicted murderer Phil Spector was seen as a creative genius in his heyday. Creativity and evil, however, often go hand in hand (as does large hair).
Creativity Creativity Tests –
Open-ended questions; scoring is based upon the number and originality of a person’s answers Torrance Test – Individuals create and
explain a picture, its origins, and consequences from incomplete images
Mednick’s Remote Association Test (RAT) – given three words – you come up with a fourth word that the other three can be combined with e.g. hand, lone, win (answer = some)
Sternberg’s Components of creativity Expertise Imaginative thinking skills A venturesome personality Intrinsic motivation A creative environment
Contemporary Theories of Intelligence Daniel Goleman
Proposed theory of emotional intelligence
Emotional intelligence has five components Knowing one’s own
emotions Managing one’s own
emotions Using emotions to
motivate oneself Recognizing the emotions
of other people Managing relationships
Does emotional intelligence go too far?
Comparing Contemporary Theories
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Sternberg’s Triarchic Intelligences
Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence
Logical-Mathematical
Linguistic
Analytical
Spatial
Musical
Body-Kinesthetic
Creative
Interpersonal Practical Recognizing emotions in others and managing relationships
Intrapersonal Knowing, managing, and motivating yourself with emotions
Can Intelligence Be Neurologically Measured?
Brain size seems to be modestly correlated with intelligence, but this is not always the case.
Specific brain areas such as frontal and parietal lobes seem to be important regions
The varying sizes of brain structure could result from nature and/or nurture
Perceptual speed tends to indicate intelligence
Neurological speed also tends to indicate intelligence
Lord Byron was not only emo, beautiful and
brilliant, but his brain was massive to boot!
INTELLIGENCE TESTS: BINET AND SIMON
First test of intelligence, developed to identify children who might have difficulty in school
Binet developed the concept of mental age in children
Mental Age = age at which you perform intellectually - may or may not correspond with chronological age
Goal was to use intelligence tests to improve children’s educational experience – not limit their opportunities with harmful labels.
INTELLIGENCE TESTS:STANFORD-BINET INTELLIGENCE SCALE
Lewis M. Terman’s adaptation of the Binet-Simon scale
Terman’s goal was to measure “inherited intelligence” for purpose of eugenics
The test was used on immigrants and army recruits Results interpreted as justifying superiority
of Anglo-Saxon people Used to justify limits set on immigrants from
southern and eastern Europe - 1924 Stanford-Binet measures four kinds of
mental abilities Verbal reasoning Abstract/visual reasoning Quantitative reasoning Short-term memory
INTELLIGENCE TESTS:STANFORD-BINET INTELLIGENCE SCALE
Terman’s work served as the basis for William Stern of Germany to develop the concept of IQ, or Intelligence Quotient
IQ = Mental Age/Chronological Age x 100 Most common IQ score? Problem of IQ calculation beyond
adulthood solved through comparison with norms for every age group
Sample Problems: Mental Age = 8, Chronological age =
6, IQ = ? IQ = 150, Chronological age = 4.
Mental age = ?
EUGENICS MOVEMENT:POLITICIZED “SCIENCE”
INTELLIGENCE TESTS:WESCHLER SCALES
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is the most commonly used test of intelligence for adults
WAIS is divided into to 11 parts that focus on verbal abilities and on performance skills
Also a version for children, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
INTELLIGENCE TESTS:WESCHLER SCALES
APTITUDE VS. ACHIEVEMENT? Achievement tests measure what you have
already learned Aptitude tests measure your potential to learn.
There is a positive correlation between aptitude tests results and intelligence tests.
e.g. correlation between SAT and IQ?
PRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION All good intelligence must be all three of the
following: Standardized Reliable Valid
Standardization - uniform rules for administering, taking and scoring the test based on comparing performance to that of a pretested group. Norms – performance benchmarks established
during test development used to establish “average” performance.
Representative Sample – group used to establish norms that adequately reflects the demographics of those who will be taking the test.
Standardization Sample – the group that determined the norms
PRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION In a standardized intelligence test, scores should
be distributed in a bell-shaped curve, or normal curve.
Most individuals taking intelligence tests should score a 100, with the majority falling between 85-115.
Due to the Flynn Effect, intelligence tests must be periodically restandardized to keep norms valid.
PRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION Reliability - Ability of a test to provide
consistent and stable scores Test-retest reliability – a method of
measuring reliability where the same individual is given the test on two different occasions and scores are compared. Similarity in scores indicates good test-retest reliability
Split-half reliability – method of measuring reliability where the individual takes one test that is divided in half. Performance on each half is compared for similarity.
Alternate-form reliability – two different but similar forms of the test are given on separate occasions and scores are compared for similarity.
PRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTIONValidity - Ability of a test to measure
what it purports to measure Content validity – tests ability to cover the
complete range of material (content) it is supposed to measure
Predictive validity – how well a test score predicts an individual’s performance in the future Correlation between SAT scores and first-year
grades in college? +.5 – not great! Correlation between GRE and grad school
grades? +.4 – even worse!
Scoring the IQ TestRaw Score - number of questions
answered correctly; doesn’t tell much about performance
Standard Score - score that tells you how you did compared to other test takers – a much better read of performance
Percentile Score - what percentage of test takers you scored better than
What does it mean to score in the 85th percentile?
INTELLIGENCE:STABILITY OR CHANGE?
Intellectual ability does not seem to stabilize until age 7, but by age 4 performance on intelligence tests seems to predict future performance
Ian Deary study seems to establish that intelligence does remain relatively stable over time. All 10.5-11.5 year-olds in Scotland tested in 1932 Follow up on the survivors done as recently as
2004 indicates intelligence tests remained consistent
Extremes of Intelligence: Giftedness
Definition top 3% of IQ scores,
typically over 132 Superior IQ combined with
ability in academics, creativity, and leadership
Giftedness is often in specific areas
“Globally” gifted people are rare
Some gifted children feel isolated and lonely, but most are well adjusted
Specialized Programs of Study?
EXTREMES OF INTELLIGENCE: MENTAL RETARDATION (INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY) Definition
IQ < 70; lowest 3% of IQ scores not a result of accident onset before age 18 substantial limitations in functioning
Causes – drug abuse during pregnancy, genetic disorders such as Down Syndrome, lack of fetal nutrition
Levels Mild - 90% of cases Moderate - 6% of cases Severe - 3% of cases Profound - 1% of cases
Some people with retardation show savant performance on particular skills
EXTREMES OF INTELLIGENCE: MENTAL RETARDATION (INTELLECTUAL DISBAILITY)
Education and the LawAll children are entitled to an education that
is… FREE PUBLIC APPROPRIATE
Mainstreaming keeping special needs kids in regular ed classes for
whatever subject areas/activities they can handle Inclusion
rather than taking special needs kids out of regular ed classes for support, bring support personnel into regular ed classes so kids can stay with their peers.
Leveling separating children by ability into different classes
Criticisms of IQ TestsTest content and scores
Critics argue that IQ test measure a narrow set of skills
Some feel that the tests merely measure test taking ability
Tests may discriminate against minoritiesUse of intelligence tests
Could result in permanent labeling IQ and success
Relationship does exist, but may be the result of a self-fulfilling prophecy
Case of Gladys Burr?
WHAT DETERMINES INTELLIGENCE?NATURE
Biological similarities in Adoption Studies IQ scores of child more closely correlated with
biological mother than adoptive mother.
Identical Twins reared apart after identical twins reared together, identical twins
reared apart have the highest correlation of IQ scores.
Tryon’s Rats nature…AND NURTURE…
Correlation of IQ Scores of Family Members
WHAT DETERMINES INTELLIGENCE?NURTURE
Isolated or Deprived Environments individuals living in culturally or
physically impoverished environments have lower IQ scores
Adoption Studies and Improved Environment children demonstrated elevated IQ
scores after being moved from crowded orphanage to distributing them into less crowded adult wards
H.M. Skeels orphanange study Capron and Duyme’s adoption study
high vs. low SES
WHAT DETERMINES INTELLIGENCE?:FAMILY SIZE AND STRUCTURE Belmont and Marolla (1973) Zajonc and Markus (1975) Intellectual Climate – numerical calculation of the level
of intellect in a household, based on the number of family members and their ages. Example Calculation – adults = 30, teens = 15, children = 5, and newborns = 0: 2 adults:
30+30=60/2=intellectual climate of 30 2 adults and a newborn:
30+30+0=60/3=intellectual climate of 20 Intellectual climate goes down most when there are
many children born in rapid succession.
Heredity vs. Environment:Which is More Important? There is general agreement that both
heredity and environment affect IQ scores Debate centers around the relative
contribution of nature (heredity) and nurture (environment) to the development of intelligence
DETERMINANTS OF INTELLIGENCE: SEX
Early Research (1970s) males excel at math/spatial skill while females excel at verbal
Hyde and Linn’s Meta-analysis (1988) intellectual differences between males and females are so small
that they are not statistically significant. Today’s Conclusions
Overall, men and women do not differ significantly in general intelligence
Women show slight advantage in verbal and mathematical computation skills while men show an advantage in spatial ability
Men are more likely to fall in the extremes of intelligence range There is no explanation for why these minimal differences exist –
are they cultural or inborn?
DETERMINANTS OF INTELLIGENCE:CULTURE
Culture Difference in academic
performance between American and Asian students are found from first grade through high school in mathematics and reading
May be related to a difference in cultural attitudes toward ability and effort
Stability of Intelligence IQ stays relatively steady
over course of life