CHAPTER 1 TRACING CHANGES THROUGH A … … · defeated an Afghan ruler named Sultan Muhammad...

P-PB P-1U R P A S T SH I S T O R Y : O - II

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-1Ans. 1. (a) Al-Idrisi, (b) Persian, (c) Hindustan, (d) textual records, (e) Ziauddin Barani, (f) 1356,

(g) cartographer, (h) archive.

Ans. 2. By using the word Hindustan Minhaj-i-Siraj referred to the areas of Punjab, Haryana and the lands between the Ganga and Yamuna.

Ans. 3. Between 700 and 1750 B.C. manuscripts were collected by wealthy people, rulers, monaster-ies and temples.

Ans. 4. The availability of paper in the 14th century led to its usage for writing holy texts, chronicles of rulers, letters and teachings of saints, holy texts, petitions and judicial records, and for registers of accounts and taxes.

Ans. 5. Copying of manuscripts by scribes led to the introduction of small changes like a word here and a sentence there. These small differences grew over centuries until manuscripts of the same text grew substantially different from one another.

Ans. 6. The period between 700 and 1750 B.C. is known as a period of great mobility because groups of people travelled long distances in search of opportunity. One of the prominent groups was that of the Rajputs. Other groups which made use of opportunities to become politically important were the Marathas, Sikhs, Jats, Ahoms and Kayasthas.

Ans. 7. Between the eighth and the fourteenth centuries the term Rajput was applied more gener-ally to a body of warriors who claimed Kshatriya caste status. The term included not only rulers and chieftains but also soldiers and commanders.

Ans. 8. The Rajputs were known for their chivalric code of conduct which were extreme valour and a great sense of loyalty.

Value Based QuestionAns. 9. (i) The Ulamas were learned theologians and jurists.

(ii) The two followers of the Muslim religion are the Shia Muslims and the Sunni Muslims.

(iii) Ali, the Prophet’s son-in-law, was considered to be the legitimate leader of the Muslim religion.

(iv) The early leaders of the Muslim community were known as Khalifas.

(v) The two schools of law according to the Muslims were the Hanafi and Safi.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-2Ans. 1. Scribes Copied manuscripts by hand Textual records Discontinuity in historical sources Persian wheel Irrigation Rajputs Body of warriors who were Kshatriya by caste Sub-castes Jatis Jati Panchayat An assembly of elders

1 TRACING CHANGES THROUGH A THOUSAND YEARS UNIT-I

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P-2P-2 S O C I A L S C I E N C E – VII

Ans. 2. The Mughal Empire declined in the eighteenth century. Its decline led to the re-emergence of regional states.

Ans. 3. Gradual clearing of forests and extension of agriculture made forest-dwellers migrate. Forest-dwellers who did not migrate started tilling the land and became peasants.

Ans. 4. In the period between 700 and 1750 B.C., new technologies made their appearance like the Persian wheel (used for irrigation), spinning wheel (used in weaving) and firearms in combat. New foods and beverages like potatoes, corn, chillies, tea and coffee arrived in the subcontinent. Along with these there came along various groups of people who brought other ideas with them. For this reason this period is considered a period of economic, politi-cal, social and cultural changes.

Ans. 5. Jatis were sub-castes who were ranked on the basis of their backgrounds and their occupa-tions. Ranks were, however, not fixed permanently. They varied according to the power, influence and resources of the members. Jatis framed their own rules and regulations to manage the conduct of their members. These regulations were enforced by an assembly of elders. Jatis were also required to follow the rules of their villages.

Value Based Questions

Ans. 6. The influence of the Mughal pan-regional rule could be found in many distinct and shared traditions which were followed in the realms of governance, the management of the economy, elite cultures and language.

Ans. 7. A patron is an influential and wealthy individual who supports another person, mainly an artist, a craftsman, a learned man or a noble.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-3

Do Your self.

P-2 P-3U R P A S T SH I S T O R Y : O - II

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-4Ans. 1. (a) Ritual, Brahmanas, (b) Samantas, (c) Brahmana, (d) Tribhuvana-Chakravartin, (e) Vetti,

(f) Prashastis, (g) Pratihara, (h) copper plates, (i) Kalhana, (j) 400.

Ans. 2. The ritual Hiranya-garbha was performed to establish the authority of the Rashtrakuta subordinates over their Chalukya overlords. The ritual was performed with the help of Brahmanas.

Ans. 3. Two Brahmanas who gave up their traditional professions and took arms were Kadamba Mayurasharman and the Gurjara Pratihara Harichandra.

Ans. 4. Dantidurga was the Rashtrakuta Chief who overthrew his Chalukya overlord.

Value Based QuestionsAns. 5. The new kings obtained their resources from producers who were mainly peasants, artisans

and cattle-keepers. The producers were often persuaded or if necessary compelled to sur-render part of their produce. Revenue was also collected from traders.

Ans. 6. The resources of the new kings were used to finance the king’s establishments and for the construction of temples and forts. The resources were also used for fighting wars.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-5Ans. 1. (a) Kanauj, (b) Kadamai, (c) large temples, (d) 997-1030, (e) Ghazni, (f) Al-Biruni.

Ans. 2. Kalhana was different from other Prashasti writers because he was often critical about rulers and their policies.

Ans. 3. The long drawn conflict that took place for centuries amongst the Gurjara-Pratihara, Rash-trakutas and Pala dynasties for control over Kanauj was known as the tripartite struggle.

Ans. 4. The kings targeted temple when they attacked another kingdom because temples were the symbol of power of the ruler of that kingdom. Moreover, the temples were wealthy and so the plunderer got the wealth to take away from the temples.

Ans. 5. The Chahamanas were kings who ruled over the region around Delhi and Ajmer. They were later known as the Chauhans. They attempted to expand their control to the west and the east where they had to face the opposition of the Chalukyas of Gujarat and the Gahadavalas of western Uttar Pradesh. Prithviraja-III was the best-known Chahaman ruler. In 1191, he defeated an Afghan ruler named Sultan Muhammad Ghori.

Value Based QuestionAns. 6. We come to know that Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni had a cultural bent of mind because he was

interested in finding out more about the people he conquered. He also entrusted a scholar named Al-Biruni to write an account of the subcontinent. The work was written in Arabic and it is known as Kitab-al-Hind. Sultan Mahmud consulted Sanskrit scholar to prepare this account.

2 NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS

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SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-6Ans. 1. (a) False, (b) True, (c) True, (d) True, (e) False, (f) True, (g) False, (h) True.

Ans. 2. The Chola temples were endowed with land by rulers and by others as well. The produce of the land were used to maintain temple specialists like priests, garland makers, cooks, sweepers, musicians, dancers, etc, who worked at the temples and also lived near it. Making of bronze images was also associated with the Chola temples.

Ans. 3. During the rule of the Cholas, forests were cleared in some regions around the river Kaveri and land had to be levelled in other areas. Embankments had to be built in the delta regions to prevent flooding. Canals were constructed to carry water to the fields. Two crops were grown in a year in many areas. A variety of methods were used for irrigation. In some areas, wells were dug while in other areas tanks were constructed to collect rain water. Rulers as well as people living in villages took active interest in these activities.

Value Based QuestionAns. 4. During the rule of the Cholas, settlements of peasants were known as ur and groups of pros-

perous villages were known as nadu. The village council and nadu had several administrative functions that also included dispensing justice and collecting taxes. Under the supervision of the central Chola government, rich peasants of the Vellalacatse exercise considerable control over the affairs of the nadu. The Chola kings gave some rich landowners titles and entrusted them with important offices of the state at the centre. Brahmanas received grants or brahmadeya. Each brahmadeya was looked after by an assembly of prominent Brahmana landlords. Associations of traders also known as nagarams also occasionally performed ad-ministrative functions in towns. There were sabhas to look after irrigation works, temples and gardens.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-7 Do Your self.


SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-8Ans. 1. (a) twelfth century, (b) Tomara Rajputs, (c) dehliwal, (d) Persian, (e) villages, (f) Raziyya,

(g) garrison town, (h) hinterland.

Ans. 2. The Tawarikh authors were mainly learned men like secretaries, administrators, poets and courtiers. They recounted events and advised rulers on governance, emphasising the impor-tance of just rule. These authors wrote histories for Sultans in the hope of rich rewards. They advised rulers to preserve an ideal social order based on birth right and gender distinctions.

Ans. 3. In 1236, Raziyya became Sultan and she was dethroned in 1240.

Ans. 4. Minhaj-i Siraj, a twelfth century chronicler, thought Raziyya to be more able and qualified than all her brothers. But he was not comfortable in having a queen as a ruler.

Ans. 5. It was extremely difficult to control garrison towns in Bengal and Sind from Delhi. Moreover, rebellion, war and bad weather snapped fragile communication routes. Mongol invasions and governors who rebelled at any sign of the Sultan’s weakness made matters difficult.

Valued Based QuestionAns. 6. Despite having distinguishing qualities, women were looked down upon in thirteenth

century India. Women were supposed to be subordinate to men. Raziyya, though more able and qualified than her brothers was dethroned as the nobles disliked her attempts to rule independently. Queen Rudramadevi of the Kakatiya dynasty of Waragal, changed her name on her inscriptions and pretended to be a man.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-9

Ans. 1. (a) True, (b) False, (c) False, (d) True, (e) True, (f) False, (g) True, (h) True.

Ans. 2. Qibla is the practice of the Muslims to stand facing Mecca, which is towards the west in India, during their prayers.

Ans. 3. Mosques were built by Delhi Sultans because mosques created the sense of a community of believers who shared a belief system and a code of conduct. It was necessary to reinforce the idea of a community because Muslims came from a variety of backgrounds.

Ans. 4. The Sultans under whose reign the control from Delhi was expanded were Ghiyasuddin-Balban, Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughlaq.

Ans. 5. The first campaign of expansion was aimed at consolidating the hinterlands of the garrison towns. During the campaign forests were cleared in the Ganga-Yamuna doab and hunter-gatherers and pastoralists were expelled from their habitat. Peasants were given the land and agriculture was encouraged. New fortresses and towns were established to protect trade routes and to promote regional trade.

3 THE DELHI SULTANS

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Value Based QuestionAns. 6. The Delhi Sultans spread their control over a large part of the continent through two expan-

sion campaigns. In the first expansion campaign, they cleared forests in the Ganga-Yamuna doab and encouraged agriculture, established fortresses and towns and promoted regional trade. During the second expansion military expeditions took place into southern India during the reign of Alauddin Khalji. The Sultanate armies captured elephants, horses and slaves and also carried away precious metals.



SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-11Ans. 1. (a) Babur, (b) Timur, (c) Delhi, (d) Chausa, (e) Akbar, (f) Mirza Hakim, (g) Emperor Shah

Jahan, (h) Rajputs, (i) Primogeniture, (j) Sisodiya.

Ans. 2. Primogeniture is the practice where the eldest son inherits his father’s estate. Coparcenary is the division of the inheritance amongst all the sons.

Ans. 3. Babur was twelve years old when he succeeded to the throne in 1494. He was forced to leave his ancestral throne due to the invasion of the the Uzbegs. After wandering for years he seized Kabul in 1504. In 1526, he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the Sultan of Delhi, at Panipat and captured Delhi and Agra.

Value Based QuestionAns. 4. The Mughal rulers constantly campaigned against rulers who refused to accept their author-

ity. There were rulers, for example the Rajputs, who voluntarily joined the Mughals as the Mughals gradually grew in power. Many of these rulers married their daughters into Mughal families. However, the Sisodiya Rajputs refused to accept Mughal authority for a long time. But once they were defeated the Mughals treated them with honour. Their lands (watan) were given back to them as assignments (watan jagir). The Mughals carefully maintained a balance between defeating but not humiliating their opponents.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-12Ans. 1. (a) Zabt, (b) Todar Mal, (c) Mansab, (d) Turanis, (e) Jagirs, (f) Zamindars, (g) Abul Fazl,

(h) Ain-i Akbari.

Ans. 2. The term ‘Mansabdar’ referred to an individual who held a Mansab. The term denoted a position or a rank.

Ans. 3. Zat was a numerical value that helped in determining the rank or salary of a Mansabdar. The higher the zat, the more prestigious was the noble’s position in court and the larger his salary.

Ans. 4. The Mansabdar had military responsibilities which required him to maintain a specified number of sawar or cavalryman. The Mansabdar brought his cavalrymen for review, registered them, their horse branded and then received money to pay them as salary. The Mansabdars received their salary as revenue assignments called Jagirs but they did not reside in or administer their Jagirs. They only had rights to the revenue of their assignments. The Mansabdars served in some other parts of the country.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. During Akbar’s reign, the Jagirs were carefully assessed so that their revenues were roughly

equal to the salary of the Mansabdars. By Aurangzeb’s reign, the scenario changed and the revenue was often less than the granted sum. The number of mansabdars also increased and therefore, they had to wait for a long time before they received a jagir. Other factors along

4 THE CREATION OF AN EMPIRE–THE MUGHAL DYNASTY

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with this created a shortage of Jagirs. As a result the Jagirdars tried to extract as much revenue as possible while they held a Jagir. The situation went beyond Aurangzeb’s control and as a result the peasantry suffered tremendously. Therefore, the system of having Mansabdars did not prove quite helpful duing the Mughal reign.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-13Ans. 1. (a) False, (b) False, (c) True, (d) True, (e) False, (f) True, (g) False, (h) True.

Ans. 2. The Ibadatkhana was a place in Fatehpur Sikri where Akbar held religious discussions with the Ulama, Brahmanas, Jesuit priests who were Roman Catholics and Zoroastrians. From these discussions Akbar realised that religious scholars who emphasised ritual and dogma were bigots and that their teachings created divisions and disharmony among his subjects.

Ans. 3. Akbar’s idea of Sulh-i-Kul referred to universal peace. This idea of tolerance did not dis-criminate between people of different religions in his realm. It focused on a system of ethics – honesty, justice and peace – that is universally applicable.

Ans. 4. The third volume of Akbarnama, Ain-i-Akbari, provides us with information regarding Akbar’s administration, household, the revenues and the geography of his empire. It also provides the reader with rich details about the traditions and culture of people living in India. The most interesting part is the rich statistical details about crops, yields, prices, wages and revenues.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. Akabr’s empire was divided into provinces called Subas which were governed by Sub-

edars. The Subedars carried out both political and military functions. For the maintenance of peace and order, the Subedar was supported by other officers like the military paymaster (Bakhshi), the minister incharge of religious and charitable patronage (Sadr), military com-manders (Faujdars) and the town police commander (Kotwal). Akbar’s nobles commanded large armies and had access to large amounts of revenue. Akbar followed the principle of Sulh-i-kul which was an idea of tolerance that did not discriminate between people of differ-ent religions. It focused on a system of ethics – honesty, justice and peace – that is universally acceptable.



SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-15Ans. 1. (a) Monuments, (b) trabeate, (c) baolis, (d) Lord Shiva, (e) twelfth century, (f) shikhara,

(g) Rajarajeshvaram, (h) water, (i) Shadow of God, (j) superstructure.

Ans. 2. One of the two technological and stylistic developments that took place in the twelfth century was the architectural style called the arcuate. In this style the weight of the superstructure above the doors and windows was sometimes carried by arches. Second was the increasing use of limestone cement. It was high quality cement which when mixed with stone chips hardened into concrete.

Ans. 3. Temples and mosques were beautifully constructed because they were places of worship. They were also meant to demonstrate the power, wealth and devotion of the patron.

Ans. 4. The Kandariya Mahadeva temple was constructed in 999 and was dedicated to Lord Shiva. It had an ornamented gateway that led to an entrance and the main hall or the Mahamandapa where dances were performed. The image of the chief deity was kept in the main shrine which was called the Garbhagriha. This was where the ritual worship was performed where the king, his immediate family and priests gathered.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. Kings of each new dynasty constructed places of worship to emphasise their moral right to

be rulers. Constructing places of worship provided rulers with the chance to proclaim their close relationship with God in an age of rapid political change. The temple was a miniature model of the world ruled by the king and his allies. As they worshipped their deities together in the royal temples, it seemed as if they brought the just rule of the gods on earth.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-16Ans. 1. (a) False, (b) True, (c) False, (d) False, (e) True, (f) True.

Ans. 2. Dehli-i-Kuhna was also known as the Hauz-i-Sultani or the ‘King’s Reservoir’.

Ans. 3. From the account of a Buddhist monk and chronicler, Dhammakitti, we get to know that Shimara Shrivallabha removed all valuables and seized the statue of the Buddha made entirely of gold in the Jewel Palace and all the gold images in various monasteries.

Ans. 4. The inscription in the Delhi mosque explained that God chose Alauddin as a king because he had the qualities of Moses and Solomon who were the great law-givers of the past. God was the greatest architect and law-giver of the world. He created the world out of chaos and introduced order and symmetry.

Ans. 5. The Chola king Rajendra I filled his Shiva temple with prized statues seized from defeated rulers. Some of the things include a Sun-pedestal from the Chalukyas, a Ganesha statue and several statues of Durga; a Nandi statue from the eastern Chalukyas; an image of Bhairava (a form of Shiva) and Bhairavi from the Kalingas of Orissa and a Kali statue from Palas of Bengal.

5 RULERS AND BUILDINGS

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Value Based QuestionAns. 6. Construction of temples was important for the rulers because temples demonstrated their

devotion to God. Temples also demonstrated their power and wealth. By building temples the rulers emphasised their moral right to be rulers. Apart from the God worshipped by the king, the other lesser deities in the temple were the gods of the allies and the subordi-nates of the rulers. The temple was a miniature model of the world ruled by the king and his allies. As they worshipped their deities together in the royal temples, it seemed as if they brought the just rule of the gods on earth.That is why when the rulers attacked one another’s kingdoms their targeted these buildings.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-17Ans. 1. (a) Humayun, Akbar and Jahangir, (b) Chaharbagh, (c) eight paradises, (d) Chihilsutun,

(e) Orpheus, (f) the Qibla, (g) the river-front garden.

Ans. 2. The pedestal on which Shah Jahan’s throne was placed was frequently described as the Quibla because it was placed facing the direction which Muslims face during their prayer. The idea of the king as a representative of God on earth was suggested by these architectural features.

Ans. 3. Important architectural innovations during Akbar’s reign were the central towering dome and the tall gateway (Pishtaq). These were first visible in Humayun’s tomb. Akbar’s archi-tects turned to the tomb of Timur for inspiration.

Ans. 4. The significance of the pietradura inlays behind the emperor’s throne at Red Fort depicted the legendary Greek God Orpheus playing the lute. It was believed that Orpheus’s music could calm ferocious beasts until they resided together peacefully. Shah Jahan’s audience believed that the king’s justice would treat the high and the low as equals.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. During Shah Jahan’s reign the different elements of the Mughal architecture were fused

together with grand harmonious synthesis. The ceremonial halls of public and private audience (Diwan-i-Khas or Am) were carefully planned. These courts had forty pillars and were also known as chihilsutun. The audience halls were specially constructed to resemble a mosque. Shah Jahan’s throne was placed on a pedestal which was frequently described as the quibla because it faced the direction of the Mecca. In the Red Fort behind the emperor’s throne there were a series of pietradura inlays which depicted the legendary Greek God Orpheus playing the lute. This aimed to communicate that the king’s justice would treat the high and the low as equals. Shah Jahan adapted the river-front garden in the layout of the Taj Mahal.



SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-19Ans. 1. (a) Thanjavur, (b) King Rajaraja Chola, (c) Sthapatis, (d) Tin, (e) Ajmer, (f) Khwaja Muinud-

din Chishti, (g) mandapika, (h) caravans, (i) Nanadesi and Manigramam.

Ans. 2. The architect of the Rajarajeshvara temple, Kunjaramallan Rajaraja Perunthachchan, made his name known to all by carving his name on the temple wall.

Ans. 3. Thanjavur was a temple town and an administrative centre. It not only had the Rajarajesh-vara temple but also palaces with mandapas or pavilions. The kings held court in these mandapas and gave orders to their subordinates. There were also barracks for the army.

Ans. 4. River Kaveri was the perennial river that flowed near Thanjavur.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. Temples led to various activities taking place in their vicinity. Rulers endowed with grants

and money for carrying out elaborate rituals, feed pilgrims and priests and celebrate fes-tivals. Pilgrims who flocked to the temples also made donation. Temple authorities used their wealth to finance trade and banking. A large number of workers, priest, artisans and traders settled near the temples to cater to the needs of the temple and its pilgrims.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-20Ans. 1. (a) Pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg and dried ginger. (b) The Red Sea, Persian Gulf, East Africa, South-east Asia and China. (c) Vrindavan (Uttar Pradesh) and Tiruvannamalai (Tamil Nadu).

(d) Bidri, (e) Moors, (f) Virupaksha, (g) 1565, (h) Surat, (i) Masulipatnam or Machlipatnam.

Ans. 2. The principal Hindu trading communities consisted of the Chettiars and the Marwari Oswal. Gujarati traders which included Hindu Baniyas traded extensively with the ports of the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, East Africa, South-east Asia and China. They sold textiles and spices in these ports and in exchange brought gold and ivory from Africa and spices, tin, Chinese blue pottery and silver from South-east Asia and China.

Ans. 3. Bidri is craftwork especially created by the craftspersons of Bidar. It involves an inlay work in copper and silver.

Ans. 4. The Chola bronze statues were made using the lost wax technique. An image was first made of wax which was then covered with clay and allowed to dry. It was then heated and a tiny hole was made in the clay cover. The molten wax drained out through this hole. Molten metal was then poured into the clay mould through this hole. The clay cover was carefully removed once the metal cooled and solidified. The image was then cleaned and polished.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. Two of the most important ports in the seventeenth century were Surat and Masulipatnam.

Surat was the gateway for trade with West Asia via the Gulf of Ormuz. Surat was a cosmo-politan city and people of various castes and creed lived here. The Portuguese, Dutch and the English had their warehouses in Surat. There were several wholesale and retail shops selling cotton textiles. The cotton textile of Surat had a market in West Asia, Africa and Europe for the gold lace borders (zari). There were numerous rest houses to take care of the

6 TOWNS, TRADERS AND CRAFTSPERSON

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people who visited the city. The Kathiawadi seths had huge banking houses. Masulipatnam, on the other hand, became a prosperous port on the Andhra Coast because of the severe competitions amongst various trading groups like the Golconda nobles, Persian merchants, Telugu Komati, Chettis and European traders. Both the Dutch and the English East India Companies tried to control Masulipatnam.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-21Ans. 1. (a) Vishwakarma, (b) weavers, (c) 1336, (d) Masulipatnam, (e) Factor, (f) Mir Jumla, (g) 1686-

1687, (h) Mulla Abdul Ghafur, Virji Vora, (i) Ovington.Ans. 2. The Panchalas or the Vishwakarma community consisted of goldsmiths, bronzesmiths,

blacksmiths, masons and carpenters. Their services were essential to the building of temples. They also played an important role in the construction of palaces, tanks, big buildings and reservoirs.

Ans. 3. Hampi was a well-fortified city. These walls were constructed without the use of mortar or a cementing agent. The technique used was to wedge them together by interlocking. The royal complex in the buildings had splendid arches, domes, pillared halls with niches for holding structures. They also had well-planned orchards and pleasure gardens with struc-tural motifs like the lotus and corbels.

Value Based QuestionAns. 4. During the Mughal period, Surat in Gujarat was the emporium of western trade. Trade was

carried out with West Asia via the Gulf of Ormuz. The Portuguese, Dutch and the English had their factories and warehouses in Surat. From the account of the English chronicler, Ovington, we come to knows that hundreds of ships of different countries could be found anchored at the port at any given time.



SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-23Ans. 1. (a) Brahmanas, (b) kinship, (c) Punjab, (d) Gaddis, (e) Chero, (f) Bhils, (g) Tanda, (h) Mundas

and Santhtals.

Ans. 2. Social change was not the same everywhere in India because different kinds of societies evolved differently.

Ans. 3. Kamal Khan Gakkhar was a tribal chief who was made Mansabdar by Emperor Akbar.

Ans. 4. The societies in the Indian subcontinent that did not follow the social rules and rituals pre-scribed by the Brahmanas are often known as tribes. These societies are not divided into numerous unequal classes.

Ans. 5. Most of the tribes obtained their livelihood from agriculture. Others were hunter-gatherers or herders. Most often they combined these activities to make full use of the natural resources of the area in which they lived. Some tribes were nomadic and moved from one place to another. Many large tribes thrived in different parts of the subcontinent like forests, hills, deserts and places difficult to reach.

Value Based QuestionAns. 6. Tribes were found in every region of the subcontinent. Their area and influence varied

at different points of time. Some powerful tribes controlled large territories. During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Khokhar tribe was very influential in the region of Punjab. But later the Gakkhars became more important. Kamal Khan Gakkhar, the chief of the Gakkhar tribe was made Mansabdar by Emperor Akbar. The Langahs and Arghuns dominated extensive regions in Multan and Sind before being sub dued by the Mughals. In the north-west, another large and powerful tribe, the Balochis, were found. They were divided into many smaller clans under different chiefs. The Gaddis, a shepherd tribe, lived in the Western Himalaya. The Nagas, Ahoms and many others dominated the distant north-eastern part of the subcontinent.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-24Ans. 1. (a) False, (b) True, (c) True, (d) False, (e) True, (f) True, (g) True, (h) False, (i) True, (j) True.

Ans. 2. The pastoral nomads moved long distances with their animals. They lived on milk and other pastoral products. They exchanged wool, ghee, etc., with settled agriculturalists for items like grains, cloth, utensils and other products. They bought and sold these goods as they moved from one place to another. They transported their goods on their animals.

Ans. 3. The Banjaras were the most important trader-nomads. They travelled in a caravan known as Tanda. They were used by Sultan Alauddin Khalji to transport grains to the city markets. From Emperor Jahangir’s memoirs we get to know that the Banjaras carried grains on their bullocks from different areas and sold it in towns. They transported foodgrains for the Mughal army during military campaigns.

Value Based QuestionAns. 4. People with new skills were required as the economy and the needs of the society grew.

There was the emergence of smaller castes or jatis. New castes appeared amongst the Brah-manas. On the other hand, many tribes and social groups were taken into caste-based society

7 TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES

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and given the status of jatis. Specialised artisans like smiths, carpenters and masons were recognised as separate jatis by the Brahmanas. Jatis, rather than Varna, became the basis for organising society. Among the Kshatriyas, new Rajput clans became powerful by the eleventh and the twelfth centuries. Many of these clans replaced rulers mostly in agricultural areas.



SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-26Ans. 1. (a) Bhagavad gita, (b) Shiva, Vishni, Durga, (c) Nayanars, Alvars, (d) 63, (e) Hagiographies,

(f) Shankara, (g) Advaita, (h) Ramanuja, (i) Allama Prabhu, Akkamahadevi, (j) Vitthala.

Ans. 2. The Idea of the Supreme God as advocated in the Bhagavadgita says that the Supreme God, if approached with devotion (or bhakti) can deliver humans from the bondage of the cycle of rebirth.

Ans. 3. The Nayanars and Alvars preached ardent love of Shiva or Vishnu as the path to salvation. They drew upon the idea of love and heroism as found in the Sangam literature and blended them with the values of bhakti. They went from place to place composing exquisite poems in praise of the deities enshrined in the villages they visited, and set them to music.

Value Based QuestionAns. 4. Shankara, one of the most influential philosophers of India, advocated the philosophy of

Advaita or the doctrine of the oneness of the individual soul and the Supreme God which is the Ultimate Reality. He taught that Brahman, the only or Ultimate Reality, was formless without any attributes. He considered the world around us to be an illusion or maya and preached renunciation of the world and adoption of the path of knowledge to understand the true nature of Brahman and attain salvation.

Ramanuja was deeply influenced by the Alvars. According to him the best means to at-taining salvation was through intense devotion to Vishnu. He propounded the doctrine of Vishishtavaita or qualified oneness in that the soul even when united with the Supreme God remained distinct. Ramanuja’s doctrine directly inspired the new strand of bhakti which developed in north India subsequently.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-27Ans. 1. (a) Virashaivas, (b) Sakkubai, (c) Vishnu, (d) Narsi Mehta, (e) Marathi, (f) Nathpanthis,

Siddhacharas, Yogis, (g) Sants, (h) Sufis, (i) Shariat, (j) Ghazzali, Rumi, Sadi.

Ans. 2. The idea of Virashaivism emphasised the equality of all human beings. It stood against all Brahmanical ideas about caste and the treatment of women. It was against all forms of ritual and idol worship.

Ans. 3. The saint-poets of Maharashtra rejected all forms of ritualism, outward display of piety and social differences based on birth. They even rejected the idea of renunciation and preferred to live with their families, earn their livelihood like any other person. They humbly served fellow human beings in need. They insisted that bhakti lay in sharing others’ pain.

Ans. 4. The Sufis often rejected the elaborate rituals and codes of behaviour demanded by Muslim religious scholars. They sought union with God much as a lover seeks his beloved with a disregard for the world. They believed that the heart can be trained to look at the world in a different way.

8 DEVOTIONAL PATHS TO THE DIVINE

CHAPTER


Value Based QuestionAns. 5. The Nathpanthis, Siddhacahars and the Yogis advocated renunciation of the world. To them

the path to salvation lay in meditation on the formless Ultimate Reality and the realisation of oneness with it. To achieve this they advocated intense training of the mind and body through practises like yogasanas, breathing exercises and meditation.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-28Ans. 1. (a) False, (b) False, (c) True, (d) True, (e) True, (f) False, (g) False, (h) False, (i) True, (j) True,

(k) True, (l) False.

Ans. 2. From the eleventh century onwards a large number of Sufis from Central Asia settled in Hindustan. Several major Sufi centres developed all over the continent. The Chisti Silsila was one of the most influential orders. It had a long line of orders like of teachers like Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti, Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki of Delhi and many others.

Ans. 3. The Sufis spread their ideas by composing poems in which they expressed their feelings. A rich literature in prose that included anecdotes and fables developed around them. The Sufis believed that the heart can be trained to look at the world in a different way. They developed elaborate methods of training using zikr (chanting of a name or sacred formula), contemplation, sama singing and dancing discussion of parables, breath control, etc. under the guidance of a master or pir. In this way a geneology of Sufi teachers known as Silsilas emerged. Each of them followed a slightly different method (tariqa) of instruction and ritual practice.

Value Based QuestionAns. 4. Mira Bai, a Rajput princess, became the disciple of Ravidas who was a saint from a caste

considered ‘untouchable’. Mira Bai was devoted to Krishna and composed several bhajans expressing her intense devotion. Her songs openly challenged the norms of the upper castes. Her bhajans became popular with people of Rajasthan and Gujarat.

Kabir’s teachings were mainly based on a complete rejection of the major religious traditions. His teachings openly ridiculed all forms of external worship of both Brahmanical Hinduism and Islam, the pre-eminence of the priestly classes and the caste system. His poetry was written in a form of spoken Hindi widely understood by ordinary people. Kabir believed in a formless Supreme God.

Guru Nanak, born in Talwandi, emphasised the worship of one God. He insisted that caste, creed or gender was irrelevant for attaining liberation. His idea of liberation was the pursuit of active life with a strong sense of social commitment. His teachings are now remembered as nam-japna, kirt-karna and vand-chhakna.



SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-30Ans. 1. (a) Mahodayapuram, (b) Sanskritic, (c) Lilatilakam, (d) diamonds, corals, (e) Vishnu,

(f) Anantavarman, (g) Rajputana, (h) trained minstrels, (i) kathaks, (j) raas lila.Ans. 2. The wooded image of Jagannath made by the local tribal suggests that the deity was origi-

nally a local god who was later identified as Vishnu.Ans. 3. The temple theatre of Kerala, built during the Cheras, borrowed stories from the Sanskrit

epics. The literary works in Malayalam, dated to about the twelfth century, are directly indebted to Sanskrit. A fourteenth-century text, Lilatilakam, dealing with grammar and poetics, was composed in Manipravalam which meant “diamonds and corals” referring to the two languages, Sanskrit and the regional language.

Ans. 4. As the Purushottama Jagannatha temple at Puri gained importance as a centre of pilgrim-mage, its authority increased in social and political matters. The Mughals, Marathas and the English East India Company thought that gaining control over the temple would make their rule acceptable to local people.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. In stories about Rajput heroes women, were depicted as following their heroic husbands in

both life and death. There are stories about the practice of sati or the immolation of widows on the funeral pyre of their husbands. So women who followed the heroic ideal often had to pay for it with their lives.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-31Ans. 1. (a) False, (b) True, (c) False, (d) True, (e) False, (f) False, (g) True, (h) False, (i) True, (j) True.Ans. 2. Bharatanatyam – Tamil Nadu, Kathakali – Kerala, Odissi – Odisha, Kichupudi – Andhra

Pradesh, Manipuri – Manipur.Ans. 3. Miniature paintings are small-sized paintings, generally done in water colour on cloth or

paper. These were generally painted in brilliant colours and portrayed court scenes, scenes of battle or hunting and other aspects of social life.

Ans. 4. Under the Mughal emperors and their nobles, Kathak was performed in the court and it gradually developed into a form of dance with a distinctive style. It developed into two traditions or gharanas: one on the courts of Rajasthan (Jaipur) and the other in Lucknow. Under the patronage of Wajid Ali Shah, the Nawab of Awadh, it grew into a major art form. It was entrenched as dance form in areas like present-day Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. Mughal emperors like Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan patronised highly skilled painters

who primarily illustrated manuscripts containing historical accounts and poetry.These portrayed court scenes, scenes of battle or hunting and other aspects of social life. These were often exchanged as gifts and were viewed by an exclusive few – the emperor and his close associates.


9 THE MAKING OF REGIONAL CULTURES

CHAPTER


SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-33Ans. 1. (a) 1765, (b) governors (Subedars), (c) Nadir Shah, (d) 1748, 1761, (e) Awadh, Bengal,

Hyderabad, (f) Sa’adat Khan, (g) Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah, (h) Iranis, Turanis.

Ans. 2. Aurangzeb’s imperial administration broke down. It became increasingly difficult for the later Mughals emperors to keep a check on their powerful Mansabdars. The Subedars controlled the offices of revenue and military administration. This gave them extraordinary political, economic and military powers over vast regions of the Mughal empire. Peasant and Zamindari rebellion took place in many parts of northern and western India. In the midst of this economic and political crisis, Nadir Shah plundered Delhi in 1739 and took away immense wealth.

Ans. 3. During the end of the Mughal rule, the empire was weakened by competition between two groups of nobles – the Iranis and the Turanis. The later Mughal emperors were puppets in the hands of either one or the other of these two powerful groups.

Value Based QuestionAns. 4. The Mughal empire gradually fragmented into a number of independent regional states. The

empire can be divided into three overlapping groups of states. The first was the states that were old Mughal provinces like Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad. The rulers of these states did not break their formal ties with the Mughal emperor despite being powerful and quite independent. The second group was the Rajput principalities which enjoyed considerable independence under the Mughals as Watanjagirs. The last group included states under the control of the Marathas, Sikhs and others like the Jats.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-34Ans. 1. (a) Murshid Quli Khan, Asaf Jah, (b) Farrukh Siyar, (c) Nayakas, (d) Burhan-ul-Mulk,

(e) Ijaradars, (f) Naib, (g) Alivardi Khan, (h) Raja Ajit Singh, (i) Jaipur.

Ans. 2. There are three common features among the three states. (1) Though many of the larger states were established by erstwhile Mughal nobles, they were highly suspicious of some of the administrative systems that they had inherited, in particular the jagirdari system. (2) Their method of tax collection differed. (3) They had emerging relationships with rich bankers and merchants.

Ans. 3. Towards the end of the Mughal era, the Rajput rulers attempted to extend their control over adjacent areas of their watanjagirs. Raja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur held the governorship of Gujarat and Sawai Raja Jai Singh of Amber was governor of Malwa. They tried to extend their territories by seizing portions of imperial territories neighbouring their watans. Nagpur was conquered and annexed to the house of Jodhpur, while Amber seized large portions of Bundi. Sawai Raja Jai Singh established his new capital at Jaipur and he was given the Subedari of Agra.

Valued Based QuestionAns. 4. In the eighteenth century, under a number of able leaders, the Sikhs organised themselves

into a number of bands called jathas, and later on misls. Their combined forces were known

10 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY POLITICAL FORMATIONS

CHAPTER


as the grand army (dal khalsa). The entire body used to meet at Amritsar at the time of Bai-sakhi and Diwali to take collective decisions known as “resolutions of the Guru (gurmatas)”. A system of rakhi was introduced offering protection to cultivators on the payment of a tax of 20% of the produce.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-35Ans. 1. The system of rakhi practiced by the Sikhs offered protection to cultivators on the payment

of a tax of 20% of the produce.

Ans. 2. Murshid Quli Khan was appointed as the naib, deputy to the governor of the province of Bengal. In order to reduce Mughal influence he transferred all Mughal jagirdars to Orissa and ordered a major reassessment of the revenues of Bengal.

Ans. 3. Chauth was 25% of the land revenue claimed by the zamindars. This was collected by the Marathas in the Deccan. Sardeshmukhi was 9-10% of the land revenue paid to the head revenue collector in the Deccan.

Ans. 4. While under the control of Burhan-ul-Mulk, the state of Awadh depended on local bank-ers and mahajans for loans. It sold the right to collect tax to the highest bidders. Revenue farmers (ijaradars) agreed to pay the state a fixed sum of money. Local bankers guaranteed the payment of this contracted amount to the state. In turn, the revenue farmers were given considerable freedom in the assessment and collection of taxes. These developments led to the emergence of new social groups like moneylenders and bankers to influence the man-agement of the state’s revenue system.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. One conquest was completed and the Maratha rule was secure, revenue demands were

gradually introduced taking local conditions into account. Agriculture was encouraged and trade was revived. This provided the Maratha chiefs like Sindhia of Gwalior, Gaekwad of Baroda and Bhonsle of Nagpur the resources to raise powerful armies. Ujjain expanded under Sindhia’s patronage and Indore under Holkar’s. New trade routes emerged within the areas controlled by the Marathas.



SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-37Ans. 1. (a) Environment, (b) Biotic, (c) abiotic, (d) Lithosphere, (e) gravitational force, (f) biosphere,

(g) Industrial Revolution, (h) immediate.

Ans. 2. Land, water, air, plants and animals make the natural environment.

Ans. 3. The human environment comprises of activities, creations and interactions among human beings.

Ans. 4. The lithosphere is made up of rocks and minerals.

Ans. 5. The lithosphere is an irregular surface because it consists of various kinds of landforms like mountains, plateaus, plains, valleys, etc.

Ans. 6. The landforms are mountains, plains, valleys, plateaus, etc.

Ans. 7. Hydrosphere refers to the domain of water.

Ans. 8. The atmosphere is the thin layer of air that surrounds the earth.

Ans. 9. The atmosphere protects man from the harmful rays and the scorching heat of the sun.

Value Based QuestionAns.10. The lithosphere fulfils human needs by providing man with forests, land for agriculture,

grasslands for grazing and land for human settlement. It is also a source of mineral wealth which man has made good use of.


1 ENVIRONMENT UNIT-IICHAPTER

P-20 P-21U R E N V I RG E O G R A : O O N M E N TP H Y

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-39Ans. 1. (a) crust, (b) sial, (c) silica, magnesium, (d) South Africa, (e) 2900, (f) 3500, (g) Nife, (h) 83,

(i) three, (j) nickel, ferrous.

Ans. 2. A rock is any natural mass of mineral matter that makes up the earth’s crust. Rocks can be of different colour, size and texture.

Ans. 3. The curst has two parts – the continental crust and the oceanic crust. The mineral constitu-ents of the continental mass are silica and alumina and it is known as sial. The oceanic crust consists mainly of silica and magnesium and so it is known as sima.

Ans. 4. The innermost of the concentric layers that make up the earth is known as the core. It is mainly made up of nickel and iron and so it is known as the nife. The central core has very high temperature and pressure.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. The earth is constantly undergoing change both inside and outside. It is said to be made

of several concentric layers because the various layers that make the earth are one inside another. The uppermost layer over the earth’s surface is known as the crust. Just beneath the crust is the mantle which extends up to a depth of 2,900 km. And the innermost layer that lies beneath the mantle is the core which has a radius of 3,500 km.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-40Ans. 1. (a) True, (b) True, (c) True, (d) False, (e) False, (f) False, (g) True, h) False.

Ans. 2. Lava is the fiery red molten magma that comes out of the interior of the earth on its surface.

Ans. 3. Fossils are the remains of the dead plants and animals trapped in the layers of rocks.

Ans. 4. Primary rocks are igneous rocks that are formed when molten magma cools and becomes solid. There are two types of igneous or primary rocks – intrusive rocks and extrusive rocks.

Ans. 5. (i) Extrusive igneous rocks are formed when molten lava comes on the earth’s surface, rapidly cools down and becomes solid. Intrusive igneous rocks are formed when molten lava cools down deep inside the earth’s crust.

(ii) Extrusive igneous rocks have a fine grained structure while intrusive igneous rocks have large grains.

Ans. 6. Sedimentary rocks are formed of smaller particles called sediments which are formed when rocks roll down, crack and hit each other. These sediments are transported and deposited by wind, water, etc., when these loose sediments are compressed and hardened they form sedimentary rocks.

2 INSIDE OUR EARTH


Value Based QuestionAns. 7. Rocks are useful to man in various ways. Roads, houses and buildings are built with hard

rocks. Stones are used in many games. For example, seven stones (pitthoo), hop-scotch (sta-pu/ kit kit), five stones (gitti). Granite is a rock that is used for making grinding stones.



SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-42Ans. 1. (a) magma, Lithospheric, (b) endogenic, (c) Exogenic, (d) vent, (e) Earthquakes, (f) sudden,

slow, (g) earthquakes, volcanoes, (h) seismograph, (i) Richter.

Ans. 2. Lithospheric plates are the several large and some small, rigid, irregularly-shaped plates or slabs which carry continents and the ocean floor.

Ans. 3. The place in the crust where the movement of the earthquake starts is called the focus.

Ans. 4. The place on the earth’s crust that lies above the focus is called the epicentre.

Ans. 5. Molten magma moves in a circular manner.

Ans. 6. Vibrations of the earthquake travel outwards from the epicentre as waves. Greatest damage usually occurs at places closest to the epicentre.

Ans. 7. The safety measures to be taken during an earthquake are : (1) taking shelter in safe spots like under a kitchen counter, table or desk, (2) staying from fire places, areas around the chimney, windows that shatter, mirrors and picture frames, (3) being prepared to face dis-aster confidently.

Value Based QuestionAns. 8. (i) Endogenic forces lead to sudden and diastrophic forces while exogenic forces lead to

erosion and deposition.

(ii) Earthquakes, volcanoes and landslides are results of the sudden endogenic forces and mountains are formed due to the diastrophic endogenic forces. The erosional and depo-sitional activities of the exogenic forces lead to the formation of rivers, wind, sea-waves and glaciers.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-43Ans. 1. (a) two, (b) weathering, erosion, (c) meanders, (d) decreases, (e) delta, (f) coastal landforms,

(g) sea arches.

Ans. 2. (a) True, (b) False, (c) True, (d) False, (e) True, (f) True, (g) True.

Ans. 3. Weathering is the breaking up of rocks on the earth’s surface. Erosion is the wearing away of the landscape by different agents like water, wind and ice.

Ans. 4. When a river enters plain land it twists and turns and forms large bends known as meanders. Continuous erosion and deposition takes place on the sides of the meanders. As a result the ends of the meander loop come gradually closer. In due course of time, the meander loop cuts off from the river and forms a cut-off lake or an ox-bow lake.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. (a) At times rivers tend to overflow their banks, flooding the neighbouring areas. As it floods

it deposits along its banks layers of fine soil and other materials called sediments. This leads to the formation of floodplains.

3 OUR CHANGING EARTH

CHAPTER


(b) The speed of a river decreases as it approaches the sea. It then breaks up into number of streams known as distributaries. The river becomes so slow that it gradually begins to deposit its load. The collection of sediments from all the mounts of the distributaries forms the delta.



SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-45Ans. 1. (a) Carbon dioxide, (b) Nitrogen, oxygen, (c) Nitrogen, (d) bacteria, (e) photosynthesis, (f) denser,

heavy, (g) Troposphere, (h) Ozone, (i) Ionosphere, (j) helium, hydrogen, (k) Thermosphere.

Ans. 2. Greenhouse effect is the situation when carbon dioxide released in the atmosphere traps heat radiated from the earth.

Ans. 3. When carbon dioxide released in the atmosphere increases due to factory smoke or car fumes, the heat retained increases the temperature of the earth. This is called global warming.

Ans. 4. Oxygen is the second most plentiful air in the atmosphere. It is taken by humans and animals as they breathe. Green plants produce oxygen during photosynthesis and this way the bal-ance of oxygen in the air is maintained.

Carbon dioxide is another important gas used by plants to make food and release oxygen. Human and animals release carbon dioxide and it seems to be almost equal to the amount used by plants. This way the balance of carbon dioxide is maintained in the atmosphere.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. The Troposphere is the first layer of the atmosphere. The air we breathe is in this layer. All

weather phenomena like snow, rain and hailstorm occur in this layer.

The Stratosphere lies above the Troposphere and is almost free from clouds and associated with weather phenomenon, making conditions most suitable for flying aeroplanes.

Mesosphere, the third layer, lying above the Stratosphere, is where meteorites burn up on entering from the space.

Thermosphere is the layer where temperature rises very rapidly with increasing height. This layer helps in radio transmission.

The uppermost layer, the Exosphere, has very thin air like helium and hydrogen that float into space.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-46Ans. 1. (a) The Troposphere is the most important layer of the atmosphere because the air we

breathe exists here.

(b) One important feature of the Stratosphere is that it contains a layer of ozone gas.

(c) The Thermosphere helps man by helping in radio transmission.

(d) The average weather condition of a place for a longer period of time is the climate.

(e) Insolation is the incoming solar energy intercepted by the earth.

Ans. 2. The concrete and metals in buildings and the asphalt of the roads get heated up during the day. The heat is released at night and this makes the cities hotter than villages.

4 AIR

CHAPTER


Ans. 3. Horizontally distribution of air pressure is influenced by temperature of air at a given place. In places where the temperature is high the air gets heated and rises. This creates a low-pressure area resulting in cloudy skies and wet weather. Where temperature is low, the air is cool and this creates a high pressure area which is associated with clear and sunny skies.

Value based QuestionAns. 4. The movement of air from high pressure area to low pressure area is known as wind. Wind

can be broadly divided into three types: permanent winds, seasonal winds and local winds. Permanent winds are the trade winds, westerlies and easterlies. They are permanent winds because they blow constantly in a particular direction throughout the year. Seasonal winds change their direction in different seasons. An example is the monsoons in India. Local winds blow only during a particular period of the day or year in a small area. Loo is one such wind that blows in India.



SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-48Ans. 1. (a) Sun, (b) water vapour, (c) rain, snow, sleet, (d) rivers, ponds, springs, glaciers, (e) sodium

chloride, (f) Dead, 45, (g) waves, tides, currents.

Ans. 2. The process by which water continually changes its form and circulates between oceans, atmosphere and land is known as the water cycle.

Ans. 3. The earth is like a terrarium because that same water that existed years ago still exists today. Water evaporates from the water bodies, condenses and then falls back to the earth as rain.

Ans. 4. Fresh water cannot be obtained from oceans because they contain large amount of dissolved salt.

Ans. 5. The huge tidal wave caused by the shifting of large amounts of ocean water due to under-water landslides, an earthquake or a volcanic eruption is called tsunami. It may be as high as 15 m.

Value Based QuestionAns. 6. Tsunami or the harbour wave struck the Indian Ocean on the 26th of December, 2004. On

the Richter Scale the magnitude of the earthquake was measured to be 9.0. The sudden movement of the sea floor causing the earthquake was because the Indian Plate went under the Burma Plate. The Indira Point in the Andaman and Nicobar islands got completely submerged. As the wave moved from the earthquake epicentre from Sumatra towards the Andaman islands and Srilanka, the wave length decreases with decreasing depth of water. In India, the worst affected regions were the coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Pondicherry and the Andaman and Nicobar islands.


5 WATER

CHAPTER


SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-50Ans. 1. (a) temperature, moisture, (b) Forests, grasslands, shrubs, (c) Tropical evergreen, (d) Sal,

teak, neem, shisham, (e) Oak, pine, eucalyptus, (f) U.S.A, China, New Zealand, Chile, (g) barks, wax coated, (h) Taiga, (i) Silver fox, mink, Polar bear.

Ans. 2. The factors that determine thickness of natural vegetation are temperature, moisture, slope and thickness of soil.

Ans. 3. The trees near the equator and the tropics are evergreen because these regions are hot and receive heavy rainfall throughout the year. As there is no particular dry season, the trees do not shed their leaves altogether.

Ans. 4. Hardwood trees are found in large parts of India, northern Australia and central America. Hardwood trees like sal, teak, neem and shisham are useful for making furniture, transport and construction materials.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. Coniferous forests are found at the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. These

forests are also found in higher altitudes. The coniferous forests consist of soft evergreen trees. Softwood trees are useful for making pulp that is used for manufacturing newsprint and paper. They are also used for making match boxes and packing boxes.


6 NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE

CHAPTER


SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-52Ans. 1. (a) Golden Quadrilateral, (b) permanent, temporary, (c) Site, (d) Mesopotamian, (e) hunting,

gathering, shifting cultivation, transhumance, (f) agriculture, fishing, forestry, crafts work, (g) metalled, unmetalled, (h) Manali-Leh, Himalayan.

Ans. 2. The conditions that determine the selection of an ideal site are favourable climate, avail-ability of water, suitable land and fertile soil.

Ans. 3. Transhumance refers to the seasonal movement of people. People who rear animals move in search of new pastures according to changes in seasons.

Ans. 4. Rural settlements are villages where the main occupations of the people are agriculture, fishing, forestry, crafts work and trading, etc. Rural settlements can be compact and scattered. A compact rural settlement is a closely built area of dwellings where flat land is available. The scattered settlement has dwellings spaced over an extensive area. The scattered settle-ment is found mostly in hilly tracts, thick forests and regions of extreme climate.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. People in rural areas build houses to suit their environment. In regions of heavy rainfall

where water accumulates in the rainy season, people have slanting roofs and the houses are constructed on raised platforms or silts.

In areas of hot climate, houses are found to be made of thick mud walls and thatched roofs. Local materials like stones, mud, clay, straw, etc., are used to construct these houses.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-53Ans. 1. (a) Stone, mud, clay, straw, (b) Llamas, yaks, (c) Igloos, (d) Diesel, electric engines, (e) Indian

railway, (f) Trans-Siberian, St. Petersburg, Vladivostok, (g) Waterways.

Ans. 2. (a) Donkeys, mules, bullocks and camels.

(b) The Ganga-Brahmaputra river system, the Great Lakes in North America and the river Nile in Africa.

(c) Due to high cost of fuel airways are the most expensive means of transport.

(d) Communication is the process of conveying messages to others.

(e) Singapore and Mumbai in Asia, New York and Los Angeles in North America, Rio de Janerio in South America, Durban and Cape Town in Africa and Sydney in Australia.

Ans. 3. Invention of the steam engine and the Industrial Revolution led to the speedy development of the rail transport.

Ans. 4. The speciality of airways is that it helps us reach the most remote and distant areas where there are no roads of railways. Some important airports are Delhi, Mumbai, New York, London, Paris, Frankfurt and Cairo.

7 HUMAN ENVIRONMENT-SETTLEMENT,TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

CHAPTER


Value Based QuestionAns. 5. (i) Bad weather conditions like fog and storms affect air traffic.

(ii) Regarding rail transport railway lines can be laid only in plains and in difficult mountain terrains while air transport can take us even to the most remote and distant regions of the world where there are no roads or railways.

Railway transport is not as expensive as air transport. It is the high cost of fuels that makes airways quite an expensive means of transport.



SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-55Ans. 1. (a) 0 degree, (b) tributaries, Amazon Basin, (c) Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colum-

bia, Venezuela, (d) toucans, humming birds, birds of paradise, (e) Piranha, (f) tapioca, pineapple, sweet potato.

Ans. 2. Tributaries are small rivers that join the main river. The main river, along with all its tribu-taries that drain an area, form a river basin or the catchment area.

Ans. 3. As the Amazon Basin stretches directly on the equator the climate is hot and wet throughout the year. Both days and nights are almost equally hot and humid. It rains almost every day without much warning. Temperatures during the day are high with high humidity. During the nights the temperatures go down but the humidity still remains high.

Ans. 4. People of the Amazon region grow most of their foods in small areas after clearing the trees. They mainly grow tapioca, pineapple and sweet potato. The men hunt and fish along the river and the women take care of the crops. Their staple food is manioc also known as cassava. They also eat queen ants and egg sacs.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. (i) In the slash and burning way of cultivating land, the farmers clear a piece of land by

slashing or cutting down trees and bushes. These are then burnt and this releases nu-trients into the soil. Now for a few years crops are grown in this cleared field. Due to repeated use the land loses its nutrients. The farmers abandon the plot and clear another plot of land for cultivation. In the meantime young trees grow in the old field and thus the fertility of the soil is restored.

(ii) Changes in the Amazon region have been brought about by the Trans Amazon highway which has made all parts of the rain forest accessible. Aircrafts and helicopters are also used for reaching various places. The developmental activities have led to the gradual destruction of the biologically diverse rain forests.


8 HUMAN ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION – THE TROPICAL AND THE SUB-TROPICAL REGION

CHAPTER

P-32P-32P-32 S O C I A L S C I E N C E – VII

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-57Ans. 1. (a) quarter, (b) climate, soil, (c) climate, (d) Prairies, (e) tall, (f) Rocky Mountains, Great Lakes,

(g) Mississippi, Saskatchewan rivers, (h) Chinook, (i) Ranches, (j) bison.

Ans. 2. Places in the Prairies that receive rainfall of over 50 cm are suitable for farming as the land there is fertile.

Ans. 3. Trees like the willows, alders and poplars grow in the Prairies and the crops that are grown are maize, potatoes, soyabean, cotton and alfa-alfa.

Ans. 4. American Indians more popularly known as ‘Blockfoot Indians’, the Apache, the Crow, the Cree and the Pawnee.

Ans. 5. Chinook is a hot wind that blows across the Prairies during winter. It raises the temperature in a short time and results in the melting of snow. This makes pasture land available for grazing of animals.

Value Based QuestionAns. 6. (i) The very hardworking people of the Prairies have successfully harnessed technology to

utilise their rich natural resources. They use scientific methods of cultivation, harvesters and combines making North America a surplus food producer.

(ii) Apart from crop cultivation, dairy farming is another major industry in the Prairies. The dairy extends from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Coast in the east. There are large mineral deposits that are sources of coal and iron and a good network of roads, railways and canals have made the Prairies the most industrialised region of the world.


9 LIFE IN THE TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS

CHAPTER


SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-59Ans. 1. (a) 8.54, (b) eleven, (c) gravel, plateaus, bare, (d) Al Azizia, Libya, (e) cactus, date palms,

acacia, (f) hyenas, jackals, foxes, scorpions, snakes and lizards, (g) Bedouins, Tuaregs.Ans. 2. At one time, the Sahara used to be a lush green plain. The cave paintings found in the Sahara

tell us that there used to be rivers with crocodiles. Elephants, lions, giraffes, ostriches, sheep, cattle and goats were then common animals seen in the Sahara.

Ans. 3. The climate in the Sahara is scorching hot and parch dry. The rainy season is short in the Sahara. The sky is clear and cloudless. Moisture doesn’t get the time to accumulate as it evaporates fast. Days are extremely hot as the temperatures soar up to as high as 50 °C. The heated rocks and bare sand radiate the heat adding to the scorching effect of the sun. Nights are just the opposite as with temperatures going down to almost the freezing point.

Ans. 4. The nomads living in the Sahara rear livestock like goats, sheep, camels and horses. They get milk, hide and hair from these animals. From the hides they get from these animals they make belts, slippers and water bottles. The hair is used for making mats, carpets, clothes and blankets. They wear heavy robes to protect themselves against the dust storms and hot winds of the desert.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. (i) The changes that have taken place in the Sahara can be seen in gleaming glass-cased

office buildings and superhighways criss-crossing the ancient camel paths. Trucks are used in place of camels to carry out the salt trade and Tuaregs are found working as guides to visitors.

(ii) Nomadic heardsmen are finding jobs in the oil and gas operation and preferring city life. The minerals found in the Sahara region are iron, phosphorus, manganese and uranium.


10 LIFE IN THE DESERTS

CHAPTER


SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-61Ans. 1. (a) Universal adult franchise, (b) Indian Constitution, (c) equal treatment, (d) Laws,

programmes, schemes, (e) communities, individuals, (f) Tamil Nadu, (g) Dalit.

Ans. 2. The first provision in the Indian Constitution mentions that every person is equal before law. This means that every individual belonging to any status has to obey the same set of laws. Secondly, no individual can be discriminated against on the basis of factors like caste, religion, place of birth, race and whether they are male or female. Thirdly, every individual has to access to every public properties like well, roads and bathing ghats and every indi-vidual has access to public places like hotels, shops, playgrounds and markets.

Ans. 3. The two ways in which the Indian government has tried to implement equality are through laws and secondly through government programmes or schemes. The laws are meant to protect every individual’s right to be treated equally and the schemes are meant to improve the lives of communities and individuals who have been treated unequally for several cen-turies. The schemes also provide greater opportunities to people who have had them in the past.

Value Based Question

Ans. 4. The introduction of the mid-day meal scheme had led to more poor children enrolling to schools and attending school regularly. Poor working mothers who had to interrupt their work to feed their children need not had to worry about the children’s lunch. The scheme also helped in wiping out class prejudices as both upper and lower caste children had to have the same meal together. It also helped reduce the hunger of poor students who could not concentrate on the studies because of their empty stomachs.


1 OUR EQUALITY UNIT-IIICHAPTER

P-34 P-35S O C I AC I V I C S : L & P O L I T I C A L L I F E

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-63Ans. 1. (a) two, public, private, (b) Public, health, health, hospitals, (c) TB, malaria, jaundice, cholera,

diarrhoea, chikungunya, (d) Registered Medical Practitioners, (e) Private health.

Ans. 2. Health is the ability to remain free from illness and injuries. Apart from illness and diseases other factors that are related to health are getting clean drinking water, a pollution free en-vironment, airy living space, adequate food, an active life, etc. Without these factors people are prone to illness. In addition to these proper health care facilities are also required to maintain proper health.

Ans. 3. The factors needed for providing proper health care facilities are health centres, hospitals, laboratories for testing, blood banks, and ambulance services. To run these facilities there is the need for health workers, nurses, qualified doctors and other health professionals who can advise, diagnose and treat illnesses.

Value Based QuestionAns. 4. (i) The public health service is the chain of health centres and hospitals run by the govern-

ment. They are linked together so that they can cover both rural and urban areas and can treat all kinds of illnesses and provide special services.

(ii) The word ‘public’ is used in order to fulfil its commitment of providing health care to all citizens. Also the resources needed to run these services are obtained from the money paid to the government as taxes by the public. These facilities are, therefore, for everyone.

One of the main functions of the public health system is to provide quality health care services either free or at a low cost so that even the poor can seek treatment. Another important function is to take action to prevent the spread of diseases like TB, malaria, jaundice, cholera, diarrhoea, chikungunya, etc.


2 ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT IN HEALTH

CHAPTER


SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-65Ans. 1. (a) representatives, constituencies, (b) chief minister, (c) constituencies, (d) MLA, (e) ruling

party, (f) chief minister, (g) Governor.Ans. 2. Each state is divided into various constituencies from where people elect one representative.

These representatives become members of the Legislative Assembly. The party from which MLAs have won more than half of the constituencies form the majority and are known as the ruling party. The other members are known as the opposition. The MLAs of the ruling party then elect their leader who becomes the chief minister. The chief minister then elects other people as ministers and the Governor appoints the chief minister and other ministers.

Ans. 3. The MLAs who have won more than half the number of constituencies in a state is said to be a majority. And the rest of the MLAs who do not belong to the ruling party are the opposition.

Ans. 4. The Legislative Assembly is a place where all the MLAs, whether from the ruling party or the opposition, meet to discuss various things.

Ans. 5. All the MLAs who gather together or assemble in the legislative assembly are known as the legislature. They authorise and supervise their work.

Value Based QuestionAns. 6. In the Legislative Assembly all the MLAs gather together and discuss various issues. Opinions

are expressed about a work and actions are demanded. The chief ministers and other minis-ters take actions through various departments like Public Works Department, Agricultural Department, Education Department and so on. They have to answer questions asked in the Legislative Assembly and also convince people asking the same questions that steps are being taken. The government also has to respond to the newspapers and the media widely discussing the same issues by holding press conferences. It is in the Legislative Assembly that the government can decide to make new laws for the state regarding sanitation and health facilities.


3 HOW THE STATE GOVERNMENT WORKS

CHAPTER


SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-67Ans. 1. (a) Strenuous, physically, (b) islands, Pacific, (c) fishing, (d) cooking-houses, (e) fishing,

planting coconuts, (f) Societies.

Ans. 2. Samoa children of about five years old used to take up the responsibility of looking after their siblings. By the time a Samoa boy was nine years old he joined older boys and learnt outdoor jobs like fishing and planting coconut.

Ans. 3. Societies make clear distinctions between boys and girls at an early age by providing them with different toys to play with. Boys are given cars to play with and girls are given dolls. The societies also decide how girls should dress, what games boys should, play how girls need to talk softly, etc. The societies decide specific roles according to which boys and girls grow up.

Ans. 4. Care giving tasks and looking after the household are not recognised as work by the society because it is assumed that this is something that come naturally to women. Therefore, the labour behind household goes unpaid and thus devalued by societies.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. The lives of domestic workers are quite tough. They are employed mainly by people living

in towns and cities. Their work involves sweeping, cleaning, washing clothes and dishes, cooking and looking after the young children and the elderly. Their wages are usually low as domestic work is not regarded to be of much value. Despite their hard work their employers often do not show them much respect.


4 GROWING UP AS BOYS AND GIRLS

CHAPTER


SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-69Ans. 1. (a) Laxmi Lakra, (b) Ramabai, 1898, Pandita, (c) Rashsundari Devi, (d) Rokeya Sakhawat

Hossain, 1910.

Ans. 2. Many people in the society believe in the stereotype that science requires a technical mind and that girls and women are not capable of dealing with technical things. This is the reason why girls do not get the same support as boys to study and train to become doctors and engineers.

Ans. 3. Laxmi Lakra who hails from a poor tribal family in Jharkhand is the first woman engine driver for Northern Railways. While studying in a government Laxmi helped in housework and also did odd jobs. She studied hard, did well and went on to get a diploma in electronics. She passed the rail board exam on her first attempt.

Ans. 4. In the past, in communities where boys were taught to read and write, daughters were not allowed to learn the alphabet. Even in families where pottery, weaving and craft were taught the contribution of daughters and women was only seen as supportive. In the pottery trade women collected the mud and prepared the mud for the pots. But as they did not operate the wheel they were not considered as potters.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. (i) Rashsundari Devi was a housewife and at that it was believed that if a woman learnt

how to read and write she would bring bad luck to her husband and become a widow. Still she taught herself how to read and write well after her marriage. She used to hide a page from a book named Chaitanya Bhagabat and also the alphabets which her son used to practise. She used to match the letters of the page with those which she remembered. Sometimes she would also match the words with those she would hear in course of her days. This way Rashsundari Devi learnt how to read.

(ii) Rokeya Sakahawat Hossain, after learning how to read and write in Bengali and English, wrote a remarkable story titled Sutana’s Dream in 1905 to practice her English skills when she was only 25 years old.The story is about a woman called who reaches a placed called Ladyland. Ladyland is a place where women were free to study, work create inventions, control rain from the clouds and fly air cars. Rokeya’s education gave her power to not only dream but also do more. She helped girls go to school and build their own dreams. She started a school for girls in Kolkata in 1910.


5 WOMEN CHANGE THE WORLD

CHAPTER


SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-71Ans. 1. (a) communication, (b) medium, (c) electronic, (d) print, (e) satellites, cables, (f) government,

(g) John L. Baird, (h) media, (i) balanced.

Ans. 2. Media which is the plural form of the word ‘medium’ describes the various ways through which we communicate in society. It refers to all means of communication starting from a phone call to the news on television. Media refers to the television, radio and the newspapers that reach millions of people across the country.

Ans. 3. The functioning of the media depends on technology and machines. Modern technology helps in reaching more people and in improving the quality of sound and the images that can be seen. Technology also helps us in changing the ways we think about our lives. As we come to know about what is happening in the world, technology makes us feel as members of a large global world.

Ans. 4. The functioning of media depends on technology and to make use of technology devices and skilled labours are required. Lights, sound, transmission satellites, sound recorders, etc., cost a lot of money. The news reader and the staff who put the broadcast together, need to be paid. Media houses earn money by advertising different products like cars, chocolates, clothes, mobile phones, etc. Naturally, people are tempted to go and buy the things that are often advertised.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. In a democracy, media plays the very important role of providing news and discussing events

taking place in the country and the world. Based on the information provided by the media, people get to know how the government works. People can often take action based on the news stories provided by the media. They can take write letters to the concerned minister, organise a public protest or even organise a signature campaign.


6 UNDERSTANDING MEDIA

CHAPTER


SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-73Ans. 1. (a) stamping, name, sign, (b) lure, buying, (c) cattle grazing, (d) brand values, (e) personal

emotions.

Ans. 2. Branding refers to stamping a product with a particular name and sign. Branding is done to differentiate it from other products in the market.

Ans. 3. Unlike loose products sold in the market branded products are given a special name by companies. Branded products often carry brand values which loose products do not have. Branded products are also highly priced than the loose products available in the market.

Ans. 4. Social values and personal emotions are often exploited by companies in their advertisements to sell their products. Branded pulses claim that the pulses are the best if the purchaser is willing to provide the best to an invited guest. Another brand may claim it contains the best nutrition to help maintain a happy family. Similarly, the advertisement of a branded soap claims that a mother provides the best care to her child by using the soap.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. Advertisements influence our life by exploiting our personal emotions and social values.

Advertisements of companies selling daals claim that their daals are the best when one wishes to be a good host. Constant flashing of such advertisements often make people feel that if they do not use the daal of that particular company they might not be providing their guests the best possible food. Similarly, advertisements of a branded soap claims that mothers can provide the best care to their children by using that particular soap. Some mothers buy, some don’t. But gradually those who do not buy feel that they are not providing adequate care to their children by not using the soap.


7 UNDERSTANDING ADVERTISING

CHAPTER


SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-75Ans. 1. (a) Weekly, (b) permanent, (c) cheap, (d) rent, electricity, fees, (e) weekly, (f) Wholesale,

(g) chain.

Ans. 2. In weekly markets same goods are sold in large number of shops. This results in competition amongst these shops. If a trader charges a high price people can move on to another shop where the price is low. The shops in a weekly market are not permanent and so the shopkeepers do not have to pay for rent, electricity and fees to the government. That is why they can offer at a cheaper price.

Ans. 3. Shops in the neighbourhood are close to the place where customers live. Customers are benefitted by these shops as they can visit the shops on any day of the week. Customers can also get goods on credit as both buyers and sellers know each other.

Ans. 4. Weekly markets provide customers all things they need at one place. In addition to this, customers get to buy things at a cheaper rate.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. (i) Weekly markets are held at a particular place whereas shops in the neighbourhood are

within the reach of customers. Shops at the weekly market do not offer goods on credit while shops at the neighbourhood offer goods on credit as the shopkeepers know their customers. Weekly markets provide all necessary items at one place while shops in the neighbourhood might not keep all necessary items.

(ii) Every city has an area allotted to a wholesale market. The good first reach this market before they are being supplied to other traders. A roadside hawker purchases a large quantity of his items from a wholesale trader of the town. The wholesale trader might have bought the items from another, even bigger wholesale trader in the city. The wholesale trader in the city buys the items form the factory and stores the good in a storehouse. This way the wholesale traders help in the distribution of commodities.


8 MARKETS AROUND US

CHAPTER


SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-77Ans. 1. (a) Andhra Pradesh, (b) cotton, (c) fertilisers, pesticides, (d) Erode, cloth, (e) putting-out

system, (f) weaver’s cooperative.

Ans. 2. Cotton farmers in Kurnool have to depend on traders for loans to purchase fertilisers and pesticides for their cotton plantations as well as for expenses like medicines and paying the school fees for their children. The traders purchase cotton from the farmers at a lesser rate than the actual market price. In addition to it they deduct the loan amount and the interest from the amount payable. This leaves the farmers with only a meagre amount in hand.

Ans. 3. The put-out system is an arrangement that takes place between weavers and cloth merchants. The merchants provide the weavers with the cotton and give them instructions according to the orders they have got. The weavers take the yarn from the merchants and make the cloth at a very low price. The merchants sell the cloths in the market and make good profits.

Ans. 4. The two seeming advantages that weavers have in the put-out system are that the weavers do not have to buy the raw materials for making cloths and that they are assured that the cloths they have weaved will be taken care of. They do not have to take the pains of going to the market and selling the cloths.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. In a weavers’ cooperative weavers form a group and take up certain activities collectively.

They procure yarns from the yarn dealers and distribute the yarns among the weavers. The marketing section is also looked after by the cooperative and so the weavers do not have to depend on the merchants. As the cloth merchants are not involved the weavers get a fair price on the cloth they produce.


9 A SHIRT IN THE MARKET

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SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-79Ans. 1. (a) poverty, resources, (b) religion, caste, sex, (c) Dalit, Adivasi, Muslim, (d) Tawa Matsya

Sangh, (e) Mahadeo hills, Betul, Hoshangabad, (f) 1958, 1978.

Ans. 2. The Tawa Matsya Sangh is an organisation of people who have come together to fight for an issue. It is formed by the displaced people around the Tawa who have been denied their right to continue fishing in the Tawa reservoir.

Ans. 3. After the Tawa dam was completed in 1978 but in 1994 the government gave the rights for fishing in the Tawa reservoir to private contractors.

Ans. 4. These contractors who got the fishing rights in the Tawa reservoir drove away the local people and brought in cheap labour from outside. The villagers did not want to leave the place and the contractors threatened them by bringing in hoodlums.

Value Based QuestionAns. 5. The Tawa Matsya Sangh organised rallies and chakka jam or road blockade to demand their

rights to continue fishing in the Tawa reservoir for their livelihood. The government then created a committee to assess the issue. The committee recommended that fishing rights be granted to the displaced people. In 1996 the government of Madhya Pradesh decided to give the people displaced by the Tawa dam the fishing rights for the reservoir.


10 STRUGGLES FOR EQUALITY

CHAPTER

CHAPTER 1 TRACING CHANGES THROUGH A … … · defeated an Afghan ruler named Sultan Muhammad...

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