Chapter 10: Democratic Chapter 10: Democratic Politics, Religious Revival Politics, Religious Revival and Reformand Reform

"County Election" by George Caleb Bingham "County Election" by George Caleb Bingham 

I. The rise of democratic politics I. The rise of democratic politics A.A. Andrew Jackson, John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay Andrew Jackson, John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay

and John Quincy Adams and John Quincy Adams 1.1. All ran as Republicans in 1824All ran as Republicans in 1824 2.2. Pressures on Democrats, Federalists and Pressures on Democrats, Federalists and

Republicans Republicans a.a. South / North South / North b.b.South increasing cotton and agriculture South increasing cotton and agriculture c.c. North industrialization and MillsNorth industrialization and Mills

3. Division3. Division a. a. Democrats Democrats 1. Suspicion of strong Federal government 1. Suspicion of strong Federal government 2. 2. Preference for state’s rights Preference for state’s rights b. b. Republicans Republicans 1. 1. Favored government support of the Favored government support of the economic development projects economic development projects 2. Former federalists tended to become 2. Former federalists tended to become WhigsWhigs 3. Whigs Took their party name for the 3. Whigs Took their party name for the party in Parliament during the party in Parliament during the revolution which had supported revolution which had supported American independenceAmerican independence

B – Democratization B – Democratization 1. 1. Reduced voting requirements Reduced voting requirements a. The “a. The “poll tax” replaced landownershippoll tax” replaced landownership in in the west the west b. Eastern states liberalized also b. Eastern states liberalized also c. c. written ballots became commonwritten ballots became common as as opposed to “stand up” voice voting (sometimes opposed to “stand up” voice voting (sometimes referred to as “viva voce” voting)referred to as “viva voce” voting) d. d. More offices became electedMore offices became elected fewer fewer were appointed were appointed e. e. Electors were elected by popular vote Electors were elected by popular vote vice state legislaturesvice state legislatures

C – C – The corrupt bargainThe corrupt bargain – Definitely the end of the era of good – Definitely the end of the era of good feelings in 1824!feelings in 1824! 1. Five candidates: John Quincy Adams, John C. 1. Five candidates: John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, And Calhoun, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, And CrawfordCrawford 2. Clay thought he would win the “solid” west but 2. Clay thought he would win the “solid” west but Jackson got numerous western votes.Jackson got numerous western votes. 3. The vote3. The vote a. But Jackson had a plurality (In other words the a. But Jackson had a plurality (In other words the largest number of votes cast but not a majority largest number of votes cast but not a majority of the electoral college) of the electoral college) b. The election went to the House of b. The election went to the House of Representatives Representatives 1. Clay urged his supporters to support 1. Clay urged his supporters to support Adams. Adams appointed Clay Secretary of Adams. Adams appointed Clay Secretary of StateState 2. Jackson’s supporters accused Clay of making a 2. Jackson’s supporters accused Clay of making a “ “corrupt bargain” to become Secretary of State.corrupt bargain” to become Secretary of State.

Rise of Democratic Politics 1824-1832Rise of Democratic Politics 1824-1832

1824-1832 –Democratic- Republicans disintegrate1824-1832 –Democratic- Republicans disintegrate Jackson, Van Buren become Democrats Jackson, Van Buren become Democrats [modern Democratic party’s roots][modern Democratic party’s roots]Clay, Webster, become nucleus of new Whig PartyClay, Webster, become nucleus of new Whig PartyThe The ““second American party systemsecond American party system”” is born is born

1824-all four candidates Democratic-Republicans, no 1824-all four candidates Democratic-Republicans, no Electoral college majority, Election goes to House of Reps.Electoral college majority, Election goes to House of Reps.

““Corrupt bargainCorrupt bargain election” election” – Clay throws support to J.Q. – Clay throws support to J.Q. Adams, becomes Sec. of State [Clay, by “pure Adams, becomes Sec. of State [Clay, by “pure coincidence” , named Sec. Of State for Adams]coincidence” , named Sec. Of State for Adams]Jackson, outraged, screams foul [calls it a “corrupt Jackson, outraged, screams foul [calls it a “corrupt bargain”]bargain”]

The American Political Party SystemsThe American Political Party Systems

•America has always seemed to have two opposing America has always seemed to have two opposing political factions , but they haven’t always been the same political factions , but they haven’t always been the same

•First American Party System: First American Party System: Federalists v. Anti-Federalists v. Anti-FederalistsFederalists (Under Jefferson became known as (Under Jefferson became known as RepublicansRepublicans or Democratic-Republicans) or Democratic-Republicans) •Second American Party System: Second American Party System: Democrats v. WhigsDemocrats v. Whigs – Democrats were the party of Jackson and are still its – Democrats were the party of Jackson and are still its lineal descendents. Whigs formed from ex-Federalists lineal descendents. Whigs formed from ex-Federalists and the short lived (election of 1828) National and the short lived (election of 1828) National RepublicansRepublicans•Third American Party System: Third American Party System: Democrats v. Democrats v. RepublicansRepublicans (formed from Whigs and anti-slavery (formed from Whigs and anti-slavery Democrats) these are the two modern American Democrats) these are the two modern American political parties political parties

John Quincy AdamsJohn Quincy Adams 1767-18481767-1848 Sixth PresidentSixth President 1825-1829 1825-1829

Corrupt Bargain?Corrupt Bargain?

Jackson, most Jackson, most votes, lost! votes, lost! Angry!!!Angry!!!

Clay, gave Clay, gave support to support to Adams, Sec. Adams, Sec. Of StateOf State

Crawford, back Crawford, back to GA.to GA.

Calhoun, Calhoun, Secretary of Secretary of War, War,

D. The John Quincy Adams presidency D. The John Quincy Adams presidency 1. Supported funding for internal improvements, (like 1. Supported funding for internal improvements, (like Clay’s “American Plan”) opposed by New Yorker Martin Clay’s “American Plan”) opposed by New Yorker Martin van Buren (Erie canal completed, privately funded, van Buren (Erie canal completed, privately funded, wanted no govt. funded competition)wanted no govt. funded competition) 2. Intelligent, aloof, attempted to minimize politics2. Intelligent, aloof, attempted to minimize politics

After his defeat in 1828 he returned to Mass. to retire from public After his defeat in 1828 he returned to Mass. to retire from public life. Unexpectedly, in 1830, he was elected to the House of life. Unexpectedly, in 1830, he was elected to the House of Representatives, and there for the rest of his life he served as a Representatives, and there for the rest of his life he served as a leader. Above all, he fought against circumscription of civil liberties. leader. Above all, he fought against circumscription of civil liberties. In 1836 southern Congressmen passed a "gag rule" providing that In 1836 southern Congressmen passed a "gag rule" providing that the House automatically table (refuse to consider) petitions against the House automatically table (refuse to consider) petitions against slavery. Adams fought the rule for eight years and finally obtained slavery. Adams fought the rule for eight years and finally obtained its repeal. He represented the Amistad slaves in 1840 before the its repeal. He represented the Amistad slaves in 1840 before the Supreme Court. He died as he lived, in public service, collapsing of a Supreme Court. He died as he lived, in public service, collapsing of a stroke on the floor of the House in 1848.stroke on the floor of the House in 1848.

•John Quincy Adams’ presidency:John Quincy Adams’ presidency:• supported internal improvementssupported internal improvements• appointed opponents to high positions, frequently appointed opponents to high positions, frequently confounding own partyconfounding own party• intelligent, aloof, no effort to build political party intelligent, aloof, no effort to build political party machinerymachinery

•Opposition: Opposition: Martin van Buren,, well liked, built New Martin van Buren,, well liked, built New York “machine”, [York “machine”, [Albany RegencyAlbany Regency] convinced of need for ] convinced of need for two party competition [having an opposition party keeps two party competition [having an opposition party keeps youryour party focused] party focused]

• Jackson, smarting from “corrupt bargain” Jackson, smarting from “corrupt bargain” election, building western support, becomes Van election, building western support, becomes Van Buren’s ideal candidate in 1828, wins landslide victory Buren’s ideal candidate in 1828, wins landslide victory

Martin Van BurenMartin Van Buren

As a young lawyer he became As a young lawyer he became involved in New York politics. As involved in New York politics. As leader of the "Albany Regency," leader of the "Albany Regency," an effective New York political an effective New York political organization, he shrewdly organization, he shrewdly dispensed public offices and dispensed public offices and bounty in a fashion calculated to bounty in a fashion calculated to bring votes. Yet he faithfully bring votes. Yet he faithfully fulfilled official duties, and in fulfilled official duties, and in 1821 was elected to the United 1821 was elected to the United States Senate. He became the States Senate. He became the closest political advisor to Andrew closest political advisor to Andrew Jackson, succeeding him as Jackson, succeeding him as President in 1837President in 1837

•1828 election:1828 election:•vile, nasty, “mudslinging”vile, nasty, “mudslinging”

•Jackson portrayed as: “backwoodsman, crude, Jackson portrayed as: “backwoodsman, crude, adulterer and/or “bigamist” [by Adams’ supporters]adulterer and/or “bigamist” [by Adams’ supporters]•Adams: elitist, aristocrat, adulterer, too much Adams: elitist, aristocrat, adulterer, too much “learning” not enough “fight” [by Jackson’s “learning” not enough “fight” [by Jackson’s supporters]supporters]

•Reality:Reality:• Adams, bright, aloof, not comfortable Adams, bright, aloof, not comfortable campaigning, campaigning, •Jackson, rich, fairly literate, portrayed Jackson, rich, fairly literate, portrayed himselfhimself as as hero of the common man [inaccurate]hero of the common man [inaccurate]

Result: Jackson and John C. Calhoun swept in by huge Result: Jackson and John C. Calhoun swept in by huge majority, (twice the electoral vote) huge margins in South majority, (twice the electoral vote) huge margins in South

and West. and West. EEnd of the Democratic-Republicansnd of the Democratic-Republicans

A.A.Jackson in office Jackson in office a.a. Elected as an anticorruption business as usual Elected as an anticorruption business as usual

president president a.a. Supported rotation in office kept out Supported rotation in office kept out

Republicans replaced with his supporters Republicans replaced with his supporters

b.b. He called it He called it The spoils systemThe spoils system Federal jobs Federal jobs became rewards for party loyalty vice ability became rewards for party loyalty vice ability

2 . Politics2 . Politicsa.a. Jackson vetoed roads and other internal Jackson vetoed roads and other internal

improvements entirely within states believing that if improvements entirely within states believing that if they helped only one state it was an improper they helped only one state it was an improper expenditure of public money.expenditure of public money.

b.b. The The Maysville Road veto was controversial because Maysville Road veto was controversial because it was Henry Clay’s pet projectit was Henry Clay’s pet project

Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson 1767-1845 1767-1845 Seventh PresidentSeventh President 1829-1837 1829-1837

Decrying officeholders who seemed Decrying officeholders who seemed to enjoy life tenure, he believed to enjoy life tenure, he believed Government duties could be "so Government duties could be "so plain and simple" that offices plain and simple" that offices should rotate among deserving should rotate among deserving applicants. applicants. As national politics polarized As national politics polarized around Jackson and his opposition, around Jackson and his opposition, two parties grew out of the old two parties grew out of the old Republican Party--the Democratic Republican Party--the Democratic Republicans, or Democrats, Republicans, or Democrats, adhering to Jackson; and the adhering to Jackson; and the National Republicans, (later Whigs, National Republicans, (later Whigs, opposing him. opposing him.

[Jacksonian] Democrats:[Jacksonian] Democrats:•remainder of Republicans against big government, remainder of Republicans against big government, [like Jefferson][like Jefferson]

•Whigs [many former federalists]Whigs [many former federalists]•Favored more [and more controlling] government, Favored more [and more controlling] government, especially high tariffsespecially high tariffs•encouraged government sponsored economic encouraged government sponsored economic development [Henry Clay’s]“American System”development [Henry Clay’s]“American System”

Democratization of American Politics: 1820s – 30sDemocratization of American Politics: 1820s – 30slower [or no] property requirements for voting in lower [or no] property requirements for voting in

most western statesmost western states• written ballots vice “voice voting”written ballots vice “voice voting”• more elective offices. Fewer appointedmore elective offices. Fewer appointed• campaigning publicly, beer, BBQ campaigning publicly, beer, BBQ • registering new votersregistering new voters

•Jacksonian politicsJacksonian politics•advised by Martin Van Buren – rotation in office advised by Martin Van Buren – rotation in office [removal of opposition office appointees, filling with his. [removal of opposition office appointees, filling with his. The “Spoils” systemThe “Spoils” system•Said government jobs so simple anyone could do themSaid government jobs so simple anyone could do them•Federal jobs now seen by many as appropriate rewards Federal jobs now seen by many as appropriate rewards for political support.for political support.

•Domestic policyDomestic policy•anti internal improvements [anti internal improvements [vetoed Maysville roadvetoed Maysville road, in , in Clay’s Home state of Kentucky, making a devout Clay’s Home state of Kentucky, making a devout opponent of Clay]opponent of Clay]•seen as supporting high protective tariffs, alienating the seen as supporting high protective tariffs, alienating the South [especially] VP John C. Calhoun, South Carolinian]South [especially] VP John C. Calhoun, South Carolinian]•Indian removal Act [1830] spelled beginning of end for Indian removal Act [1830] spelled beginning of end for eastern Indianseastern Indians

1.1. The nullification controversyThe nullification controversya.a. John C. Calhoun the nationalist gradually John C. Calhoun the nationalist gradually

became John C. Calhoun the state’s rights became John C. Calhoun the state’s rights supportersupporteri.i. Calhoun disliked trade protectionism Calhoun disliked trade protectionism

favoring the north favoring the north ii.ii. reformed his views and reformed his views and became a strict became a strict

constructionistconstructionistiii.iii.Calhoun wanted to be president And Calhoun wanted to be president And

needed southern votesneeded southern votesiv.iv.He approved of Virginia and Kentucky He approved of Virginia and Kentucky

resolutions and disapproved of tariffs resolutions and disapproved of tariffs designed to keep cheap foreign goods outdesigned to keep cheap foreign goods out

1.1. High tariffs High tariffs forced the south with limited forced the south with limited manufacturing to buy northern mademanufacturing to buy northern made more more expensive goodsexpensive goods

2.2. Calhoun the viewed this as a sort of economic Calhoun the viewed this as a sort of economic slaveryslavery

3.3. he he believed that Federal laws should benefit all believed that Federal laws should benefit all equallyequally and that protective tariffs failed to do that and that protective tariffs failed to do that

4.4. He He anonymously wrote the “South Carolina anonymously wrote the “South Carolina Exposition and Protest” in 1828 which claimed Exposition and Protest” in 1828 which claimed tariff of 1828 was unconstitutionaltariff of 1828 was unconstitutional

5.5. He He insisted states had the right to nullify Federal insisted states had the right to nullify Federal lawslaws within their borders within their borders

6.6. Tied unfavorable Tariff laws to the possibility of Tied unfavorable Tariff laws to the possibility of future laws regarding limits on slavery which the future laws regarding limits on slavery which the entire south fearedentire south feared

1.1. Jackson and Calhoun crisis worsens Jackson and Calhoun crisis worsens a.a. The Peggy Eaton affairThe Peggy Eaton affairb.b. Jackson finds out Calhoun had tried to have in Jackson finds out Calhoun had tried to have in

court martialed in 1818 (while Calhoun was court martialed in 1818 (while Calhoun was sec. Of war and Jackson was hanging brits in sec. Of war and Jackson was hanging brits in Florida)Florida)

c.c. The Jefferson day dinner The Jefferson day dinner i.i. Jackson’s toast “ Our union, It must be Jackson’s toast “ Our union, It must be

preserved “preserved “ii.ii. Calhoun’s toast “ The union – Next to Calhoun’s toast “ The union – Next to

liberty most dear .. It can only be preserved liberty most dear .. It can only be preserved By distributing equally the benefits and By distributing equally the benefits and burdens of the union “burdens of the union “

Peggy Eaton was the daughter of a tavern Peggy Eaton was the daughter of a tavern keeper and the wife of Jackson's keeper and the wife of Jackson's secretary of war. Both Andrew and secretary of war. Both Andrew and Rachel Jackson had liked Peggy Eaton, Rachel Jackson had liked Peggy Eaton, and when her private love affairs became and when her private love affairs became public knowledge, enveloping her in public knowledge, enveloping her in scandal, the President lent her his visible scandal, the President lent her his visible support. Although she was a cabinet support. Although she was a cabinet member's wife and entitled to the civility member's wife and entitled to the civility such a position conveyed, the wives of such a position conveyed, the wives of other cabinet officials and much of other cabinet officials and much of Washington society refused to accept her. Washington society refused to accept her. Jackson was furious. He demanded that Jackson was furious. He demanded that his cabinet members make their wives his cabinet members make their wives accept Peggy Eaton. When this proved accept Peggy Eaton. When this proved unsuccessful, he asked for the unsuccessful, he asked for the resignations of all his cabinet members resignations of all his cabinet members save one. save one.

Margaret O’Neal Margaret O’Neal (“Peggy”) Eaton(“Peggy”) Eaton 1799-18891799-1889

a.a. In In 1831 Calhoun publicly acknowledges authorship of 1831 Calhoun publicly acknowledges authorship of the “South Carolina exposition and protests”the “South Carolina exposition and protests”i.i. November 1832 November 1832 South Carolina nullifies the tariffs South Carolina nullifies the tariffs

of 1828 and 1832of 1828 and 1832 ii.ii. March of 1833 Jackson signs :March of 1833 Jackson signs :

1.1. The tariffs of 1833 proposed by Henry clay The tariffs of 1833 proposed by Henry clay which greatly reduced the tariffs over a period which greatly reduced the tariffs over a period of time of time (the “Olive Branch”)(the “Olive Branch”)

2.2. The force bill which allowed the use of Federal The force bill which allowed the use of Federal force to collect the tariffs force to collect the tariffs (“The Sword”)(“The Sword”)

iii.iii.South Carolina :South Carolina :1.1. nullified the force bill nullified the force bill 2.2. rescinded nullification of the tariffs of 1828 and rescinded nullification of the tariffs of 1828 and

1832 thereby saving face1832 thereby saving face

1.1. The bank Veto and the election of 1832The bank Veto and the election of 1832a.a. Jackson hated the Bank of the United StatesJackson hated the Bank of the United States

i.i. He believed it He believed it made the rich investors richermade the rich investors richerii.ii. He had lost money in the panic of 1819 and blamed He had lost money in the panic of 1819 and blamed

the bankthe bankb.b. Bank recharterBank recharter

i.i. The bank had been recharterd for an additional The bank had been recharterd for an additional twenty years in 1816twenty years in 1816

ii.ii. The U.S. bank controlled credit to the state banks The U.S. bank controlled credit to the state banks therefore controlling them as welltherefore controlling them as well

iii.iii.The The U.S. bank was widely blamed for the panic of U.S. bank was widely blamed for the panic of 18191819 and seen by Jackson has holding themselves and seen by Jackson has holding themselves above the lawabove the law

i.i. The powerful and aristocratic and The powerful and aristocratic and Nicholas BiddleNicholas Biddle was the bank presidentwas the bank president

ii.ii. Henry Clay convinced Nicholas Biddle to apply to Henry Clay convinced Nicholas Biddle to apply to recharter the bank Four years earlyrecharter the bank Four years early1.1. Clay Clay hoped to force a showdown with Jacksonhoped to force a showdown with Jackson

and get elected president If Jackson made a and get elected president If Jackson made a mistakemistake

2.2. Jackson’s choicesJackson’s choicesa.a. Sign The recharter And extend the life of the Sign The recharter And extend the life of the

bank he hatedbank he hatedb.b. Veto the bank and anger the bank’s Veto the bank and anger the bank’s

supporterssupportersc.c. Clay misjudged the public will (many , like Clay misjudged the public will (many , like

Jackson hated the bank!)Jackson hated the bank!)

1.1. Jackson vetoed the billJackson vetoed the billa.a. He said “ The bank is a private privileged He said “ The bank is a private privileged

monopoly”monopoly”b.b. ““It drains specie ( currency) From the west”It drains specie ( currency) From the west”c.c. ““It makes the rich richer and the potent more It makes the rich richer and the potent more

powerful”powerful”2.2. Wildly popular in the west Jackson wins big in Wildly popular in the west Jackson wins big in

18321832a.a. Jackson, The unionist and a supporter of Jackson, The unionist and a supporter of

state’s rights within the constitutionstate’s rights within the constitutionb.b. Clay runs as a National RepublicanClay runs as a National Republican

i.i. American system – high tariffs and Federal American system – high tariffs and Federal support for internal improvementssupport for internal improvements

ii.ii. Misjudged public reaction to bank VetoMisjudged public reaction to bank Veto

I.I. Bank controversy and second party system 1833 to 1840 Bank controversy and second party system 1833 to 1840 a.a. War on the bank War on the bank

i.i. Jackson was determined to kill the bank instead Jackson was determined to kill the bank instead of merely let it die in four years of merely let it die in four years

ii.ii. Biddle contracted credit ( called in loans to state Biddle contracted credit ( called in loans to state banks )banks )

iii.iii. Jackson pulled Federal deposits from the U.S. Jackson pulled Federal deposits from the U.S. bank and put them in state banks (pet banks)bank and put them in state banks (pet banks)1.1. The influx of capital allowed state banks to The influx of capital allowed state banks to

give more credit and issue more loans and give more credit and issue more loans and BanknotesBanknotes

1.1. two Anti bank arguments by the Democrats two Anti bank arguments by the Democrats a.a. ““soft money” Democratssoft money” Democrats: they resented U.S. : they resented U.S.

banks contracting credit and causing state banks contracting credit and causing state banks to contract credit banks to contract credit

b.b. The The “hard money” Democrats“hard money” Democrats disliked a disliked a paper money economy paper money economy

c.c. LocoFocosLocoFocos: : i.i. Working man’s clubs in New York and other Working man’s clubs in New York and other

cities cities ii.ii. Wanted Wanted only specie as valid currencyonly specie as valid currency, hated , hated

banks and paper money banks and paper money iii.iii.Named “loco focos” the new patented self Named “loco focos” the new patented self

striking matches used to light the lamps in striking matches used to light the lamps in their meeting halltheir meeting hall

B.B. Rise of the WhigsRise of the Whigs 1. 1. National Republicans morphed into the WhigsNational Republicans morphed into the Whigs

a. Supported Clay’s American systema. Supported Clay’s American system b. Supported government action to:b. Supported government action to:

1. Stop liquor usage1. Stop liquor usage2. More public education2. More public education3. To create more active government 3. To create more active government

programs ( northerners only)programs ( northerners only)1.1. Catering to northern born ProtestantsCatering to northern born Protestants which drove which drove

immigrant Catholics to the Democratsimmigrant Catholics to the Democrats2.2. Anti MasonryAnti Masonry – was sparked by an 1826 scandal – was sparked by an 1826 scandal

surrounding the disappearance of a man who was surrounding the disappearance of a man who was supposedly about to disclose the secrets of the supposedly about to disclose the secrets of the Masonic order.Masonic order.

1.1. by 1836 – The Whigs had become a strong by 1836 – The Whigs had become a strong national party with a broad base of supportnational party with a broad base of support1.1. In the north reformers, commercial farmers In the north reformers, commercial farmers

Evangelical Clergy, and manufacturersEvangelical Clergy, and manufacturers2.2. In the south planters and bankersIn the south planters and bankers3.3. Whigs portrayed Jackson has “King Whigs portrayed Jackson has “King

Andrew the First” and compared him to Andrew the First” and compared him to King George the firstKing George the first

““King Andrew” is King Andrew” is shown holding the veto shown holding the veto and royal scepter, and royal scepter, while trampling on the while trampling on the Constitution. Constitution. This is This is not a complimentary not a complimentary cartooncartoon, and was , and was drawn by a Whig drawn by a Whig supporter.supporter.

Above, another Above, another Whig cartoon Whig cartoon portraying Jackson portraying Jackson as Caesar in the as Caesar in the coliseumcoliseum

The “Jackson The “Jackson friendly” cartoon friendly” cartoon below is entitled “The below is entitled “The downfall of Mother downfall of Mother Bank”Bank”

A.A.The election of 1836The election of 1836a.a. Democrats run van Buren (Vice President)Democrats run van Buren (Vice President)b.b. The Whigs run three candidatesThe Whigs run three candidates

i.i. William Henry HarrisonWilliam Henry Harrisonii.ii. Daniel WebsterDaniel Websteriii.iii.And W. P. MangumAnd W. P. Mangum

c.c. Van Buren wins a clear electoral majorityVan Buren wins a clear electoral majority

Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren 1782-18621782-1862Eighth PresidentEighth President 1837-1841 1837-1841

Promising to continue Jacksonian Promising to continue Jacksonian policies, Van Buren was an easy policies, Van Buren was an easy winner in 1836, defeating a war winner in 1836, defeating a war hero and future president hero and future president (Harrison) and one of the shining (Harrison) and one of the shining stars of the Senate and the stars of the Senate and the greatest orator in its history greatest orator in its history (Webster). Unfortunately he had a (Webster). Unfortunately he had a greater enemy in Nicholas Biddle, greater enemy in Nicholas Biddle, and the Second Bank of the U. S. , and the Second Bank of the U. S. , dying, but determined to take Van dying, but determined to take Van Buren with it.Buren with it.

In 1811 he led Americans against the Shawnees In 1811 he led Americans against the Shawnees who were organized by Chief Tecumseh and his who were organized by Chief Tecumseh and his brother, The Prophet. Tecumseh was away looking brother, The Prophet. Tecumseh was away looking for more men to help. The Prophet led the for more men to help. The Prophet led the Shawnees. The Americans won the Battle of Shawnees. The Americans won the Battle of Tippecanoe. During the War of 1812 Tecumseh Tippecanoe. During the War of 1812 Tecumseh and Harrison met at the Battle of Thames. and Harrison met at the Battle of Thames. Tecumseh was killed during this battle.Tecumseh was killed during this battle.

William Henry William Henry HarrisonHarrison

Daniel WebsterDaniel Webster

In 1828, the economic interests of Massachusetts In 1828, the economic interests of Massachusetts having shifted from shipping to manufacturing, having shifted from shipping to manufacturing, Webster backed the high-tariff bill of that year. Webster backed the high-tariff bill of that year. Angry Southern leaders condemned the tariff, and Angry Southern leaders condemned the tariff, and South Carolina's John C. CALHOUN argued that South Carolina's John C. CALHOUN argued that his state had the right to nullify the law. Replying to his state had the right to nullify the law. Replying to a South Carolinian in a Senate debate in 1830, a South Carolinian in a Senate debate in 1830, Webster defended the Union. "Liberty and Union, Webster defended the Union. "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!"now and forever, one and inseparable!"

Van Buren defeated both men in 1836Van Buren defeated both men in 1836

A.A. the panic of 1837the panic of 1837a.a. Paper money floods the market during the boom of Paper money floods the market during the boom of

1835 and 1836 caused by Jackson’s transferring 1835 and 1836 caused by Jackson’s transferring Federal funds into state banksFederal funds into state banks

b.b. Bank of the U.S. still operating as a state bank in Bank of the U.S. still operating as a state bank in Pennsylvania fails Biddle is charged with fraud and Pennsylvania fails Biddle is charged with fraud and thefttheft

c.c. There’s a slight improvement Then it crashes again There’s a slight improvement Then it crashes again in 1839 resulting in a hard depressionin 1839 resulting in a hard depressioni.i. Wages decreased by 1/3 between 1836 and 1842Wages decreased by 1/3 between 1836 and 1842ii.ii. Some Religious groups “Millerites” Fear the end Some Religious groups “Millerites” Fear the end

of the world began wearing white robes roadsof the world began wearing white robes roads

The parade of end-time prophets and messiahs has marched down The parade of end-time prophets and messiahs has marched down through the ages to the present day. The most famous and certainly through the ages to the present day. The most famous and certainly the most influential of these was William Miller. He was converted to the most influential of these was William Miller. He was converted to Christianity in 1816 and began an intensive two year study of the Christianity in 1816 and began an intensive two year study of the Bible. At the end of his study he had formed this opinion: ''I was Bible. At the end of his study he had formed this opinion: ''I was thus brought, in 1818, at the close of my two year study of the thus brought, in 1818, at the close of my two year study of the Scriptures, to the solemn conclusion, that in about twenty five years Scriptures, to the solemn conclusion, that in about twenty five years from that time (1818) all the affairs of our present state would be from that time (1818) all the affairs of our present state would be wound up'' wound up''

(Contemporary cartoon)(Contemporary cartoon)

Millerites were the direct progenitors of the Seventh day Millerites were the direct progenitors of the Seventh day Adventist movementAdventist movement

a.a. Reasons for the collapse (panic) of 1837Reasons for the collapse (panic) of 1837i.i. The specie circularThe specie circular – Issued by Jackson 1836 – Issued by Jackson 1836

call for only precious metal to be used to pay call for only precious metal to be used to pay public debtspublic debts

ii.ii. Caused Caused state banks to contract creditstate banks to contract credit reduce reduce loans issued and call loans dueloans issued and call loans due

iii.iii.Britain reduced gold sales to the U.S. in 1836 Britain reduced gold sales to the U.S. in 1836 as wellas well

b.b. Search for solutionsSearch for solutionsi.i. Van Buren Calls for creation of an Van Buren Calls for creation of an

independent treasuryindependent treasuryii.ii. The Democrats become the “anti-bank/ hard The Democrats become the “anti-bank/ hard

money” partymoney” party

The Amistad AffairThe Amistad Affair

Joseph CinqueJoseph Cinque(Sengbe Pieh)(Sengbe Pieh) 1815-18791815-1879

La AmistadLa Amistad

John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams around the time he around the time he defended the Amistad defended the Amistad AfricansAfricans

Cinqué was born in 1815 in what is now Sierra Leone, He Cinqué was born in 1815 in what is now Sierra Leone, He was a married rice farmer with three children until he was was a married rice farmer with three children until he was captured by African slave traders illegally, violating many captured by African slave traders illegally, violating many treaties, in 1839.He was taken to Cuba where he was sold treaties, in 1839.He was taken to Cuba where he was sold with 52 others to Spaniardswith 52 others to Spaniards

They were transported on a ship called the Amistad, with They were transported on a ship called the Amistad, with the intention of reaching Cuban sugar plantations. On the intention of reaching Cuban sugar plantations. On June 30 Cinqué led a revolt. The Africans took prisoner June 30 Cinqué led a revolt. The Africans took prisoner the two merchants who had made the purchase, and the two merchants who had made the purchase, and demanded that they direct the ship back to Sierra Leone, demanded that they direct the ship back to Sierra Leone, but instead they directed the ship towards the United but instead they directed the ship towards the United States. States.

After about two months, the Amistad reached United After about two months, the Amistad reached United States waters near Long Island, New York. Members of States waters near Long Island, New York. Members of the USS Washington came aboard, the Africans were the USS Washington came aboard, the Africans were charged with mutiny and murder, and they were taken to charged with mutiny and murder, and they were taken to New Haven, Connecticut to await trial.New Haven, Connecticut to await trial.

In March 1840, the United States Supreme Court ruled In March 1840, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Africans mutinied to regain their freedom after that the Africans mutinied to regain their freedom after being kidnapped and sold illegally. This was in large part being kidnapped and sold illegally. This was in large part due to the advocacy of former United States President John due to the advocacy of former United States President John Quincy Adams, who served as the African's defense Quincy Adams, who served as the African's defense counsel. They were ordered to be permitted to return to counsel. They were ordered to be permitted to return to Africa, Africa, against the protests of President Martin Van Buren.against the protests of President Martin Van Buren.

(Who apparently didn’t want to “offend” Spain)(Who apparently didn’t want to “offend” Spain)

A.A.The election of 1840The election of 1840a.a. Martin van Buren runs for the DemocratsMartin van Buren runs for the Democratsb.b. William Henry Harrison runs as a WhigWilliam Henry Harrison runs as a Whig

i.i. He is a poor struggling FarmerHe is a poor struggling Farmerii.ii. ““Spin doctored” As the hero of Tippicanoe, Spin doctored” As the hero of Tippicanoe,

defender of the frontierdefender of the frontieriii.iii.““Tippicanoe and Tyler too”Tippicanoe and Tyler too” wins the wins the

election (VP candidate is John Tyler)election (VP candidate is John Tyler)iv.iv.Actually campaigned by train, first to do soActually campaigned by train, first to do sov.v. Election of 1840 has huge voter turnout Election of 1840 has huge voter turnout

over over 8080 percent of white males voted in percent of white males voted in 18401840

I.I. The rise of popular religion The rise of popular religion “The second Great “The second Great Awakening”Awakening”a.a. In begins in the seventeen nineties in Connecticut As In begins in the seventeen nineties in Connecticut As

a series of revivals and sweeps the countrya series of revivals and sweeps the countryi.i. At meetings people seized with the spirit getting At meetings people seized with the spirit getting

the “shakes” “speaking in tongues”the “shakes” “speaking in tongues”ii.ii. Methodists became the largest American Methodists became the largest American

Protestant sectProtestant sect1.1. Religion seen as matter of the heart not the Religion seen as matter of the heart not the

headhead

a.a. Spread back east by 1820Spread back east by 1820i.i. The “burned over” district in western new York state Scene of The “burned over” district in western new York state Scene of

intense revivalismintense revivalismii.ii. Evangelist Charles G. FinneyEvangelist Charles G. Finneyiii.iii. Rochester revival, Pioneered interdenominational cooperationRochester revival, Pioneered interdenominational cooperationiv.iv. Stress “perfectionism” possibility of being freed from SinStress “perfectionism” possibility of being freed from Sinv.v. Significant increase in women’s involvementSignificant increase in women’s involvement

b.b. Revival critics - UnitariansRevival critics - Unitariansi.i. Emerged as an offshoot of the Congregational Church in new Emerged as an offshoot of the Congregational Church in new

EnglandEnglandii.ii. Stress Jesus as a great teacher not divineStress Jesus as a great teacher not divine Hence the name Hence the name

Unitarian as in only God is divineUnitarian as in only God is divineiii.iii. Tended to attract the wealthy and affluentTended to attract the wealthy and affluentiv.iv. Stressed character building By modeling Jesus’ behaviorStressed character building By modeling Jesus’ behavior

a.a. The rise of MormonismThe rise of Mormonismi.i. Joseph Smith wrote “Book of MormonJoseph Smith wrote “Book of Mormon” in 1827” in 1827

1.1. Contended it was copied from stones buried Contended it was copied from stones buried thousands of years earlierthousands of years earlier

2.2. Claimed that Hebrews had come to new world Claimed that Hebrews had come to new world long agolong ago

3.3. Claimed Jesus had appeared and worked miracles Claimed Jesus had appeared and worked miracles in the new worldin the new world

4.4. Although controversial attracted many followersAlthough controversial attracted many followers

““Some were contending for the Methodist faith, some for Some were contending for the Methodist faith, some for the Presbyterian, and some for the Baptist. . . . so great the Presbyterian, and some for the Baptist. . . . so great were the confusion and strife among the different were the confusion and strife among the different denominations, that it was impossible . . . to come to any denominations, that it was impossible . . . to come to any certain conclusion who was right, and who was certain conclusion who was right, and who was wrong. . . .. . I kneeled down and began to offer up the wrong. . . .. . I kneeled down and began to offer up the desires of my heart to God. . . . I saw a pillar of light desires of my heart to God. . . . I saw a pillar of light exactly over my head. . . . When the light rested upon me I exactly over my head. . . . When the light rested upon me I saw two Personages, whose brightness and glory defy all saw two Personages, whose brightness and glory defy all description. . . .. . . I asked the Personages who stood description. . . .. . . I asked the Personages who stood above me in the light, which of all the sects was right, and above me in the light, which of all the sects was right, and which I should join. I was answered that I must join none which I should join. I was answered that I must join none of them, for they were all wrong. . . . I soon found, of them, for they were all wrong. . . . I soon found, however, that my telling the story had excited a great deal however, that my telling the story had excited a great deal of prejudice against me among professors [believers] of of prejudice against me among professors [believers] of religion, and was the cause of great persecution, which religion, and was the cause of great persecution, which continued to increase; and though I was an obscure boy,. continued to increase; and though I was an obscure boy,. yet men ofyet men ofhigh standing would take notice sufficient to excite the high standing would take notice sufficient to excite the public mind against me, and create a bitter persecution; public mind against me, and create a bitter persecution; and this was common among all the sects all united to and this was common among all the sects all united to persecute me.” persecute me.”

Joseph Smith Joseph Smith 1805-1844 1805-1844 Founder of the Founder of the Church of Jesus Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Christ of Latter Day SaintsDay Saints

i.i. Subject to much prejudice, Subject to much prejudice, Mormons move gradually Mormons move gradually westwardwestward1.1. Partly Partly to be close to Indians whom they viewed as to be close to Indians whom they viewed as

offshoots of early Hebrew tribesoffshoots of early Hebrew tribes in America in America2.2. Subject to hostility because the book of Mormon Subject to hostility because the book of Mormon

seemed to under cut the validity of the Bibleseemed to under cut the validity of the Bible3.3. 1843 1843 Smith had another revelation sanctioning Smith had another revelation sanctioning

polygyny (plural marriage,polygyny (plural marriage, multiple wives) multiple wives)4.4. Claimed Mormonism would be to Christianity what Claimed Mormonism would be to Christianity what

Christianity had been to JudaismChristianity had been to Judaism, higher more , higher more perfected religion (Not a popular point of view with perfected religion (Not a popular point of view with mainstream Christians)mainstream Christians)

ii.ii. Smith jailed in Nauvoo, Illinois for own protection, Smith jailed in Nauvoo, Illinois for own protection, lynched by moblynched by mob

iii.iii.Brigham Young leads Mormons to Utah in eighteen Brigham Young leads Mormons to Utah in eighteen fortiesforties

a.a. Shakers Shakers i.i. Founded by Founded by Mother Ann LeeMother Ann Lee In England late In England late

seventeen hundredsseventeen hundredsii.ii. To America’s 1774 established in New Lebanon, New To America’s 1774 established in New Lebanon, New

YorkYorkiii.iii. Established communal groups, abstained from sexEstablished communal groups, abstained from sex, ,

Produced furniture elegant and simpleProduced furniture elegant and simpleiv.iv.Named Shakers because of the dance they did when Named Shakers because of the dance they did when

seized with the spiritseized with the spirit

Shaker community , New Shaker community , New Lebanon, New YorkLebanon, New YorkComposed originally of mainly illiterate factory workers, the Composed originally of mainly illiterate factory workers, the Shakers did not rely heavily on written doctrines and preferred Shakers did not rely heavily on written doctrines and preferred first-person religious experiences. They did draw guidance from the first-person religious experiences. They did draw guidance from the Bible; the personal writings of Ann Lee (known as Mother's Wisdom Bible; the personal writings of Ann Lee (known as Mother's Wisdom ) and other spiritual leaders like Joseph Meacham; the series of ) and other spiritual leaders like Joseph Meacham; the series of Testimonies books; and other Shaker-produced journals and books Testimonies books; and other Shaker-produced journals and books testifying about the Shaker experience from a first-person point-of-testifying about the Shaker experience from a first-person point-of-view. view.

Shaker furniture is famous for simple, yet elegant design. Shaker furniture is famous for simple, yet elegant design. Originally built to furnish Shake dormitories, it was in Originally built to furnish Shake dormitories, it was in such demand that it became a source of income and such demand that it became a source of income and financial support to some Shaker communitiesfinancial support to some Shaker communities

I.I. The age of reformThe age of reforma.a. Reform Movements largely result of religious revivalism in Reform Movements largely result of religious revivalism in

early eighteen hundreds spreading into areas of secular lifeearly eighteen hundreds spreading into areas of secular lifeb.b. The war on liquorThe war on liquor

i.i. Temperance movement stressed abstinence from alcoholTemperance movement stressed abstinence from alcohol1.1. In the In the late eighteen twenties the average male late eighteen twenties the average male

consumed half a pint of liquor dailyconsumed half a pint of liquor daily2.2. liquor was seen with some justification as The cause of liquor was seen with some justification as The cause of

many social illsmany social ills3.3. Washington Temperance SocietiesWashington Temperance Societies attracted Men and attracted Men and

women from all walks of lifewomen from all walks of life4.4. Men “Men “took the pledgetook the pledge” And women promised to smell ” And women promised to smell

their breath when they came hometheir breath when they came home5.5. in some places anti-whiskey laws were successfully in some places anti-whiskey laws were successfully

passédpasséd

““The Drunkard’s Progress” captures temperance The Drunkard’s Progress” captures temperance attitudes towards drinking.attitudes towards drinking.

This “Tree of Temperance” lists the many virtues This “Tree of Temperance” lists the many virtues of sobrietyof sobriety

a.a. School reformSchool reformi.i. In early eighteen hundreds public schools were In early eighteen hundreds public schools were

harsh, inadequate and underfundedharsh, inadequate and underfundedii.ii. 1837 1837 Horace Mann in Massachusetts created the Horace Mann in Massachusetts created the

first board of educationfirst board of education1.1. Mann’s objectives include but were not limited Mann’s objectives include but were not limited

to:to:a.a. Shifting financial support to the stateShifting financial support to the stateb.b. Putting students in gradesPutting students in gradesc.c. Extending the school term Extending the school term using standardize using standardize

textbookstextbooksd.d. Compulsory attendanceCompulsory attendance

2.2. Horace Mann is by any definition the Horace Mann is by any definition the father of modern public education father of modern public education AmericaAmerica

Horace MannHorace Mann

1796-18591796-1859

Horace Mann felt that a common Horace Mann felt that a common school would be the "great school would be the "great equalizer." Poverty would most equalizer." Poverty would most assuredly disappear as a assuredly disappear as a broadened popular intelligence broadened popular intelligence tapped new treasures of natural tapped new treasures of natural and material wealth. He felt that and material wealth. He felt that through education crime would through education crime would decline sharply as would a host of decline sharply as would a host of moral vices like violence and moral vices like violence and fraud. In sum, there was no end to fraud. In sum, there was no end to the social good which might be the social good which might be derived from a common school derived from a common school

i.i. Public Public Schools also spread uniform Cultural Schools also spread uniform Cultural valuesvalues As well as As well as stressing the competitiveness stressing the competitiveness needed in an increasingly industrial societyneeded in an increasingly industrial society

1. Significant 1. Significant resistance to compulsory education in resistance to compulsory education in industrial areas as working class families needed industrial areas as working class families needed children as workers children as workers

2. School reform helped make 2. School reform helped make teaching a respectable teaching a respectable profession for women profession for women

3. Schools were 3. Schools were almost entirely segregated throughout almost entirely segregated throughout the north .the north .

4. Blacks were usually not educated in the South in 4. Blacks were usually not educated in the South in fact it was illegal in most statesfact it was illegal in most states

A.A.AbolitionAbolitiona.a.Revolutionary liberalism regarding blacks and Revolutionary liberalism regarding blacks and slavery had faded significantly by the eighteen twentiesslavery had faded significantly by the eighteen twenties

i.i.Principal anti slavery efforts with the Principal anti slavery efforts with the American American colonization societycolonization societyii.ii.The society proposed compensating owners for The society proposed compensating owners for slaves in transplanting them to Africaslaves in transplanting them to Africaiii.iii.Colonization was Colonization was based on the assumption of based on the assumption of inferiority of blacksinferiority of blacksiv.iv.From 1820 to 1830 From 1820 to 1830 1,400 blacks most of them 1,400 blacks most of them already freed migrated to back to Liberiaalready freed migrated to back to Liberiav.v.1829 1829 David Walker’s “ Appeal”David Walker’s “ Appeal” Stressed rights of Stressed rights of blacks to be free citizens and urged Slaves to revolt.blacks to be free citizens and urged Slaves to revolt.vi.vi.Quakers were among early advocates of abolitionQuakers were among early advocates of abolition

David WalkerDavid Walker 1785-18301785-1830

When he was about 30, he left the South, When he was about 30, he left the South, because because "If I remain in this bloody land, I will not "If I remain in this bloody land, I will not live long. As true as God reigns, I will be avenged live long. As true as God reigns, I will be avenged for the sorrows which my people have suffered."for the sorrows which my people have suffered."

Walker published an antislavery article in Walker published an antislavery article in September 1828; with three others, it became September 1828; with three others, it became the pamphlet the pamphlet Walker's Appeal (1829Walker's Appeal (1829). The ). The articles were articulate and militant in their articles were articulate and militant in their bitter denunciation of slavery, those who bitter denunciation of slavery, those who profited by it, and those who willingly accepted profited by it, and those who willingly accepted it. Walker called for vengeance against white it. Walker called for vengeance against white men, but he also expressed the hope that their men, but he also expressed the hope that their cruel behavior toward blacks would change, cruel behavior toward blacks would change, making vengeance unnecessary. His message to making vengeance unnecessary. His message to the slaves was direct: the slaves was direct: “If liberty is not given you, “If liberty is not given you, rise in bloody rebellion.”rise in bloody rebellion.”

a.a. 1831 1831 William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison begins publishing begins publishing The The LiberatorLiberatori.i. Newspaper dedicated to the total abolition of slaveryNewspaper dedicated to the total abolition of slaveryii.ii. Garrison exposed to Garrison exposed to great personal riskgreat personal risk for his for his

viewsviewsiii.iii. Not all supported social equality for blacks in fact Not all supported social equality for blacks in fact

most didn’tmost didn’tiv.iv.abolitionists frequently hated by other whitesabolitionists frequently hated by other whitesv.v. SomeSome Religious leaders Religious leaders raged against alcohol raged against alcohol

whispered against slaverywhispered against slavery one such was Lyman one such was Lyman Beecher Beecher

vi.vi.Frequently Frequently people who supported rights for blacks people who supported rights for blacks were unwilling to support women’s rightswere unwilling to support women’s rights this issue this issue also also divisive to the movementdivisive to the movement

In the very first issue of his anti-slavery In the very first issue of his anti-slavery newspaper, the Liberator, William newspaper, the Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison stated, Lloyd Garrison stated, "I do not wish "I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . . . I am in earnest -- I will moderation. . . . I am in earnest -- I will not equivocate -- I will not excuse -- I not equivocate -- I will not excuse -- I will not retreat a single inch -- AND I will not retreat a single inch -- AND I WILL BE HEARD."WILL BE HEARD." And Garrison was And Garrison was heard. For more than three decades, heard. For more than three decades, from the first issue of his weekly paper from the first issue of his weekly paper in 1831, until after the end of the Civil in 1831, until after the end of the Civil War in 1865 when the last issue was War in 1865 when the last issue was published, Garrison spoke out published, Garrison spoke out eloquently and passionately against eloquently and passionately against slavery and for the rights of America's slavery and for the rights of America's black inhabitantsblack inhabitants..

An abolitionist depiction of a South Carolina slave An abolitionist depiction of a South Carolina slave auctionauction

Results of Results of repeated repeated

whippingswhippings

i.i. The Grimke sistersThe Grimke sisters, freed their slaves, became , freed their slaves, became outspoken opponents of slavery even outspoken opponents of slavery even speaking in speaking in public at a time when women didn’t do sopublic at a time when women didn’t do so

ii.ii. Bombarded Congress with petitions.Bombarded Congress with petitions.iii.iii.Southern dominated Southern dominated House of Representatives House of Representatives

actually instituted the gag ruleactually instituted the gag rule which made it which made it contrary to House rules to debate slavery or contrary to House rules to debate slavery or mention the wordmention the word

iv.iv.Southerners began to use the phrase Southerners began to use the phrase “our “our peculiar institution”peculiar institution” rather than slavery rather than slavery

The Grimke sisters of South Carolina The Grimke sisters of South Carolina were two early female abolitionists and were two early female abolitionists and women's rights activistswomen's rights activists, traveling , traveling throughout the North, lecturing about throughout the North, lecturing about their first-hand experiences with slavery their first-hand experiences with slavery on their family plantation. Receiving on their family plantation. Receiving abuse and ridicule for their abolitionist abuse and ridicule for their abolitionist activity, as later women active in a activity, as later women active in a range of reform activities would find, range of reform activities would find, they both realized that women would they both realized that women would have to create a safe space in the public have to create a safe space in the public arena if they wanted to be effective arena if they wanted to be effective abolitionists and reformers. So in an abolitionists and reformers. So in an often to be repeated story, they both often to be repeated story, they both became women's rights activists. became women's rights activists.

Sarah GrimkeSarah Grimke(1792 - 1873) and(1792 - 1873) andAngelina Grimke Angelina Grimke (1805 - 1879(1805 - 1879

Lyman Beecher, Lyman Beecher, powerful evangelizerpowerful evangelizerOf the Second great Of the Second great AwakeningAwakening. He roared . He roared against alcohol, but against alcohol, but whispered against whispered against slavery and for slavery and for women’s rightswomen’s rights

Harriet Beecher StoweHarriet Beecher Stowe, , daughter of Lyman daughter of Lyman Beecher. She will find the Beecher. She will find the voice he should have used voice he should have used and, in 1851, and, in 1851, will write the will write the most controversial book of most controversial book of her time- “Uncle Tom’s her time- “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”Cabin”

A.A.Women’s rightsWomen’s rightsa.a. Although women were at the forefront of many Although women were at the forefront of many

reform movements in America, abolition and reform movements in America, abolition and temperance among them temperance among them they were relegated to the they were relegated to the status of second class citizen in almost every legal area.status of second class citizen in almost every legal area.i.i. The Grimke Sisters, Lucretia Mott, and others The Grimke Sisters, Lucretia Mott, and others

repeatedly pointed out this inequityrepeatedly pointed out this inequityii.ii. Many abolitionists were hesitant to speak for Many abolitionists were hesitant to speak for

rights for women for further it would damage rights for women for further it would damage their causetheir cause

iii.iii.Garrison was a notable exceptionGarrison was a notable exception who was An who was An outspoken feministoutspoken feminist

a.a. Seneca Falls Convention -1848Seneca Falls Convention -1848i.i. In 1848 In 1848 Lucretia Mott And Elizabeth Cady StantonLucretia Mott And Elizabeth Cady Stanton, ,

both married and mothers organize both married and mothers organize first women’s first women’s rights conventionrights convention in Seneca falls new York in Seneca falls new York

ii.ii. They issued a They issued a “ Declaration of Sentiments”“ Declaration of Sentiments” although although initially the vote was not the principal goal of the initially the vote was not the principal goal of the women’s movement it women’s movement it became clear that suffrage was became clear that suffrage was the key to rights for womenthe key to rights for women

iii.iii.Both Frederick Douglass And Sojourner Truth Both Frederick Douglass And Sojourner Truth Attended to Seneca falls convention Attended to Seneca falls convention

iv.iv.The women’s movement suffered because it was tied The women’s movement suffered because it was tied in many Americans minds to the abolitionist in many Americans minds to the abolitionist movement .movement .

Women's Rights Women's Rights Convention in Convention in Seneca Falls, NYSeneca Falls, NY

"I was born and lived almost forty years in South Bristol, "I was born and lived almost forty years in South Bristol, Ontario County--one of the most secluded spots in Ontario County--one of the most secluded spots in Western New York, but from the earliest dawn of reason I Western New York, but from the earliest dawn of reason I pined for that freedom of thought and action that was then pined for that freedom of thought and action that was then denied to all womankind ... But not until that meeting at denied to all womankind ... But not until that meeting at Seneca Falls in 1848, of the pioneers in the cause, gave this Seneca Falls in 1848, of the pioneers in the cause, gave this feeling of unrest form and voice, did I take action."feeling of unrest form and voice, did I take action." Emily CollinsEmily Collins

Lucretia Coffin MottLucretia Coffin Mott sheltered runaway sheltered runaway

slaves and became one slaves and became one of the early leaders of of the early leaders of

the women’s rights the women’s rights movementmovement

Elizabeth Cady Stanton (L) Elizabeth Cady Stanton (L) and Susan B. Anthony ca and Susan B. Anthony ca 1870s. By this time Lucretia 1870s. By this time Lucretia Mott was gone and Anthony Mott was gone and Anthony and Stanton carried the torch and Stanton carried the torch for the women’s movement.for the women’s movement.

Mott (L) and Stanton Mott (L) and Stanton ca 1850, as they were ca 1850, as they were at the time of the at the time of the Seneca Falls Seneca Falls ConventionConvention

In October, 1841, after attending an In October, 1841, after attending an anti-slavery convention on Nantucket anti-slavery convention on Nantucket Island, Douglass became a lecturer for Island, Douglass became a lecturer for the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society and a colleague of William Lloyd and a colleague of William Lloyd Garrison. This work led him into public Garrison. This work led him into public speaking and writing. He published his speaking and writing. He published his own newspaper, The North Star, own newspaper, The North Star, participated in the first women's rights participated in the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, in 1848convention at Seneca Falls, in 1848, and , and wrote three autobiographies. He was wrote three autobiographies. He was internationally recognized as an internationally recognized as an uncompromising abolitionist, uncompromising abolitionist, indefatigable worker for justice and indefatigable worker for justice and equal opportunity, and an unyielding equal opportunity, and an unyielding defender of women's rights.defender of women's rights.

Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass 1817-18951817-1895Extraordinary Extraordinary speaker andspeaker andadvocate of both advocate of both Black and women’s Black and women’s rights. Attended rights. Attended Seneca FallsSeneca Falls

Born a slave in 1797.  She was Born a slave in 1797.  She was freed by a New York law which freed by a New York law which proclaimed that all slaves twenty-proclaimed that all slaves twenty-eight years of age and over were eight years of age and over were to be freed. In her later life, she to be freed. In her later life, she was inspired by God and changed was inspired by God and changed her name to Sojourner Truth. She her name to Sojourner Truth. She joined the Anti-Slavery Society joined the Anti-Slavery Society and became an abolitionist and became an abolitionist lecturer and a speaker for lecturer and a speaker for women's rights both black and women's rights both black and white. After the Civil War, she white. After the Civil War, she spoke for equal rights. She died spoke for equal rights. She died on November 26, 1883.on November 26, 1883.

Isabelle VanWagenerIsabelle VanWagener (Sojourner Truth)(Sojourner Truth) 1797-18831797-1883

One of two well One of two well known free blacks at known free blacks at Seneca Falls. Seneca Falls. (Douglass the other.)(Douglass the other.)

Front page from the Declaration of Sentiments, 1848Front page from the Declaration of Sentiments, 1848

Seneca Falls DeclarationSeneca Falls DeclarationWhen, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one portion of the family of man to assume among the for one portion of the family of man to assume among the people of the earth a position different from that which people of the earth a position different from that which they have hitherto occupied, but one to which the laws of they have hitherto occupied, but one to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes that impel them to such a course. declare the causes that impel them to such a course. We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and and womenwomen are created equal; that they are endowed by their are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. their just powers from the consent of the governed.

Has a certain familiar ring to it, no?Has a certain familiar ring to it, no?

A.A. Prisons and asylumsPrisons and asylumsa.a. 1800 to 1830 changes in the nature of treatment of the poor and 1800 to 1830 changes in the nature of treatment of the poor and

of criminals of criminals b.b. Prisons Prisons became known as penitentiaries And stressed solitary became known as penitentiaries And stressed solitary

confinementconfinement as the way to rehabilitate criminals as the way to rehabilitate criminals c.c. Prisons constructed in this period had Prisons constructed in this period had windowless solitary cellswindowless solitary cells d.d. The poor once taken care of in their communities now The poor once taken care of in their communities now

relegated to alms houses and work housesrelegated to alms houses and work houses

The insane were assumed to be The insane were assumed to be unaware of their condition, unaware of their condition, treated like criminals, sent to treated like criminals, sent to prisons, kept cold, frequently prisons, kept cold, frequently underfed and semi naked. underfed and semi naked. Beatings were common to obtain Beatings were common to obtain compliancecompliance

Dorothea DixDorothea Dix 1807-18821807-1882The mother of The mother of prison reform prison reform and better care and better care of the mentally of the mentally ill in Americaill in America

a.a. A 1841 A 1841 Dorothea Dix Authors Dorothea Dix Authors investigative report on jails in investigative report on jails in Massachusetts Massachusetts i.i. Shows that the Shows that the insane are jailed insane are jailed

with violent criminals, abused, with violent criminals, abused, taken advantage of taken advantage of

ii.ii. She encourages construction of She encourages construction of asylums to asylums to house the insane in house the insane in separate facilitiesseparate facilities

iii.iii.She is the She is the mother of humane mother of humane treatment for the mentally ill in treatment for the mentally ill in AmericaAmerica

A.A. Utopian societiesUtopian societiesa.a. Some now believe that competitive industrial society was Some now believe that competitive industrial society was

harmful harmful b.b. Many were religious based, but not allMany were religious based, but not allc.c. 1825 Robert Owen founds New Harmony in Indiana1825 Robert Owen founds New Harmony in Indiana

i.i. Believed small planned communities with educated Believed small planned communities with educated workers would provide a purpose and balance to life.workers would provide a purpose and balance to life.

ii.ii. Believed environment shaped character not original sinBelieved environment shaped character not original siniii.iii. Trail to succeed you do clash with organized clergyTrail to succeed you do clash with organized clergy

d.d. Transcendentalists Transcendentalists such as Ralph Waldo Emerson supported such as Ralph Waldo Emerson supported numerous smaller communal societiesnumerous smaller communal societiesi.i. Based on the idea that man could achieve spiritual Based on the idea that man could achieve spiritual

greatness in the proper surroundingsgreatness in the proper surroundings and then all have the and then all have the capacity to do socapacity to do so

ii.ii. Many of these were both retreats and model societiesMany of these were both retreats and model societies

Robert OwenRobert Owen1771-1858, Founder 1771-1858, Founder of New Harmony. of New Harmony. Socialist and social Socialist and social experimenterexperimenter

Josiah Warren, one of the participants in the New Harmony Josiah Warren, one of the participants in the New Harmony Society, asserted that community was doomed to failure due to a Society, asserted that community was doomed to failure due to a lack of individual sovereignty and private property. He says of the lack of individual sovereignty and private property. He says of the community: "We had a world in miniature; it appeared that it was community: "We had a world in miniature; it appeared that it was nature's own inherent law of diversity that had conquered us ...our nature's own inherent law of diversity that had conquered us ...our "united interests" were directly at war with the individualities of "united interests" were directly at war with the individualities of persons and circumstances and the instinct of self-preservation..."persons and circumstances and the instinct of self-preservation..."

(New Harmony failed after two years)(New Harmony failed after two years)

a. Oneida Communityi.i. The established 1848 by John Humphrey NoyesThe established 1848 by John Humphrey Noyesii.ii. Practice communism renounced private propertyPractice communism renounced private propertyiii.iii.Shared of all chores regardless of gender “role”Shared of all chores regardless of gender “role”iv.iv.But proclaimed all women were married to all But proclaimed all women were married to all

men, Noyes decided who procreated with whomen, Noyes decided who procreated with whov.v. Also an abolitionist, Noyes was held up by Also an abolitionist, Noyes was held up by

southerners as an example of what happened if you southerners as an example of what happened if you became an abolitionist.became an abolitionist.

vi.vi.Although ridiculed by many the Oneida Although ridiculed by many the Oneida community achieved financial successcommunity achieved financial success

John H. NoyesJohn H. Noyes 1811-18861811-1886

Oneida Oneida Community Community Mansion Mansion HouseHouse

Oneida Community counting room, Oneida Community counting room, note dresses worn over bloomers note dresses worn over bloomers (early slacks)(early slacks)

Like, …You Like, …You guys wanna guys wanna review or review or somethin’?somethin’?

Nullification;Nullification;tariff of 1828tariff of 1828 – very high, favored northern very high, favored northern

manufacturers, hurt Southerners [of whom VP Calhoun manufacturers, hurt Southerners [of whom VP Calhoun was one!]was one!]

CalhounCalhoun saw tariffs as sectional favoritism, helped the North, hurt the South agreed with VA and Kentucky resolutions – federal laws had to benefit everyone equally [tariff of 1828 didn’t, therefore to Calhoun was unconstitutional.]

Authored “South Carolina Exposition and South Carolina Exposition and Protest”Protest” [anonymously], stating that a State could nullify [declare void] such a law within its borders

[many in south believed if Tariffs based on sectionalism were allowed, maybe next step was limits on slavery]

Jackson’s response – “the olive branch and the sword”Jackson’s response – “the olive branch and the sword”Olive branchOlive branch – – Compromise tariff of 1833Compromise tariff of 1833, gradual , gradual

significant reduction of Tariffs between 1833 qnd 1842 significant reduction of Tariffs between 1833 qnd 1842 [pushed through by Henry Clay “the great [pushed through by Henry Clay “the great compromiser”]compromiser”]

the Swordthe Sword – The force bill, allowing Jackson to use – The force bill, allowing Jackson to use federal troops in SC for tariff collection.]federal troops in SC for tariff collection.] SC backed SC backed down [sort of] rescinded nullification. [but nullified force down [sort of] rescinded nullification. [but nullified force Bill] Crisis averted, stalled, issues remain.Bill] Crisis averted, stalled, issues remain.

1831: Calhoun acknowledged authorship, S.C. 1831: Calhoun acknowledged authorship, S.C. legislature legislature nullifiednullified tariff of 1828 and 1832 tariff of 1828 and 1832

Jackson and “The Bank”Jackson and “The Bank”•Had lost money in Panic of 1819Had lost money in Panic of 1819•Distrusted banks in general , Bank of US in particularDistrusted banks in general , Bank of US in particular

•““Rich mans money machine”Rich mans money machine”•Eastern stockholders benefited from all Americans’ Eastern stockholders benefited from all Americans’ moneymoney [worked for the “good of the few at the expense [worked for the “good of the few at the expense of the many”]of the many”]

•Webster, Clay, Biddle try to force early recharter,Webster, Clay, Biddle try to force early recharter, back back Jackson into cornerJackson into corner

•Grossly overestimate most Americans’ opinion of the Grossly overestimate most Americans’ opinion of the BankBank•Jackson vetoes recharter bill, Bank lives out its Jackson vetoes recharter bill, Bank lives out its charter, dies in 1836,charter, dies in 1836, becomes a state bank chartered becomes a state bank chartered in Pennsylvaniain Pennsylvania•Biddle tightens credit to hurt Jackson, causes Biddle tightens credit to hurt Jackson, causes economic downturn in 1836, 37economic downturn in 1836, 37•Inherited by Van Buren, will make him one term Inherited by Van Buren, will make him one term presidentpresident

Post Bank veto:Post Bank veto:

Jackson pulls federal deposits from Bank of USJackson pulls federal deposits from Bank of US, places them , places them in state banks [his in state banks [his “pet” banks“pet” banks]]

• State banks proliferated, economy soared, based on State banks proliferated, economy soared, based on bank notes vice speciebank notes vice specie• Jackson tries to defuse rampant speculation, issues Jackson tries to defuse rampant speculation, issues ““specie circularspecie circular” requiring public lands be bought with ” requiring public lands be bought with speciespecie

May 1837, bubble burst, banks suspend specie payments, May 1837, bubble burst, banks suspend specie payments, 1839 Bank of US fails, Biddle charged with fraud and theft1839 Bank of US fails, Biddle charged with fraud and theft

•long depression, real wages down by 1/3 from 1836-1842long depression, real wages down by 1/3 from 1836-1842•some sects [ most notably thesome sects [ most notably the Millerites Millerites] preach end of ] preach end of the world [wrong as usual, lol]the world [wrong as usual, lol]

Election of 1840: Election of 1840: •Van Buren damaged by long depressionVan Buren damaged by long depression•Whigs nominate William Henry Harrison [hero of Whigs nominate William Henry Harrison [hero of Tippicanoe Creek battle pre war of 1812Tippicanoe Creek battle pre war of 1812

•67, marginal farmer67, marginal farmer•The “The “log Cabinlog Cabin” campaign” campaign•Hard cider vice Van Buren’s ChampagneHard cider vice Van Buren’s Champagne•““Tippicanoe and Tyler TooTippicanoe and Tyler Too””

•Harrison Harrison actively campaignedactively campaigned traveling widely, first traveling widely, first to do soto do so•Won handilyWon handily•Large voter interest, huge turnout [depression will Large voter interest, huge turnout [depression will do that]do that]•Dead within a month of inaugurationDead within a month of inauguration•First Whig PresidentFirst Whig President

Rise of popular religionRise of popular religion

Second great awakening:Second great awakening:•Began Ct, 1790s, spread to South, Began Ct, 1790s, spread to South, ““camp meetingscamp meetings”” by by early 1800searly 1800s•Speaking in tongues, ordinary untrained preachers in Speaking in tongues, ordinary untrained preachers in many casesmany cases•Methodists largest Protestant sect by 1844Methodists largest Protestant sect by 1844•Shift back to East by 1820sShift back to East by 1820s

•““The The Burned over DistrictBurned over District” of western New York” of western New York•Charles Grandison FinneyCharles Grandison Finney – “The Father of modern – “The Father of modern revivalism”revivalism”•City wide and cross sect revivalsCity wide and cross sect revivals•Finney Presbyterian, but Finney Presbyterian, but rejected Predestinationrejected Predestination, , claimed sin was voluntaryclaimed sin was voluntary•Coined the phrase “born again”Coined the phrase “born again”•Encouraged participation of womenEncouraged participation of women

New sectsNew sects

UnitariansUnitarians::•Jesus less than divine [a great teacher but not God’s Jesus less than divine [a great teacher but not God’s son”]son”]•Rejected concept of trinityRejected concept of trinity•Principally in New England, great conflict with Principally in New England, great conflict with Congregational churchesCongregational churches

MormonsMormons::•Joseph SmithJoseph Smith•Revelation, another gospel [Book of Mormon]Revelation, another gospel [Book of Mormon]•Met with hostility wherever they wentMet with hostility wherever they went•Smith killed by mob, Carthage, Illinois, 1844Smith killed by mob, Carthage, Illinois, 1844•Eventually Eventually led to Utah by Brigham Youngled to Utah by Brigham Young•Still strong in that area todayStill strong in that area today

ShakersShakers

•Founded 1770s by “Mother” Ann LeeFounded 1770s by “Mother” Ann Lee•Named “Shakers” for religious dancing they did when seized Named “Shakers” for religious dancing they did when seized by the spiritby the spirit•Lived apart in communal societiesLived apart in communal societies•Practiced sexual abstinence, only new Shakers were Practiced sexual abstinence, only new Shakers were converts [or adopted orphans]converts [or adopted orphans]•Great furnitureGreat furniture

Age of reformAge of reform

Various social agenda in 1820s and Various social agenda in 1820s and 30s:30s:

•Abolition [of slavery]Abolition [of slavery]•Women’s rightsWomen’s rights•Temperance [in reality abstinence Temperance [in reality abstinence from alcohol use] from alcohol use] •Treatment for criminal and insaneTreatment for criminal and insane•Public educationPublic education•Utopian societiesUtopian societies

Temperance:Temperance:•Intensified during 1820-50Intensified during 1820-50

•National per capita use 7 gal/year [1830]National per capita use 7 gal/year [1830]• Evangelist Beecher preached alcohol as greatest Evangelist Beecher preached alcohol as greatest societal evil, danger to familiessocietal evil, danger to families•American Temperance Society, est’d 1834 by Finney, American Temperance Society, est’d 1834 by Finney, others followedothers followed

•Headed by men, 1/3 to 1/2 womenHeaded by men, 1/3 to 1/2 women•Targeted moderate working class drinkersTargeted moderate working class drinkers•Some support by owners, as drink hurt productionSome support by owners, as drink hurt production

•Washington temperance SocietiesWashington temperance Societies•Post Panic of 1837Post Panic of 1837•More working class, former drunks, took “the pledge” More working class, former drunks, took “the pledge” [not to drink][not to drink]•Wives joined “Martha Washington” societies”Wives joined “Martha Washington” societies”

•Legal issues: some success outlawing sale of alcohol, Legal issues: some success outlawing sale of alcohol, consumption down 50% by 1840sconsumption down 50% by 1840s

•Public school reform:Public school reform:•Horace MannHorace Mann

•First secretary of first state Board of Ed. [Mass]First secretary of first state Board of Ed. [Mass]•Wide transformation over a decadeWide transformation over a decade

•Grade levelsGrade levels• Standard curriculaStandard curricula•Teacher trainingTeacher training•Longer terms, compulsory attendanceLonger terms, compulsory attendance•Standard textsStandard texts,, preached industry, honesty, preached industry, honesty, sobriety and patriotismsobriety and patriotism

•Little if any change in South, much of North followed Little if any change in South, much of North followed Mann’s leadMann’s lead•Mass passes first compulsory school law, 1852Mass passes first compulsory school law, 1852•Catholics complain public school texts anti-CatholicCatholics complain public school texts anti-Catholic, , •Farmers, urban poor, want kids available to workFarmers, urban poor, want kids available to work•Women make inroads into teaching Women make inroads into teaching •Northern schools almost exclusively segregatedNorthern schools almost exclusively segregated

Abolition:Abolition:•First group not morally driven [American Colonization First group not morally driven [American Colonization Society]Society]

•A “back to Africa” plan [gradual, compensated A “back to Africa” plan [gradual, compensated emancipation, resettlement of blacks to Africaemancipation, resettlement of blacks to Africa•Only 1400 resettled to Liberia between 1820-30Only 1400 resettled to Liberia between 1820-30

•1820s, most abolition spirit from Blacks1820s, most abolition spirit from Blacks•1828 1828 William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison

•Becomes assistant editor of “The Genius of Universal Becomes assistant editor of “The Genius of Universal Emancipation” [Anti-slavery newspaper published by Emancipation” [Anti-slavery newspaper published by Quaker abolitionist Benjamin Lundy]Quaker abolitionist Benjamin Lundy]•1831: launches own newspaper 1831: launches own newspaper “The Liberator”“The Liberator”•““Immediate and unconditional emqncipation”Immediate and unconditional emqncipation”•Supported social equality for Blacks, unlike most white Supported social equality for Blacks, unlike most white abolitionistsabolitionists•Most famous white voice in America for abolitionMost famous white voice in America for abolition

•Other Voices: Other Voices: Abolition [cont’dAbolition [cont’d•Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass

•Escaped Md. Slave, orater, publisher of “The Northern Escaped Md. Slave, orater, publisher of “The Northern Star” [another abolitionist newspaper]Star” [another abolitionist newspaper]•American Anti-Slavery SocietyAmerican Anti-Slavery Society

•Debated entering politics as a third partyDebated entering politics as a third party•Garrison avoided politicsGarrison avoided politics

•The Grimke sistersThe Grimke sisters•S.C. sisters, anti-slavery lecturers, daughters of S.C. sisters, anti-slavery lecturers, daughters of slaveowners, spoke to mixed [male and female] slaveowners, spoke to mixed [male and female] audiences, highly criticizedaudiences, highly criticized•Became the darlings of the women’s movement as wellBecame the darlings of the women’s movement as well•Opposed Catherine Beecher [of “separate spheres” fame]Opposed Catherine Beecher [of “separate spheres” fame]•By 1840 over 1500 local abolitionist societiesBy 1840 over 1500 local abolitionist societies

•J.Q. Adams and the “gag rule”J.Q. Adams and the “gag rule”•Instituted to stop discussion of slavery in the U.S. HouseInstituted to stop discussion of slavery in the U.S. House•Lasted for 8 years until repealed 1845Lasted for 8 years until repealed 1845•Meant to stop the South’s “peculiar institution’s debate”Meant to stop the South’s “peculiar institution’s debate”

The Women’s movementThe Women’s movement

•1830s:1830s:•few legal rights, no vote, no property rights if married, few legal rights, no vote, no property rights if married, and yet:and yet:•Expected to exercise control in their “spheres”Expected to exercise control in their “spheres”•Given opportunities by reform movementsGiven opportunities by reform movements•Example: temperance related to happier home life, Example: temperance related to happier home life, therefore appropriate for women’s involvementtherefore appropriate for women’s involvement

•““they have their spheres of influence, so why do they want they have their spheres of influence, so why do they want rights?”rights?”•Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia MottElizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott

•First joined abolitionist movement, refused seating at First joined abolitionist movement, refused seating at London World Anti-Slavery Convention, angry [so was London World Anti-Slavery Convention, angry [so was Garrison, who was also there]Garrison, who was also there]•Organized Organized convention at Seneca Falls New York, 1848convention at Seneca Falls New York, 1848•““Declaration of SentimentsDeclaration of Sentiments””•Progress suffered from alliance with abolitionist Progress suffered from alliance with abolitionist movement movement

Penitentiaries and asylumsPenitentiaries and asylums•Prisons and penitentiariesPrisons and penitentiaries

•Generally solitary confinement in jailsGenerally solitary confinement in jails•Poorhouses almost as badPoorhouses almost as bad•Generally insane and ill treated same as jailsGenerally insane and ill treated same as jails

•Dorothea DixDorothea Dix•Teacher in Mass, jail, found insane jailed with inmatesTeacher in Mass, jail, found insane jailed with inmates•Investigated state wideInvestigated state wide•Found horrific conditions – insane chained, naked Found horrific conditions – insane chained, naked beaten into submissionbeaten into submission•Issued report to Mass legislatureIssued report to Mass legislature•By 1860s, many states used separate facilities for By 1860s, many states used separate facilities for insaneinsane

Utopian CommunitiesUtopian Communities

•New Harmony CommunityNew Harmony Community [Indiana] [Indiana]•Robert Owen, Scottish believer in Robert Owen, Scottish believer in small village ideal small village ideal manufacturing communitiesmanufacturing communities•People could perfect themselves by balancing social, religious People could perfect themselves by balancing social, religious and occupational issuesand occupational issues•Clashed with “original sin” clergyClashed with “original sin” clergy

•Brook Farm [Mass]Brook Farm [Mass]•Transcendentalist Transcendentalist meditation and creative retreatmeditation and creative retreat•Stressed spiritual capacities of ordinary personsStressed spiritual capacities of ordinary persons

•Oneida Community New York StateOneida Community New York State•Est. 1848 by John NoyesEst. 1848 by John Noyes•Stressed Stressed sexual equality, roles same for both sexessexual equality, roles same for both sexes•Free love, pairings decided by eldersFree love, pairings decided by elders•Communistic view of property, responsibilityCommunistic view of property, responsibility•Cited by South as what happens if you believe in abolitionCited by South as what happens if you believe in abolition