Chapter 1 The Evolution of Criminal Investigation and Criminalistics.
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Transcript of Chapter 1 The Evolution of Criminal Investigation and Criminalistics.
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Chapter 1The Evolution of Criminal
Investigation and Criminalistics
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Explain the importance of the Bow Street Runners• Discuss the contribution of Sir Robert Peel’s reform to early
policing in the United States• Explain the history and function of the Pinkerton National
Detective Agency • Highlight the first major federal investigative agencies and their
responsibilities • Explain the impact of Supreme Court's "due process revolution"
and its impact on policing • Discuss Bertillon’s method of anthropometry • Summarize the historical development of fingerprint identification • Explain the concept and practice of DNA typing • Outline the milestones in the development of firearms identification
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
THE BOW STREET RUNNERS
• Small group of volunteers/non-uniformed homeowners
• Established in 1750 by Henry Fielding; called "Take Thieves"
• Hurry to scene of crime and begin investigation• First modern detective force
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
SIR ROBERT PEEL
• His efforts led to the establishment of a Metropolitan police force for London
• Peel is considered the father of modern policing
• Many of his reforms are part of policing today in America
• Peel was considered a skillful administrator with vision
• Appointed Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne as first commissioners
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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
PEEL’S PRINCIPLES
1. The police must be stable, efficient, organized along military lines.
2. The police must be under government control.
3. The absence of crime best proves efficiency of police.
4. The distribution of crime news is essential.
5. The deployment of police strength over time and area is essential.
6. No quality is more indispensable to a police officer than a perfect command of temper.
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
PEEL’S PRINCIPLES (cont'd)
• Good appearance commands respect. • Securing and training proper people is the root
of efficiency. • Public security demands every police officer be
given a number. • Police headquarters should be centrally
located/easily accessible. • Police should be hired on a probationary basis. • Police records are necessary to the correctly
distribute police strength.
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
DETECTIVES IN THE U.S. EVOLVED IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR
• Graft/corruption common in big city police departments
• Municipal police jurisdictions were limited.• Little communication between police
departments in different cities.• Offenders could flee from one jurisdiction to
another• Private sector detectives like Pinkerton’s
developed
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
(Courtesy Pinkerton’s Archives)
PINKERTON AT WORK
• Protected President-elect Lincoln
• Operated an intelligence service for the union army
• Pursued bank and railroad robbers
• Created extensive criminal records
• Provided a good model for government detectives
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
EARLY FEDERAL INVESTIGATIVE AGENCIES
1865 Secret Service created to combat counterfeiting
1903 After assassination of McKinley responsibility for presidential protection was added
1908 Bureau of Investigation became F.B.I. 1924/Hoover assumed leadership
1920 Internal Revenue responsible for Prohibition enforcement
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
DUE PROCESS REVOLUTION
• Cases decided by the U.S. Supreme Court, 1961-1966
• Known as due process revolution• Active in cases involving rights of
suspects/defendants• Miranda, Mapp v. Ohio, Terry decisions impact
police
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
(Courtesy Library of Congress)
NYPD ROGUES’ GALLERY
• N.Y.P.D. established Rogues' Gallery in 1857
• Photographs of known offenders were included
• Photos were arranged by their criminal specialty and height
• Used by detectives to recognize criminals on the street
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
ANTHROPOMETRY
• First method of criminal identification thought to be reliable; based on a criteria of body measurements
• Developed by Bertillon (1853-1916); father of criminal identification
• After 1883 the system was adopted throughout Europe
• System was abandoned because dactylography (fingerprint identification) simpler, more reliable
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
HENRY BERTILLON AND A BERTILLON MEASUREMENT
(Courtesy Jacques Ganthial) (Courtesy Library of Congress)
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DACTYLOGRAPHY
1684 England’s Dr. Grew observes pores and ridges in hands and feet
1823 Perkinje develops nine standard fingerprint patterns and classification system
1892 Galton publishes “Fingerprints,” first definitive book on dactylography
1894 Vucetich publishes “Dictiloscopia Comparada,” outlining his system
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENTOF DACTYLOGRAPHY (Cont.)
1900 The Henry system was adopted in England
1901 Henry publishes “Classification and Use of Fingerprints,” outlining his system of fingerprint classification
1903 The Will West/William West case demonstrates the superiority of dactylography to anthropometry
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Modern Technology and Identification
Modern technology has enhanced the process of personal identification.
PhotoWorks
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
DNA
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), chemical blueprint which determines everything from our hair color to our disease vulnerabilities; with the exception of identical twins, each person has a unique DNA makeup
• DNA is unique to individuals• The human sources of DNA are:
blood and tissue; spermatozoa; bone marrow, tooth pulp and hair root cells
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
DNA TYPING
• DNA is a chemical blueprint• The Enderby cases were the first use DNA
typing in England in 1987• The Orlando cases were the first used in the
U.S. in1986• The FBI crime lab was the first public lab to use
DNA analysis in 1988
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
MILESTONES IN FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION
1835 Henry Goddard was the first to successfully identify a murderer from bullet removed from victim’s body
1889 Professor Lacassagne identified grooves on a bullet removed from a corpse and matched it to a suspect’s weapon
1898 Paul Jeserich took microphotographs of fatal and test bullets; he testified the defendant’s revolver fired the fatal bullet
1926 Calvin Goddard was most responsible for raising firearm identification to a science