Chapter 1 The Science and Scope of Nutrition. “You are what you eat.” Dutch children born during...
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Transcript of Chapter 1 The Science and Scope of Nutrition. “You are what you eat.” Dutch children born during...
Chapter 1
The Science and Scope of Nutrition
“You are what you eat.”
Dutch children born during WWII◦If mother starved during beginning of pregnancy,
children were more likely to be obese◦If mother starved during end of pregnancy,
children were less likely to be obese
“You are what your mother eats.”
Nutrition is…Why we eatWhat we eatHow the foods we eat are
used in our bodiesHow the foods we eat effect
health and disease risk
What is a nutrient?A chemical substance that is essential for body
functions◦Some nutrients are produced by the body, but essential nutrients must be obtained from the diet
The amount and variety of nutrients in foods can either◦Promote health ◦Increase risk of disease
Introducing…The six classes of nutrients!CarbohydratesProteinsFatsVitaminsMineralsWater
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
Another important part of the diet…Phytochemicals (also called phytonutrients)
◦Chemicals found in plants that are beneficial for human health
◦Give plants key properties such as color, aroma, flavor
◦Thousands of different phytochemicals have been identified in foods
What is a calorie?A calorie is a measurement of energy
Energy is the capacity to do work
Carbohydrates, proteins and fats in food and beverages are broken down and used to create energy in the body….so carbs, proteins and fats contain calories
How many calories do nutrients contain?Carbohydrates: 4 calories per gram of food (4
kcal/g)
Protein: 4 calories per gram of food (4 kcal/g)
Fats: 9 calories per gram of food (9 kcal/g)
Water, vitamins & minerals: 0 calories
Is alcohol a nutrient?No! It is a toxin
Contains 7 calories per gram (7 kcal/g)
How do I know if I am getting enough of the nutrients?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KNNpydU
fduoDietary Reference Intake: Set of nutrition guidelines from the Institute
of MedicineAmount of nutrients to intake to optimize
health◦Prevent deficiency diseases◦Prevent toxicity diseases◦Prevent chronic diseases
The DRIs, continued
RDA: Recommended Dietary Allowance
AI: Adequate Intake UL: Tolerable Upper Intake Level
Nutrient intake goals for vitamins and minerals
Nutrient intake goals for vitamins and minerals
Highest amount of a vitamin or mineral that can be consumed safely (without toxicity symptoms)
Nutrient recommendations vary by age and gender
Nutrient recommendations vary by age and gender
Nutrient limits vary by age and gender
The numeric value for this recommendation is well-researched
The numeric value for this recommendation is not well-researched
The numeric value for this recommendation is well-researched
Dietary Goal: Achieve 100% RDA Dietary Goal: Achieve 100% AI Dietary Goal: DO NOT EXCEED the UL
Exceeding 100% of the RDA does not make you healthier and may make you less healthy
Exceeding 100% of the AI does not make you healthier
Exceeding the UL could cause toxicity symptoms and, if untreated, may lead to death
Tips to remember RDA: research is “Rock Solid”
Tips to remember AI: research is evolving and could change
Indiana Jones Pool fail Upper Limits!
Dietary Reference Intakes, continued…Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
(AMDR)Healthy range of intakes for carbohydrates,
protein and fat◦Carbohydrates – 45-65% of total calories◦Protein – 10-35% of total calories◦Fat – 20-35% of total calories
MalnutritionA state of inadequate or unbalanced nutrition
◦Undernutrition
◦Overnutrition
Both undernutrition and overnutrition may lead to chronic disease
The Scientific MethodYAY!!!
Research TerminologyScientific MethodObservationHypothesisExperimentResearch results or
outcomesPeer-Reviewed PublicationScientific TheoryRandomized Controlled
Trial
Experimental / treatment group
Control groupPlacebo Placebo effectEpidemiologic StudyCause-and-effect
relationshipCorrelational evidenceExperimental model
system