Chapter 1 The Science of Biology
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Transcript of Chapter 1 The Science of Biology
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Chapter 1 The Science of Chapter 1 The Science of BiologyBiology
Chapter 1 The Science of Chapter 1 The Science of BiologyBiology
What is Science?What is Science?
Image from: research.amnh.org
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Objectives• What is the goal of science?
Image from:www.newsroom.ucr.edu
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What Science Is and Is Not
• The goal of science1.Investigate and understand the
natural world
2. Explain events in the natural world
3. Use the explanations to make useful predictions
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The The Scientific Scientific MethodMethod
A Way to Solve a A Way to Solve a ProblemProblem
The The Scientific Scientific MethodMethod
A Way to Solve a A Way to Solve a ProblemProblem
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What is the Scientific Method?
• It is the steps someone takes to identify a question, develop a hypothesis, design and carry out steps or procedures to test the hypothesis, and document observations and findings to share with someone else.
• In other words, it’s a way to solve a problem.
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Scientist have to take the time to think logically when they are investigating a question or problem.
• They break things down into many steps that make sense.
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Scientists develop a question, gather information and form an hypothesis.
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The next step scientists take is to
create and conduct an experiment to test their hypothesis.
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A key to experiments is observing what happens and writing it down.
• Gathering information or data and documenting it so it is readable and makes sense to others is really important.
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Once a scientist completes an experiment, they often repeat it to see if they get the same findings and results.
• This is really what we call verification, or checking things out to make sure everything was valid and will happen again and again.
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Scientists share their experiments and findings with others.
• Because they share their experiments and findings, scientists can learn from each other and often use someone else’s experiences to help them with what they are studying or doing.
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The steps of the Scientific Method are:
• Question• Research• Hypothesis• Procedure/Method• Data• Observations• Conclusion
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How Science WorksHow Science WorksHow Science WorksHow Science Works
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Objectives• How do scientists test hypothesis?
• How does a scientific theory develop?
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Testing Hypothesis• Ask a Question• Form a Hypothesis
– Educated guess– Design experiment– Gather data– Conclusion or retest– Ex: Spontaneous Generation – beginning
of experimental science.
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Spontaneous Generation
• Idea that life came from nonliving matter• In 1668 Francesco Redi observed maggots
and flies on meat after a few days.– Produced new hypothesis that flies produce
maggots.– Designed experiment – Contained 2 variables
• Manipulated variable – deliberately changed• Responding variable – changes in response to
manipulated variable
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Needham’s Test of Redi’s Findings
• Mid-1700’s used van Leevenhoek’s microscope to view small “animalcules”.
• Claimed spontaneous generation could occur under right conditions
• Sealed a bottle of gravy and heated it.– He claimed the heat killed the animalcules
• Several days later he found animalcules in the gravy – concluded spontaneous generation can happen.
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Spallanzani’s Test• Thought Needham did not heat the
gravy long enough• Boiled two containers of gravy
1. Sealed one jar immediately2. Second jar left open
• Examined a few days later1. Sealed – No life2. Open – Life came from air
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Pasteur’s Test• 1800’s added to Spallanzani’s experiment• Designed a long neck flask which allowed
air in with no microorganisms.• After heating – no life existed• 1 year later – broke the neck and then
microorganisms grew• Final experiment to disprove spontaneous
generation.
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If Experiments Not Possible
• Some research has to be conducted in wild– Studying wild animals
• Ethical considerations– Can not conduct experiments on
people unless they volunteer and is not illegal.
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Theory Development• A well supported hypothesis that
has been tested numerous times• No theory is absolute truth• It is continually analyzed, reviewed,
and critiqued• With new technology and evidence
it can be revised
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Characteristics of Characteristics of Living ThingsLiving Things
Characteristics of Characteristics of Living ThingsLiving Things
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Objectives• What are some characteristics of
living things?
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Characteristics of Life• Energy Transformation• Organization• Reproduction• Growth• Development• Reaction to Surroundings
– Stimulus and Response– Acclimation– Adaptation
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Energy Transformation• Living things take in
energy and change it into different forms.
• The transformed energy is used to power all of life’s processes (growth, etc.)
• Metabolism is the term for all of an organism’s bio-chemical reactions and energy transformations.
Image from http://photographytips.com/page.cfm/3575
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Organization• Living things are
highly organized: they are all composed of tiny living units called cells.
• Some organisms consist of only a single cell (unicellular), others have trillions (multicellular).
Image from: http://www.time.com/time/daily/special/genetics/ethics.html
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Reproduction• Individual organisms
die, but the species continues because of reproduction.
• Reproduction without genetic contribution from two parents is called asexual.
• Sexual reproduction produces offspring with genetic material from both parents.
Imae from http://www.karlloren.com/biopsy/p66.htm
Image from http://www.cccturtle.org/contents.htm
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Growth• Living things grow
over their lifetimes. Single- celled organisms increase their volume and multicellular organisms add to the number of cells in their body. Image from
http://www.sosun.com/company.html
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Development• As an organism matures,
it does not just grow.• Tissues, organs and
organ systems turn on or change their operations, leading to changes in the whole organism.
• Puberty is a period of rapid development in humans.
Image from http://www.naturalfacts.com.au/images/acne.gif
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Reaction to Surroundings
• Living things react to and interact with their surroundings: the living and non-living factors of the environment.
• These reactions can take place almost instantly or over a period of hours, days, months, years, or even generations.
• The three types of reactions are: respond to stimulus, acclimation, and adaptation.
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Respond to Stimulus• When presented
with the proper stimulus, a living organism will respond.
• Not all organisms will respond to the same stimulus in the same way, though.
Image from http://agrolink.moa.my/dof/ppat/aquarium/betta/betta.html
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Acclimation• Over a relatively short
period of time, organisms can get used to local conditions. This is called acclimation.
• Their body chemistry may change temporarily.
• Humans living at high altitudes for a few months develop more red blood cells than people at sea level.
Image from http://www.creativeworlds.com/rainier/rainier.html
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Adaptation• Over (generally) long
periods of time (several to thousands generations, depending on the critter), environmental pressures may lead to permanent genetic changes in organisms.
• This process is called adaptation, or evolution.
• These changes, or adaptations, help the organism survive and reproduce in its environment.
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Studying LifeStudying LifeStudying LifeStudying Life
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Objective
• How can life be studied at different levels?
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Internal Balance• Homeostasis – maintaining
internal processes such as temperatures and water constent– Muscle shivering produces heat– Sweat allows for cooling
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Branches of Biology• No one scientist studies everything• Specialize in a level of organization
– Biosphere– Ecosystem– Community– Population– Organism– Groups of cells– Cells– molecules
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• Biosphere: The earth and everything on it (living and nonliving), including the atmosphere.
• Ecosystem: All organisms living in a particular area, as well as all the nonliving physical components of the environment that affect the organisms, such as air, soil, and sunlight. (Example: Cascade Mountain rainforest, Kentucky lake and its watershed.)
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• Community: The organisms of an ecosystem make up a community.
• Population: The members of a single species in a community make up a population.
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• Organism: One member of a species.
• Groups of Cells– Organ systems: A group of organs that
complete a function within the individual. (Example: circulatory system or nervous system.
– Organ: One component of an organ system. (Example: heart, brain)
– Tissues: An organ may be made up of different tissues that perform a function. Tissues are made up of groups of similar cells. (Example: muscle tissue, connective tissue)
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• Cell: The smallest “unit of life”. A cell is a membrane bound box that contains molecules in a solution of water.
– Organelles: Subcellular membrane bound compartments that partition special activities. (Example: chloroplasts for photosynthesis)
• Molecules: Combinations of atoms formed in cells and organelles to perform a function such as metabolism or storage of energy.
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Equipment & Safety