Twentieth Century World

Chapter 1The Rise of Industry

Began in Britain◦ Causes

Improvements in Agriculture Fed more people more cheaply Better nutrition Longer life span Larger population Surplus labor

Industrial Revolution

◦ Increase in National Wealth Expanding trade Money available for investment Central bank Flexible credit People ready to invest

◦ Other Resources Small country- short distances to travel Rivers, canals New roads and bridges Industrial centers linked Lots of coal

◦ Foreign Markets Vast colonial empire Colonies supplied raw materials Well-developed merchant marine Goods cheaply produced for overseas markets

◦ New Methods of Producing Goods Inventions for the textile industry (ex.: cotton

industry) Flying shuttle Spinning jenny Power loom steam engine

By 1850 Britain was #1 in industry and a very rich nation

Spinning Jenny Power Loom

Flying Shuttle Steam Engine

The Industrial Revolution spread to other countries in the 19th century

◦ Belgium◦ France◦ Germany◦ The United States

These nations borrowed ideas from Great Britain, although Britain tried to prevent this

The other nations moved slowly at first Governments in Europe backed this new

venture by setting up technical schools, improving transportation, and encouraging inventors and investments

Began to develop industry after the War of 1812 when we were cut off from British manufactured goods

We began shifting from an agrarian society to an urban one

U. S. borrowed ideas from Britain, then began to surpass Britain in inventions

◦ Ex.: Interchangeable parts

The United States

U.S. ◦ Revolutionized production◦ Reduced the need for as much skilled labor◦ Reduced costs of production◦ Built railroads, roads, and canals◦ Had resources: cash, coal, labor, and markets

A second wave of discoveries began in the mid to late 19th century◦ Steel replaced iron◦ Electricity came into use and led to other

inventions Light bulb – Edison Telephone – Bell Radio waves across the Atlantic in 1901 – Marconi Streetcars Subway

The Second Industrial Revolution

◦ Conveyor belts◦ Cranes◦ Internal combustion engine

Cars, trucks, tractors using petroleum Naval ships Airplane Zeppelin airship

_ The growth of production depended on the growth of markets and competition

To protect home industries, some countries used the protective tariff

To cut costs and to increase profits, industrialists became interested in efficiency◦ Assembly lines◦ Interchangeable parts◦ Precision tools

Between 1870 and 1914 Germany replaced Britain as the industrial leader of Europe

Tensions arose in Europe when Germany began taking a greater share of the world’s trade

Two economic zones were created:◦ Industrialized nations◦ Non-industrialized nations

Goods produced for the masses Education and health services for the

masses Newspapers, magazines libraries for the

masses that helped to shape opinions Problems: overcrowding, disease, bad

sanitation, and crime Governments saw the need for city planning

and rules to live by

Mass Society

Top 5%◦ Controlled 30-40% of the wealth◦ Landed elites ( aristocrats )◦ Upper middle class ( bankers and merchants )◦ 1850s – aristocrats were 73% of Britain’s

millionaires◦ 1900 – that number was reduced to 2% ( more

money was in the hands of the upper middle class )

Make-Up of Mass Society in Europe

Middle Class◦ Really the middle-middle class and lower middle

class Lawyers, doctors, civil servants, some merchants and

industrialists, engineers, architects, accountants, and chemists (middle-middle, comfortable living)

Tradesmen, small shopkeepers, small-scale manufacturers, well-to-do peasants, those involved with goods and services, traveling salesmen, bookkeepers, telephone operators and secretaries (lower middle class )

Working Class◦ 80% of European population◦ Agricultural workers◦ Landholding peasants◦ Some skilled artisans◦ Unskilled laborers

Women entered the work force◦ Unskilled laborers◦ Secretaries◦ Clerks◦ Telephone operators◦ Sales clerks

- Women also received education and their legal rights increased

Changing Role of Women

Still most women stayed at home ( upper and middle classes )

Changes in women’s status led to Europe’s first feminist movement and also one in the United States◦ French Revolution advocated equality for women◦ Right to vote for most women didn’t occur until

World War I or after

Liberalism◦ People should be as free from restraint as possible◦ Applied to politics and economics◦ Supported constitutional monarchy or a

constitutional state with limits on powers of government

◦ Not necessarily for equal rights

New Political Ideas Emerged

Nationalism◦ People of the same ethnic background or

nationality should have their own nation-state with self-determination

◦ Had a major effect on Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries and helped cause World War I

Socialism◦ Karl Marx◦ Proletariat (workers) will rise up and take over the

means of production (factories)◦ No private property◦ Classless society◦ Each person will get what he/she needs

Unification of Italy in 1870 Unification of Germany in 1871 Formation of Austria-Hungary from the

Hapsburg Empire in 1867 Unrest in Russia

◦ New ideas, political or otherwise, plus the industrial revolution had little effect on Russia in the 19th century

◦ Russian Revolution and the advent of Communism in 1917

Changes in European States

Russia◦ Rural and poor◦ Agricultural◦ Absolute ruler – the Tsar◦ Tsar Alexander II emancipated the serfs in 1861

( for his own hidden agenda )◦ Serfs remained poor and periodically rebelled;

rebellions were brutally squelched◦ Intellectuals tried to organize peasants but were

not effective

Alexander II

◦ Intellectuals turned to terrorism and assassinated Tsar Alexander II

◦ Tsar Alexander III returned to old brutal treatment of peasants

◦ Tsar Alexander III died in 1894 and was succeeded by his son, Nicholas II

◦ Nicholas was weak, ineffective, and promised reform

◦ Reforms did not come

Alexander III

Nicholas II

Countries of Latin America worked to throw off their colonial rulers so they could gain rights and privileges

Tended to replace colonial rule with powerful elites who looked after themselves and others of their class

Latin America

New ideas, new ways of viewing life challenged the old tried and true beliefs of the 19th century◦ Albert Einstein brought about changes in Physics

with his Theory of Relativity◦ Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis and

defined personality and its parts◦ Emile Zola in literature expressed naturalism

showing life as it was◦ Charles Darwin and his Theory of Evolution

Intellectual and Cultural Movements

◦ Frank Lloyd Wright used geometric lines in his designs for houses

◦ Louis H. Sullivan introduced skyscrapers using reinforced concrete, steel skeletons, and the Otis elevator

◦ Arnold Schoenberg created atonal music◦ In art there were realists vs. the symbolists

By the end of the 19th century many of the traditional ways of governing, manufacturing, transporting of people and goods, and thinking were all changing

These radical new ideas helped to create a new culture for the 20th century