Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology. Why Study Psychology? Psychology is ____________ Psychology...

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Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology

Transcript of Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology. Why Study Psychology? Psychology is ____________ Psychology...

Page 1: Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology. Why Study Psychology? Psychology is ____________ Psychology is a powerful way of thinking Psychology teaches a.

Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology

Page 2: Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology. Why Study Psychology? Psychology is ____________ Psychology is a powerful way of thinking Psychology teaches a.

Why Study Psychology?

• Psychology is ____________• Psychology is a powerful way of thinking• Psychology teaches a healthy respect for the

__________ of behavior

Page 3: Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology. Why Study Psychology? Psychology is ____________ Psychology is a powerful way of thinking Psychology teaches a.

From Speculation to Science:How Psychology Developed

• Prior to 1879– Physiologists and philosophers studying

questions about the mind• _____________ (1832-1920) University of

Leipzig, Germany – Campaigned to make psychology an

independent discipline– Established the first _________ for the

study of psychology in 1879• _____________ was born

Page 4: Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology. Why Study Psychology? Psychology is ____________ Psychology is a powerful way of thinking Psychology teaches a.

Figure 1.1 Early Research Laboratories in North America

Page 5: Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology. Why Study Psychology? Psychology is ____________ Psychology is a powerful way of thinking Psychology teaches a.

The Battle of the “Schools” Begins: Structuralism vs. Functionalism

• ____________ – Edward Titchener– Analyze consciousness into basic

elements– ______________ – Careful, systematic

observations of one’s own conscious experience

• ________________– William James– Investigate function of consciousness– Led to investigation of mental testing,

developmental patterns, and sex differences

Page 6: Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology. Why Study Psychology? Psychology is ____________ Psychology is a powerful way of thinking Psychology teaches a.

Sigmund Freud and the Concept of the Unconscious Mind

• _____________ (1856-1939): Austria• Founded _____________ school of thought• Emphasis on _____________ processes

influencing behavior– Unconscious = outside awareness

Page 7: Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology. Why Study Psychology? Psychology is ____________ Psychology is a powerful way of thinking Psychology teaches a.

Freud’s Ideas:Controversy and Influence

• __________ is influenced by the unconscious• Unconscious conflict related to __________

plays a central role in behavior• Controversial notions caused

debate/resistance• Significant ____________ on the field of

psychology

Page 8: Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology. Why Study Psychology? Psychology is ____________ Psychology is a powerful way of thinking Psychology teaches a.

Behaviorism: Redefining Psychology

• ______________ (1878-1958): United States– Founder of __________

• __________ = scientific study of behavior• __________= overt or observable responses

or activities– Radical reorientation of psychology as a

science of observable behavior– Study of consciousness _________

Page 9: Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology. Why Study Psychology? Psychology is ____________ Psychology is a powerful way of thinking Psychology teaches a.

John Watson and the Nature-Nurture Debate

• Nurture, not ________– “give me a dozen healthy ______, well-

formed, and my own special world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of __________ I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggar-man and thief…”

• _________ school of thought emphasized the environment (nurture)

Page 10: Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology. Why Study Psychology? Psychology is ____________ Psychology is a powerful way of thinking Psychology teaches a.

Are people free?B.F. Skinner

• ___________ (1904-1990): United States – Environmental factors determine behavior– Responses that lead to ________

outcomes are repeated– Responses that lead to negative outcomes

are not repeated– _____________________– More controversy regarding ____ ____

Page 11: Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology. Why Study Psychology? Psychology is ____________ Psychology is a powerful way of thinking Psychology teaches a.

The 1950’s: Opposition to Psychoanalytic Theory and Behaviorism

• Charges that both were _____________• Diverse opposition groups got together to

form a loose alliance• A new school of thought emerged -

___________– Led by ______________(1908-1970) and

____________(1902-1987)– Optimistic– Emphasis on the unique qualities of

humans: _______________________

Page 12: Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology. Why Study Psychology? Psychology is ____________ Psychology is a powerful way of thinking Psychology teaches a.

Psychology Comes of Age as a Profession

• _________ psychology• _________ psychology• World War II• Clinical psychology receives _________

support

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Renewed Interest in Physiology and Cognition

• __________ = mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge– Application of scientific methods to

studying ________ mental events• __________ perspective - behavior explained

in terms of physiological processes

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Cultural Psychology:Recognizing Human Variation

• __________________ – viewing one’s own group as superior and as the standard for judging

• __________: middle and upper class white males studying middle and upper class white males

• 1980’s – increased interest in how ________ factors influence behavior

• Growing global interdependence• Increased cultural ________

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Evolutionary Psychology:Human Adaptations

• Central premise: natural selection occurs for behavioral, as well as _________, characteristics

• Buss, Daly & Wilson, Cosmides & Tooby – 1980’s and 1990’s

• Studied ________ selection of mating preferences, jealousy, aggression, sexual behavior, language, decision making, ________, and development

– Thought provoking perspective gaining in _________, but not without criticism

Page 16: Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology. Why Study Psychology? Psychology is ____________ Psychology is a powerful way of thinking Psychology teaches a.

Positive Psychology

• ____________ epiphany• Humanist concerns revisited• Uses theory and research to better

understand the positive, _______, and fulfilling aspects of human existence– Positive __________ experiences– Positive individual _____– Positive institutions and communities

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Psychology Today:A Thriving Science and Profession

• __________ is the science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and it is the profession that applies the _________ knowledge of this science to practical problems.

• ___________: Seven major areas• ________ Psychology: Four major areas

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Figure 1.5 Membership in the American Psychological Association, 1900–2004

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Figure 1.6 Employment of psychologists by setting

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Figure 1.7 Major research areas in contemporary psychology

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Figure 1.8 Principal professional specialties in contemporary psychology

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Studying Psychology:Seven Unifying Themes

• Psychology as a field of study:– _________– Theoretically _______– Evolves in _____________ context

• _________:– Determined by multiple causes– Shaped by cultural heritage– Influenced jointly by heredity and

environment• People’s experience of the world is highly

___________.