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Copyright © 2014 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442558830/Henslin/Sociology: A down to earth approach/2e 1

Chapter 1

The sociological perspective Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The concept used to describe opening a window into unfamiliar worlds that allows us to understand human behaviour by placing it within its broader social context is called ________. A) the sociological imagination B) social location C) social integration D) the social imperative Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.1-1 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Topic: The sociological perspective Skill: Knowledge Objective: What is the sociological perspective? 2) When sociologists group people into categories based on their age, gender, educational level, job and income, they are trying to determine their ________. A) social network B) social location C) social personality D) social skills Answer: B ID: soc9h 1.1-2 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Topic: The sociological perspective Skill: Comprehension Objective: What is the sociological perspective? 3) Which of the following variables do sociologists emphasise as determining our thinking and behaviour? A) Random chance events B) Natural instincts C) Inherited genetic structure D) One's society and social location Answer: D ID: soc9h 1.1-3 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5

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Copyright © 2014 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442558830/Henslin/Sociology: A down to earth approach/2e

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Topic: The sociological perspective Skill: Application Objective: What is the sociological perspective? SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 4) What is social location? Answer: Social location is the set of groups that people belong to in a given society and point in history and their personal biography. ID: soc9h 1.1-4 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Topic: The sociological perspective Skill: Knowledge Objective: What is the sociological perspective? 5) In addressing the sociological perspective, what did C. Wright Mills mean by history? Answer: Each society is located on a broad stream of events. Because of this, each society has specific characteristics, such as its ideas about the proper roles of men and women. ID: soc9h 1.1-6 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Topic: The sociological perspective Skill: Knowledge Objective: What is the sociological perspective? ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 6) Define the sociological imagination, citing its components and how they were defined by C. Wright Mills. Answer: The sociological imagination enables us to grasp the connection between history and biography. By history, Mills meant that each society is located in a broad stream of events. By biography, Mills referred to each individual's specific experiences. ID: soc9h 1.1-7 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4-5 Topic: The sociological perspective Skill: Analysis Objective: What is the sociological perspective? SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

7) Study Figure 1.1 "Suicides in Australia, 2001-10" on page 15. Applying the sociological imagination to these numbers, what can be said about these statistics, and what future directions for research might this suggest? Answer: The figure shows that significantly more men commit suicide than women.





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This suggests that there are underlying social factors influencing suicide related to gender, and poses questions about the social construction of gender in Australia as a direction for future research. There were more suicides in 2001 and 2008 than in any other years in this timeframe; suicides were at their lowest point in 2006. While there is not enough data to draw any further conclusions, additional research could uncover potential causes for this; for example correlating this with changes in social policy, and hence relating a private trouble to public issues, or demographics, for example research into the rate of suicide per capita, which might be a better measure of changes in suicide than total numbers. A further direction for future research might be data on the class or ethnicity, for example, of those committing suicide, which could then be correlated with social policy and other factors. As there is an apparent increase in suicides after a slight fall from the 2008 highpoint, data from succeeding years would serve to indicate if the total number of suicide is continuing to increase. ID: soc9h 1.1-8 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4-7, 14-15 Topic: The sociological perspective Skill: Analysis Objective: What is the sociological perspective? ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 8) Briefly define the concept of social location and then provide an account of your own social location. How might your social location realistically be expected to change in the next ten years? What are the most important group memberships for determining your future social location? Answer: Social location is the set of group memberships that people have due to living in a particular society at a specific point in history and in their personal biography. Individual social location may include age category, occupation (employed or unemployed, casual or permanent), gender and sexuality, ethnicity, class, marital status and a range of other group memberships. Ascribed statuses of the student (ethnicity, gender and others) are unlikely to change, though this is not absolutely precluded. Ten years from now the student may expect to be a university graduate, in a professional position, with a different marital status and so on; the likely most important membership for determining future social location is class, but this may not be primary for students in relation to their aspirations. ID: soc9h 1.1-9 Diff: 3 Page Ref: 4-7 Topic: The sociological perspective Skill: Synthesis Objective: What is the sociological perspective? TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 9) Anthropology, economics, government, psychology and sociology are all appropriately classified as social sciences. Answer: True False ID: soc9h 1.2-1 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 Topic: Sociology and the other sciences Skill: Knowledge Objective: What is science, and where does sociology fit in? 10) The first goal of any scientific discipline is to discover the pattern, or reoccurring characteristics, of the phenomena under study. Answer: True False





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ID: soc9h 1.2-2 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Topic: Sociology and the other sciences Skill: Knowledge Objective: What is science, and where does sociology fit in? 11) Because sociology is based on common sense it is a discipline that enables students to apply their common-sense notions of social life. Answer: True False ID: soc9h 1.2-3 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Topic: Sociology and the other sciences Skill: Comprehension Objective: What is science, and where does sociology fit in? MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 12) Of the following, which discipline is most appropriately classified as a natural science? A) Geomorphology B) Economics C) Government D) Anthropology Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.2-4 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 Topic: Sociology and the other sciences Skill: Comprehension Objective: What is science, and where does sociology fit in? 13) The first goal of each scientific discipline is to ________. A) explain why something happens B) make generalisations about why things happen C) look for patterns when things happen D) predict what will happen in the future Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.2-5 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Topic: Sociology and the other sciences Skill: Knowledge Objective: What is science, and where does sociology fit in? SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 14) The dominant everyday understandings in society, the things that 'everyone knows' to be true, are referred to as ________. Answer: common sense ID: soc9h 1.1-5 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10 Topic: Sociology and the other sciences Skill: Knowledge Objective: What is science, and where does sociology fit in? 15) What is the primary difference between the social and natural sciences? Answer: The social sciences examine human relationships and attempt to objectively understand the social world, while the natural sciences objectively try to understand the world of nature, and the lawful relationships that are not obvious





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but must be discovered through controlled observation. ID: soc9h 1.2-6 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 Topic: Sociology and the other sciences Skill: Analysis Objective: What is science, and where does sociology fit in? 16) The first two goals of a scientific discipline are to ________ and ________. Answer: explain why something happens; make generalisations that can be applied to a broader group or situation ID: soc9h 1.2-7 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Topic: Sociology and the other sciences Skill: Knowledge Objective: What is science, and where does sociology fit in? 17) What four social sciences do the authors cite as being most closely aligned with sociology? What is the fundamental emphasis of each? Answer: The disciplines are anthropology, economics, political science and psychology. Anthropology emphasises understanding culture; economics concentrates on the production and distribution of goods and services; political science focuses on politics and government; psychology focuses primarily on individuals’ mental processes. ID: soc9h 1.2-8 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8-9 Topic: Sociology and the other sciences Skill: Comprehension Objective: What is science, and where does sociology fit in? TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 18) Herbert Spencer believed that the most capable and intelligent members of a society would survive while the 'weak' and 'less fit' would die, thus improving society through a principle he called 'survival of the fittest'. Answer: True False ID: soc9h 1.3-1 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Comprehension Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline? 19) Applying the scientific method to the social world is called empiricism. Answer: True False ID: soc9h 1.3-2 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline? 20) Karl Marx thought class conflict was the engine of human history, and his writings on modern society focused on the relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Answer: True False ID: soc9h 1.3-3 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline?





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21) Emile Durkheim identified the degree of social integration as the primary variable to explain different rates of suicide within different European nations. Answer: True False ID: soc9h 1.3-4 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 14 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline? 22) According to Max Weber, Calvinists took financial success as a ‘sign’ that they were favoured by God. Answer: True False ID: soc9h 1.3-5 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline? MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 23) The notion that only the fittest members of society deserve to survive and that social programs to help the poor will ultimately weaken the social order is a doctrine known as ________. A) social Darwinism B) positivism C) postmodernism D) social welfare Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.3-6 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline? 24) What is the use of objective, systematic observation to test theories often employed by sociologists? A) Correlation B) Common sense C) The scientific method D) Multivariate analysis Answer: C ID: soc9h 1.3-7 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline? 25) What social event influenced Comte to explore patterns within society and what holds society together? A) The discovery of the New World B) The Inquisition C) The Russian Revolution D) The French Revolution Answer: D ID: soc9h 1.3-8 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11-12





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Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline? 26) Marx suggested that the force that drives human history and is at the core of human progress is ________. A) class conflict B) religion C) status D) education Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.3-9 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline? 27) The early European sociologist Emile Durkheim is most identified with which of the following areas of study? A) Social integration B) Class conflict C) Social Darwinism D) The spirit of capitalism Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.3-10 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 14 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline? 28) Durkheim conducted rigorous research to show how social forces affect people's behaviour. Which social phenomenon did he focus his study on? A) Revolution B) Suicide C) Divorce D) Religious devotion Answer: B ID: soc9h 1.3-11 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline? 29) Weber described the self-denying approach to life characterised by people achieving financial success while living lives of rigorous self-discipline as the ________. A) spirit of capitalism B) class consciousness C) Protestant ethic D) manifest destiny Answer: C ID: soc9h 1.3-12 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline?





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30) Marx theorised that ________ was the central force for social change while Weber believed that ________ was the force most responsible for social change. A) economics; ideas B) education; political stability C) government; economics D) religion; education Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.3-13 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Application Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline? 31) According to Weber, the Protestant ethic was a vital influence on the practice of ________. A) capitalism B) democracy C) socialism D) bureaucracy Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.3-14 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Comprehension Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline? SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 32) What is the scientific method? Answer: The scientific method is using objective, systematic observation to test theories. ID: soc9h 1.3-15 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline? 33) Why did Durkheim's research support the position that suicide was more a sociological issue than one based on psychological theory? Answer: Durkheim's comparison of suicide rates in several countries revealed that people are more likely to commit suicide if their ties to others in their communities are weak. He also discovered how suicide rates within a specific country and culture remain constant while they differ considerably between cultures. This suggests a social basis (sociology) rather than an individualistic basis (psychology) for the cause of suicide. ID: soc9h 1.3-16 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Analysis Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline? 34) What did Weber mean by 'the Protestant ethic'? Answer: A lifestyle characterised by strict self-discipline and asceticism conditioned by particular religious beliefs. ID: soc9h 1.3-17 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15 Topic: Origins of sociology





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Skill: Knowledge Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline? ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 35) Trace the historical development of sociology in Europe. Answer: Describe the origin of sociology in the transition from traditional to more modern societies and forms of social organisation. Relate this to the development of the scientific method and the idea of positivism. Include the influence of industrialisation, urbanisation, revolution and imperialism and how these changes created a need for disciplines oriented to understanding them and the problems they caused. Refer briefly to the specific contributions of Comte, Marx, Durkheim and Weber to the development of sociology. ID: soc9h 1.3-18 Diff: 3 Page Ref: 11-16 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline? SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 36) Based on the theories of Marx, what are the two classes in society? Define each. Answer: The two classes in society are the bourgeoisie and proletariat. Bourgeoisie are the capitalists, those who own the means of production. The proletariat are the exploited workers who do not own the means of production. ID: soc9h 1.3-19 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline? ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 37) How did Weber explain the emergence of the spirit of capitalism? Answer: Weber believed that ideas were the central force in social change; in this case the ideas were religious. Protestants believed that financial success was a 'sign' that showed they were saved and in 'God's will', and that this was pre-destined. To allay their anxieties over whether they were saved or not, they aspired to this 'sign' of salvation, living frugal lives and investing the surplus money they made. As a result they were able to accumulate more and more capital. This readiness to spend money on capital or further production rather than consumption was what Weber called 'the spirit of capitalism'. ID: soc9h 1.3-20 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Analysis Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline? 38) Summarise the main points of Marx's theory of class conflict. Answer: Marx felt class struggle was the key to understanding human history. In every society there is a small group that controls the means of production and exploits those who do not. In industrialised society, this struggle is between the bourgeoisie (the small group of capitalists who own the means to produce wealth) and the proletariat (the workers who are exploited by the capitalists because they do not own the means of production and hence must work for those who do). As





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the relation to the means of production is primary for Marx, politics is subordinate to economics; the capitalists also monopolise political power, using the power of the state to control the workers and deny them access to the means of production. ID: soc9h 1.3-21 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Comprehension Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline? SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 39) The social Darwinist ideas of Herbert Spencer have been largely discredited within sociology and social policy, yet they remain a part of populist and 'common-sense' understandings of the social world. Using the example of social welfare, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of social Darwinism as a social policy. Answer: Advantages of a social Darwinist social policy might include reductions to resources required to support social groups not otherwise able to support themselves, with these resources then available for use elsewhere; reduction of associated problems of managing marginal groups; and, motivation of some members of such groups to gain entry to other groups and hence change their dependent or marginal situation. Disadvantages of a social Darwinist social policy, apart from the obvious hardship and suffering such policies would cause, might include increases in levels of crime and violence as groups no longer supported by society either attempt to secure the resources they need illegally or contest social Darwinist policy; increasing polarisation and conflict between marginal and non-marginal groups in society; attendant damage to social integration across groups in society; loss of the potential future contributions of members of marginal or dependant groups to society; and, reduction of the legitimacy of the groups or elite classes and institutions responsible for governing society and determining social policy. ID: soc9h 1.3-22 Diff: 3 Page Ref: 13 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Evaluation Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline? TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 40) Because of their training and expertise, sociologists stress their personal values in their research. Answer: True False ID: soc9h 1.4-1 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16 Topic: Values in sociological research Skill: Knowledge Objective: Should the purpose of social research be only to advance human understanding or also to reform society? MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 41) What quality did Weber stress as being the hallmark of social research? A) Subjective assessment B) Sympathetic understanding C) Value neutrality D) Capital investment Answer: C





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ID: soc9h 1.4-2 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Topic: Values in sociological research Skill: Comprehension Objective: Should the purpose of social research be only to advance human understanding or also to reform society? 42) June has an interest in understanding contemporary gender identities and is a student of Connell's work on masculinity. June has submitted a proposal to repeat Connell's study of masculine identity to determine if the original conclusions are still valid. This type of research is referred to as ________. A) replication B) ethnography C) triangulation D) correlation Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.4-3 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Topic: Values in sociological research Skill: Comprehension Objective: Should the purpose of social research be only to advance human understanding or also to reform society? ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 43) What was Weber's view on how one's personal values should affect social research? Has his view been adopted as the standard for all sociological research? Explain. Answer: Weber believed that sociological research should be value free, or that a sociologist's values should not affect his or her research. Weber wanted total neutrality to be the hallmark of sociological research. He identified values with bias and lack of objectivity. The possibility of value neutrality or objectivity in sociological research is, however, subject to some debate. Although sociologists agree that no one should distort data, they disagree as to the extent to which it is possible, or even desirable, for research to be value free. It is arguable that, as sociologists have a social location like everyone else, the effects of the values of their particular location within society, and that society and its values, cannot be transcended; even where there is no bias as such, sociologists still tend to choose topics for research based on their values, i.e. what is important, problematic and/or interesting to them. ID: soc9h 1.4-4 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Topic: Values in sociological research Skill: Application Objective: Should the purpose of social research be only to advance human understanding or also to reform society? SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.





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44) Figure 1.2, "The debate over values in sociological research" on page 16, provides a schematic model of the value debate in sociological research. What are the main discussion points? Answer: Sociologists disagree regarding both the purposes and uses of sociological research. While some follow Weber in arguing that sociology should strive to be value free and objective, and focused merely on understanding social behaviour (basic or 'pure' sociology), others take a more activist stance. They suggest instead that sociologists ought to be more concerned with improving society and that research should focus on particular problems and aim to inform social policy and reform society (applied sociology). ID: soc9h 1.4-5 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16-17, 24 Topic: Values in sociological research Skill: Comprehension Objective: Should the purpose of social research be only to advance human understanding or also to reform society? TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 45) Emile Durkheim's notion of social facts refers to the subjective meanings that people assign to their own behaviour. Answer: True False ID: soc9h 1.5-1 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17 Topic: Verstehen and social facts Skill: Knowledge Objective: How do sociologists use Verstehen and social facts to study human behaviour? MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 46) Max Weber used the term 'Verstehen' to mean ________. A) being value free B) to grasp by insight C) the normlessness of society D) the need for human companionship Answer: B





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ID: soc9h 1.5-2 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17 Topic: Verstehen and social facts Skill: Comprehension Objective: How do sociologists use Verstehen and social facts to study human behaviour? 47) Durkheim referred to the observable patterns of behaviour that characterise a social group as ________. A) a social profile B) stereotyping C) social integration D) social facts Answer: D ID: soc9h 1.5-3 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 18 Topic: Verstehen and social facts Skill: Knowledge Objective: How do sociologists use Verstehen and social facts to study human behaviour? ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 48) Summarise what Weber meant by Verstehen and what Durkheim meant by social facts. Give examples of how a sociologist might approach a given topic using both Verstehen and social facts. Answer: Address the subjective meaning of Verstehen as it was intended by Weber and the objectivity of social fact as it was intended by Durkheim. ID: soc9h 1.5-4 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17-18 Topic: Verstehen and social facts Skill: Comprehension Objective: How do sociologists use Verstehen and social facts to study human behaviour? MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.





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49) Study Table 1.2 "Selected divorce indicators, Australia, selected years 1991-2011" on page 29. Which of the following social facts best describes the general pattern? A) The number of divorces per 1000 residents is lower in 2011 than in 1991-2001. B) The number of divorces per 1000 residents is higher in 2011 than in 1991-2001. C) The divorce rate per 1000 residents was highest in 2011. D) The divorce rate per 1000 residents was highest in 1991. Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.5-5 Diff: 3 Page Ref: 29 Topic: Verstehen and social facts Skill: Comprehension Objective: How do sociologists use Verstehen and social facts to study human behaviour?

50) Study Table 1.2 "Selected divorce indicators, Australia, selected years 1991-





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2011" on page 29. Which of the following social facts is NOT true? A) Men are more likely to seek a divorce than women. B) The average number of children per divorce remains stable throughout the period. C) There were more divorces granted in 2011 than in 1991. D) There were more divorces granted in 2001 than in any other year in the study. Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.5-6 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Topic: Verstehen and social facts Skill: Comprehension Objective: How do sociologists use Verstehen and social facts to study human behaviour? SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

51) Study Table 1.2 "Selected divorce indicators, Australia, selected years 1991-2011" on page 29. How has the social fact represented by 'Median length of marriage: To divorce' changed during the last 20 years? Answer: The median length of marriages before divorce has generally increased between 1991 and 2011, peaking in 2007 before slightly declining to 2011. Marriages ending in divorce generally lasted almost two years longer in 2011 than they did in 1991. ID: soc9h 1.5-7 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 28 Topic: Verstehen and social facts Skill: Comprehension Objective: How do sociologists use Verstehen and social facts to study human behaviour?





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52) Figure 1.4 ,"Births registered to single women" on page 32, shows the number of births registered to single women from 1977 to 2007. What is the single most obvious change in this social fact during these 30 years? Answer: The percentage of births by single mothers have dramatically increased, from just over 10 per cent of total births in 1977 to around 34 per cent in 2007. ID: soc9h 1.5-8 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 Topic: Verstehen and social facts Skill: Comprehension Objective: How do sociologists use Verstehen and social facts to study human behaviour? 53) Use the concepts of Verstehen and social facts to explain why your university attracts students possessing similar characteristics. Answer: Regarding Verstehen, universities have images and reputations that may tend to attract given types or groups of students, depending on the students’ subjective perception of these images and reputations, and their personal interests and aspirations. Regarding social facts, each institution has certain specific entry requirements and offers specific programs that may determine whether certain groups can enter or would consider entering. Universities exist in a 'market' situation, vis-a-vis other universities and prospective students, determined by social facts – including higher education policies, student income support, parental education level and geographical location – that interact in specific and observable ways with the social locations, especially class locations, of prospective students and result in statistical tendencies for certain types of student to attend certain types of university. Combining Verstehen and social facts allows us to see that the subjective and objective sociological elements are interdependent, with subjective expectations tending to be affected, even determined, by the objective social facts of the situation, leading to these expectations being fulfilled in practice, which then becomes social fact. ID: soc9h 1.5-9 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17-18 Topic: Verstehen and social facts Skill: Synthesis Objective: How do sociologists use Verstehen and social facts to study human behaviour? MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.





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54) Over twenty years prior to the birth of Durkheim and Weber, Society in America, an account of American customs, was published by _____________. A) Raewyn Connell B) Auguste Comte C) Harriet Martineau D) Alexis de Tocqueville Answer: C ID: soc9h 1.6-1 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20 Topic: Sexism in early sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: What was the position of women in early sociology? TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 55) Raewyn Connell's Masculinities (1995) presents masculinity as something that is not fixed but rather shaped by historical and cultural influences. Answer: True False ID: soc9h 1.7-1 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 Topic: Sociology in Australia Skill: Knowledge Objective: When were the first academic departments of sociology established in Australia? MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 56) Sociology did not enter University of Sydney as an academic discipline until________. A) 1959 B) 1971 C) 1983 D) 1991 Answer: D ID: soc9h 1.7-2 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 21 Topic: Sociology in Australia Skill: Knowledge Objective: When were the first academic departments of sociology established in Australia? 57) The book listed by the Australian Sociological Association (TASA) as the most influential book in Australian sociology, Ruling Class, Ruling Culture: Studies of Conflict, Power and Hegemony in Australian Life, was written by_________. A) Bryan Turner B) Raewyn Connell C) Morven Brown D) Jean Martin Answer: B ID: soc9h 1.7-3 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 Topic: Sociology in Australia Skill: Knowledge Objective: When were the first academic departments of sociology established in Australia? 58) Influential books Community and Identity (1972) and The Migrant Presence (1978) were important works by _____. A) Jean Martin B) Talcott Parsons





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C) Bryan Turner D) Herbert Blumer Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.7-4 Diff: 3 Page Ref: 23 Topic: Sociology in Australia Skill: Knowledge Objective: When were the first academic departments of sociology established in Australia? SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 59) What were some of Jean Martin's research interests? Answer: Multiculturalism or 'robust cultural pluralism', those living in poverty and refugees. ID: soc9h 1.7-5 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Topic: Sociology in Australia Skill: Knowledge Objective: When were the first academic departments of sociology established in Australia? ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 60) How did the early history of Australian sociology reflect the particular social and political realities of Australian Federation? Answer: Australian sociology developed to address the perceived lack of an academic discipline able to evaluate social data, inform social action and critique and further the social and economic development of the Federation. Early theorists like Irvine, Moore and Northcott all focused their attention on this project, maintaining that sociology ought to be utilised to create guidelines for continued social progress. ID: soc9h 1.7-6 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19-21 Topic: Sociology in Australia Skill: Analysis Objective: When were the first academic departments of sociology established in Australia? 61) Trace the development of Australian sociology post-WWII, outlining some main theorists and sociological works. Answer: Sociology in Australia expanded considerably from the 1960s onwards, but it did not become established in the elite universities of Australia until the 1990s. Many Australian sociologists have influenced public debate and policy-making, and made valuable international theoretical contributions. Outline the research and/or theoretical positions of Connell, Turner and Martin relative to this, and list some of the ten most influential works of Australian sociology as given by TASA. ID: soc9h 1.7-7 Diff: 3 Page Ref: 21-23 Topic: Sociology in Australia Skill: Comprehension Objective: When were the first academic departments of sociology established in Australia? SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.





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62) Study Table 1.1, "The top-ten influential books in Australian sociology, 1963-2003" on page 22. What appear to be the dominant topics for Australia's sociological researchers and theorists in this period? Answer: Gender and sexuality, the body and intimate relations (including the family) dominate the list. Three of Connell's four entries cover these topics, as do Turner's The Body and Society, Summers' Damned Whores and God's Police: The Colonisation of Women in Australia and Game and Pringle's Gender at Work. A subsidiary topic of elite power and social control may be identified in the entries for Connell (first entry), Pusey, Willis and Braithwaite, which are concerned with the ruling class, economic policy-making by this class, dominance within a particular field and crime, respectively. ID: soc9h 1.7-8 Diff: 3 Page Ref: 22 Topic: Sociology in Australia Skill: Analysis Objective: When were the first academic departments of sociology established in Australia? TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 63) Basic sociology is a theoretical perspective traced to the work of Auguste Comte. Answer: True False ID: soc9h 1.8-1 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Topic: Sociology in Australia Skill: Knowledge Objective: What is the difference between basic (or pure) and applied sociology? MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 64) 'Applied sociology' refers to ___________. A) abstract models of society B) the study of social order C) sociology used to solve problems and provide information for reform D) a book written by Auguste Comte Answer: C ID: soc9h 1.8-2





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Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24 Topic: Sociology in Australia Skill: Comprehension Objective: What is the difference between basic (or pure) and applied sociology? 65) During his career Mohammed has worked on a human rights project, done research for an aid organisation, been an advocate for a program for refugee entry to higher education and published in sociology journals on civil society activism in Muslim-majority societies. What is Mohammed's position within sociology? A) Mohammed has been a pure sociologist. B) Mohammed has been a basic sociologist. C) Mohammed has been an applied sociologist. D) Mohammed has been a social reformer. Answer: C ID: soc9h 1.8-3 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 26 Topic: Sociology in Australia Skill: Application Objective: What is the difference between basic (or pure) and applied sociology? SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 66) What did C. Wright Mills mean by the term 'the power elite'? Answer: He referred to the top leaders of business, politics and the military who made the major policy decisions of the nation as the power elite. ID: soc9h 1.8-4 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25 Topic: Sociology in Australia Skill: Comprehension Objective: What is the difference between basic (or pure) and applied sociology? ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 67) Describe the major differences between basic (or pure) sociology and applied sociology. Answer: Basic or 'pure' sociology involves research, and the application and development of theory, that attempts to answer basic questions about human social groups but is not directed at changing the social conditions of these groups. Applied sociology involves the practical application of sociological knowledge to solve problems and inform social policy. ID: soc9h 1.8-5 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 23-24 Topic: Sociology in Australia Skill: Comprehension Objective: What is the difference between basic (or pure) and applied sociology? MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.





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68) Helen is a systems analyst for the Department of Health. In her position she evaluates the effectiveness of health care programs in rural communities. Based on Figure 1.3 on page 24, ‘Comparing basic and applied sociology’, which description best fits Helen's position as a sociologist? A) Helen should be considered as a basic sociologist only. B) Helen should be considered as an applied sociologist only. C) Helen could be considered to be involved in both basic and applied sociology but leans more towards basic sociology. D) Helen could be considered to be involved in both basic and applied sociology but leans more towards applied sociology. Answer: D ID: soc9h 1.8-6 Diff: 3 Page Ref: 24-25 Topic: Sociology in Australia Skill: Analysis Objective: What is the difference between basic (or pure) and applied sociology? SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

69) Based on Figure 1.3, ‘Comparing basic and applied sociology’ on page 24, what is the difference between basic and applied sociology in regards to the audience and product of the effort? Answer: In basic sociology the audience is fellow sociologists and the product of their effort is knowledge. Applied sociologists attempt to achieve change for their audience, who are also their clientele. ID: soc9h 1.8-7 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 23-25 Topic: Sociology in Australia Skill: Knowledge Objective: What is the difference between basic (or pure) and applied sociology?





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70) After reading the Down-to-Earth Sociology box "Capturing Saddam Hussein: A surprising example of applied sociology" on page 28, discuss this example with reference to the distinction between basic (or pure) and applied sociology. Is this a legitimate use of applied sociology? Answer: Network analysis represents a form of basic sociology in that it is a means of describing and explaining the relations of individuals within a particular group; as such it is 'value free' sociological theory and can be applied to any particular case in a similar way. The use of network analysis by a particular group or social institution – here the US military – in pursuit of a particular objective – the capture of the leader of an opposing group – indicates the tension between basic and applied sociology, in that in applied sociology, sociological expertise or knowledge is used as a means to non-sociological ends (that is, ends that do not increase sociological knowledge) except in a very limited sense in a specific case. Many sociologists have been made uncomfortable by this use of applied sociology as it makes it clear that applied sociology, as sociology directed to social change or reform (in this example forcible 'regime change'), is not in itself preferable to 'value free' basic sociology, but that this is dependant upon the values associated with particular groups in question, or with the changes made to these groups. While a case can be made that this is a legitimate use of applied sociology, in that change of a problematic regime and capture and execution of its (arguably criminal) leader may be legitimate, the resolution of this case lies outside of the expertise of sociology, being a question of values. Sociology also makes it apparent that there may be many unintended consequences of forcible regime change, indicating that application of sociology where the possible consequences are not known may not be sociologically defensible as it would go against the expert advice of responsible sociologists. ID: soc9h 1.8-8 Diff: 3 Page Ref: 16-17, 23-24, 28 Topic: Sociology in Australia Skill: Evaluation Objective: What is the difference between basic (or pure) and applied sociology? TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 71) A theory is a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work. Answer: True False ID: soc9h 1.9-1 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24 Topic: Theoretical perspectives in sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: What is a theory? 72) According to the principles of symbolic interactionism, symbols not only allow relationships to exist, they also allow society to exist. Answer: True False ID: soc9h 1.10-1 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 26 Topic: Theoretical perspectives in sociology Skill: Comprehension Objective: What are sociology's major theoretical perspectives? 73) Sociologists who use the functionalist perspective stress how industrialisation and urbanisation undermined the traditional functions of the family. Answer: True False





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ID: soc9h 1.10-2 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31 Topic: Theoretical perspectives in sociology Skill: Comprehension Objective: What are sociology's major theoretical perspectives? MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 74) Sociologists who study how people communicate meanings and use these meanings to establish their relations with others are most likely to be ________. A) positivists B) functionalists C) conflict theorists D) symbolic interactionists Answer: D ID: soc9h 1.10-3 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25 Topic: Theoretical perspectives in sociology Skill: Comprehension Objective: What are sociology's major theoretical perspectives? 75) According to symbolic interactionists, deciding if change in society is good or bad requires ________. A) an understanding of who benefited from the change B) an understanding of who may have been victimised by the change C) a value framework from which to view the change D) a macroanalytical focus of the extent of the change Answer: C ID: soc9h 1.10-4 Diff: 3 Page Ref: 30 Topic: Theoretical perspectives in sociology Skill: Application Objective: What are sociology's major theoretical perspectives? 76) According to Robert Merton, ________ are the intended beneficial consequences of people's actions. A) latent functions B) manifest dysfunctions C) manifest functions D) latent dysfunctions Answer: C ID: soc9h 1.10-5 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 31 Topic: Theoretical perspectives in sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: What are sociology's major theoretical perspectives? 77) Provision of development aid to least-industrialised nations is intended to raise their level of economic development; however, depending on how it is implemented, it may result in dependency on development aid. This unintended consequence represents what Merton would describe as a ________. A) manifest function B) latent function C) manifest dysfunction D) latent dysfunction Answer: D ID: soc9h 1.10-6





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Diff: 3 Page Ref: 30-31 Topic: Theoretical perspectives in sociology Skill: Application Objective: What are sociology's major theoretical perspectives? 78) In addition to looking at parts of society in terms of function, functionalists also look at how the parts of society fit together to make a whole, or ________. A) process B) synthesis C) integration D) structure Answer: D ID: soc9h 1.10-7 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30 Topic: Theoretical perspectives in sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: What are sociology's major theoretical perspectives? 79) In sociology Marx is known as the founder of which theoretical perspective? A) Conflict theory B) Communism C) Socialism D) Functionalism Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.10-8 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 33 Topic: Theoretical perspectives in sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: What are sociology's major theoretical perspectives? 80) Meiling views society as a system of interrelated parts, while Carlos views society as composed of groups competing for scarce resources. Meiling would be considered a ________ theorist and Carlos would be seen as a ________ theorist. A) symbolic interactionist; functionalist B) conflict; functionalist C) functionalist; symbolic interactionist D) functionalist; conflict Answer: D ID: soc9h 1.10-9 Diff: 3 Page Ref: 30, 33 Topic: Theoretical perspectives in sociology Skill: Application Objective: What are sociology's major theoretical perspectives? 81) Which group of social theorists would focus most on macro-level analysis when examining patterns of society? A) Symbolic interactionists and structural functionalists B) Symbolic interactionists and conflict theorists C) Conflict theorists and structural functionalists D) Neo-conflict theorists and symbolic interactionists Answer: C ID: soc9h 1.10-10 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 Topic: Theoretical perspectives in sociology Skill: Application Objective: What are sociology's major theoretical perspectives?





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82) Which of the major sociological perspectives are best for developing an understanding of society? A) Structural functionalism and the conflict perspective B) Symbolic interactionism and structural functionalism C) Symbolic interactionism and the conflict perspective D) No single perspective is best: the more perspectives are used the more can be understood Answer: D ID: soc9h 1.10-11 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34-35 Topic: Theoretical perspectives in sociology Skill: Comprehension Objective: What are sociology's major theoretical perspectives? 83) Bruce is interested in the effects of the outsourcing of services from Australia to the Indian subcontinent on patterns of global outsourcing, and comparing the social consequences for the different societies. Bruce is conducting a ________ analysis. A) macro-level B) transactional C) micro-level D) meso-level Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.10-12 Diff: 3 Page Ref: 34 Topic: Theoretical perspectives in sociology Skill: Application Objective: What are sociology's major theoretical perspectives? 84) A symbolic interactionist perspective may be less useful for understanding society at the ________. A) macro level B) micro level C) symbolic level D) interactionist level Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.10-13 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 Topic: Theoretical perspectives in sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: What are sociology's major theoretical perspectives? SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 85) Merton's two classifications of function, both of which can help a system adjust, are called ________ and ________ functions. Answer: manifest; latent ID: soc9h 1.10-14 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 30-31 Topic: Theoretical perspectives in sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: What are sociology's major theoretical perspectives? 86) Sociologically, what is the meaning of symbols? Answer: The things to which we attach meaning and which we use to communicate meaning to others ID: soc9h 1.10-15 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 26





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Topic: Theoretical perspectives in sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: What are sociology's major theoretical perspectives? 87) According to Marx, what single element was the key to understanding human history? Answer: Class conflict ID: soc9h 1.10-16 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 33 Topic: Theoretical perspectives in sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: What are sociology's major theoretical perspectives? 88) What are the similarities and differences between macro- and micro-levels of analysis? Answer: Both macro- and micro-levels of analysis examine the patterns of society. Macro-level analysis focuses on large-scale patterns of society while micro-levels of analysis are more concerned with social interaction and what people do when they are in one another's presence. ID: soc9h 1.10-17 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 Topic: Theoretical perspectives in sociology Skill: Analysis Objective: What are sociology's major theoretical perspectives? ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 89) Social life can be interpreted from three major theoretical perspectives. Give an outline of each perspective. Answer: A summary of the sections on symbolic interactionist, functionalist and conflict theories under theoretical perspectives in sociology, emphasising the initial descriptive sections over the sections applying the perspectives to the particular case in question. ID: soc9h 1.10-18 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25-26, 30-31, 33 Topic: Theoretical perspectives in sociology Skill: Comprehension Objective: What are sociology's major theoretical perspectives? 90) Marx's version of conflict theory predicted that the proletariat would eventually overthrow the bourgeoisie by revolution. While his predictions were to some extent borne out in the cases of Russia and China, and revolutions elsewhere, revolution did not occur in the highly industrialised societies. Is Marx's analysis of class conflict still relevant to relations within those societies, or with reference to globalisation? Is there still a proletariat? Answer: While Marx's analysis of class conflict may still be relevant, as there are still classes and still forms of class conflict, the specificity of his analysis to an urban industrial society of a particular type, and with the classes specified in particular terms as industrial workers and industrial capitalists, may limit the relevance of that part of his analysis to societies that have moved out of the industrial stage. However, there continues to be industrial production: it is now globalised rather than organised on a national basis. Hence there continue to be an industrial proletariat and industrial capitalists, but the relation between them is obscured by the distances involved; it becomes a relation between societies rather than within societies. Further, there may be other forms of proletariat class in contemporary societies who stand in a similar relation to a post-industrial bourgeoisie as Marx's industrial classes; examples might include migrant workers, casualised workers and





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service workers of various kinds. ID: soc9h 1.10-19 Diff: 3 Page Ref: 13, 33, 36 Topic: Theoretical perspectives in sociology Skill: Synthesis Objective: What are sociology's major theoretical perspectives? TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 91) What is known as the first phase of sociology, characterised by an emphasis on sociology as a means to improve society, ended in the 1920s. Answer: True False ID: soc9h 1.11-1 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 35-36 Topic: Trends shaping the future of sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: What trends are likely to have an impact on sociology? MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 92) The increasing interconnections and interdependencies between different countries, creating a burgeoning sense of the world as one place, is referred to as ________. A) multiculturalism B) colonialism C) neo-colonialism D) globalisation Answer: D ID: soc9h 1.11-2 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 36 Topic: Trends shaping the future of sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: What trends are likely to have an impact on sociology? SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 93) What is globalisation? Answer: The breaking down of national boundaries because of advances in communications, trade and travel, creating increasing interconnections and interdependencies. ID: soc9h 1.11-3 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 36 Topic: Trends shaping the future of sociology Skill: Knowledge Objective: What trends are likely to have an impact on sociology? 94) Some theorists divide the development of sociology as an academic discipline into three different time periods. What characterised the first and second phases of sociological research? Answer: A tension between emphasis on social reform or social analysis. During the first phase, sociologists stressed the need to do research in order to improve society. During the second phase the emphasis changed to making sociology a respected field of knowledge. ID: soc9h 1.11-4 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 35-6 Topic: Trends shaping the future of sociology Skill: Comprehension





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Objective: What trends are likely to have an impact on sociology?





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1) A 2) B 3) D 4) Social location is the set of groups that people belong to in a given society and point in history and their personal biography. 5) Each society is located on a broad stream of events. Because of this, each society has specific characteristics, such as its ideas about the proper roles of men and women. 6) The sociological imagination enables us to grasp the connection between history and biography. By history, Mills meant that each society is located in a broad stream of events. By biography, Mills referred to each individual's specific experiences. 7) The figure shows that significantly more men commit suicide than women. This suggests that there are underlying social factors influencing suicide, and poses questions about the social construction of gender in Australia. There were more suicides in 1997 and 1998 than in any other year in this timeframe. While there is not enough data to draw any further conclusions, additional research could uncover the causes for this. Overall the rate of suicide has declined since then. On average, around 6 Australians commit suicide every day. This could be compared with statistics from other countries. 8) Social location is the set of group memberships that people have due to living in a particular society at a specific point in history and in their personal biography. Individual social location may include age category, occupation (employed or unemployed, casual or permanent), gender and sexuality, ethnicity, class, marital status and a range of other group memberships. Ascribed statuses of the student (ethnicity, gender and others) are unlikely to change, though this is not absolutely precluded. Ten years from now the student may expect to be a university graduate, in a professional position, with a different marital status and so on; the likely most important membership for determining future social location is class, but this may not be primary for students in relation to their aspirations. 9) True 10) False 11) False 12) A 13) A 14) common sense 15) The social sciences examine human relationships and attempt to objectively understand the social world, while the natural sciences objectively try to understand the world of nature, and the lawful relationships that are not obvious but must be discovered through controlled observation. 16) why something happens; make generalisations that can be applied to a broader group or situation 17) The disciplines are anthropology, economics, political science and psychology. Anthropology emphasises understanding culture; economics concentrates on the production and distribution of goods and services; political science focuses on politics and government; psychology focuses primarily on individuals’ mental processes. 18) True 19) False 20) True 21) True 22) True 23) A 24) C 25) D





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26) A 27) A 28) B 29) C 30) A 31) A 32) The scientific method is using objective, systematic observation to test theories. 33) Durkheim's comparison of suicide rates in several countries revealed that people are more likely to commit suicide if their ties to others in their communities are weak. He also discovered how suicide rates within a specific country and culture remain constant while they differ considerably between cultures. This suggests a social basis (sociology) rather than an individualistic basis (psychology) for the cause of suicide. 34) A lifestyle characterised by strict self-discipline and asceticism conditioned by particular religious beliefs. 35) Describe the origin of sociology in the transition from traditional to more modern societies and forms of social organisation. Relate this to the development of the scientific method and the idea of positivism. Include the influence of industrialisation, urbanisation, revolution and imperialism and how these changes created a need for disciplines oriented to understanding them and the problems they caused. Refer briefly to the specific contributions of Comte, Marx, Durkheim and Weber to the development of sociology. 36) The two classes in society are the bourgeoisie and proletariat. Bourgeoisie are the capitalists, those who own the means of production. The proletariat are the exploited workers who do not own the means of production. 37) Weber believed that ideas were the central force in social change; in this case the ideas were religious. Protestants believed that financial success was a 'sign' that showed they were saved and in 'God's will', and that this was pre-destined. To allay their anxieties over whether they were saved or not, they aspired to this 'sign' of salvation, living frugal lives and investing the surplus money they made. As a result they were able to accumulate more and more capital. This readiness to spend money on capital or further production rather than consumption was what Weber called 'the spirit of capitalism'. 38) Marx felt class struggle was the key to understanding human history. In every society there is a small group that controls the means of production and exploits those who do not. In industrialised society, this struggle is between the bourgeoisie (the small group of capitalists who own the means to produce wealth) and the proletariat (the workers who are exploited by the capitalists because they do not own the means of production and hence must work for those who do). As the relation to the means of production is primary for Marx, politics is subordinate to economics; the capitalists also monopolise political power, using the power of the state to control the workers and deny them access to the means of production. 39) Advantages of a social Darwinist social policy might include reductions to resources required to support social groups not otherwise able to support themselves, with these resources then available for use elsewhere; reduction of associated problems of managing marginal groups; and, motivation of some members of such groups to gain entry to other groups and hence change their dependent or marginal situation. Disadvantages of a social Darwinist social policy, apart from the obvious hardship and suffering such policies would cause, might include increases in levels of crime and violence as groups no longer supported by society either attempt to secure the resources they need illegally or contest social Darwinist policy; increasing polarisation and conflict between marginal and non-marginal groups in society; attendant damage to social integration across groups in society; loss of the potential future contributions of members of marginal or





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dependant groups to society; and, reduction of the legitimacy of the groups or elite classes and institutions responsible for governing society and determining social policy. 40) False 41) C 42) A 43) Weber believed that sociological research should be value free, or that a sociologist's values should not affect his or her research. Weber wanted total neutrality to be the hallmark of sociological research. He identified values with bias and lack of objectivity. The possibility of value neutrality or objectivity in sociological research is, however, subject to some debate. Although sociologists agree that no one should distort data, they disagree as to the extent to which it is possible, or even desirable, for research to be value free. It is arguable that, as sociologists have a social location like everyone else, the effects of the values of their particular location within society, and that society and its values, cannot be transcended; even where there is no bias as such, sociologists still tend to choose topics for research based on their values, i.e. what is important, problematic and/or interesting to them. 44) Sociologists disagree regarding both the purposes and uses of sociological research. While some follow Weber in arguing that sociology should strive to be value free and objective, and focused merely on understanding social behaviour (basic or 'pure' sociology), others take a more activist stance. They suggest instead that sociologists ought to be more concerned with improving society and that research should focus on particular problems and aim to inform social policy and reform society (applied sociology). 45) False 46) B 47) D 48) Address the subjective meaning of Verstehen as it was intended by Weber and the objectivity of social fact as it was intended by Durkheim. 49) A 50) A 51) The median length of marriages before divorce has generally increased between 1991 and 2011, peaking in 2007 before slightly declining to 2011. Marriages ending in divorce generally lasted almost two years longer in 2011 than they did in 1991. 52) The percentage of births by single mothers have dramatically increased, from just over 10 per cent of total births in 1977 to around 34 per cent in 2007. 53) Regarding Verstehen, universities have images and reputations that may tend to attract given types or groups of students, depending on the students’ subjective perception of these images and reputations, and their personal interests and aspirations. Regarding social facts, each institution has certain specific entry requirements and offers specific programs that may determine whether certain groups can enter or would consider entering. Universities exist in a 'market' situation, vis-a-vis other universities and prospective students, determined by social facts – including higher education policies, student income support, parental education level and geographical location – that interact in specific and observable ways with the social locations, especially class locations, of prospective students and result in statistical tendencies for certain types of student to attend certain types of university. Combining Verstehen and social facts allows us to see that the subjective and objective sociological elements are interdependent, with subjective expectations tending to be affected, even determined, by the objective social facts of the situation, leading to these expectations being fulfilled in practice, which then becomes social fact. 54) C





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55) True 56) D 57) B 58) A 59) Multiculturalism or 'robust cultural pluralism', those living in poverty and refugees. 60) Australian sociology developed to address the perceived lack of an academic discipline able to evaluate social data, inform social action and critique and further the social and economic development of the Federation. Early theorists like Irvine, Moore and Northcott all focused their attention on this project, maintaining that sociology ought to be utilised to create guidelines for continued social progress. 61) Sociology in Australia expanded considerably from the 1960s onwards, but it did not become established in the elite universities of Australia until the 1990s. Many Australian sociologists have influenced public debate and policy-making, and made valuable international theoretical contributions. Outline the research and/or theoretical positions of Connell, Turner and Martin relative to this, and list some of the ten most influential works of Australian sociology as given by TASA. 62) Gender and sexuality, the body and intimate relations (including the family) dominate the list. Three of Connell's four entries cover these topics, as do Turner's The Body and Society, Summers' Damned Whores and God's Police: The Colonisation of Women in Australia and Game and Pringle's Gender at Work. A subsidiary topic of elite power and social control may be identified in the entries for Connell (first entry), Pusey, Willis and Braithwaite, which are concerned with the ruling class, economic policy-making by this class, dominance within a particular field and crime, respectively. 63) False 64) C 65) C 66) He referred to the top leaders of business, politics and the military who made the major policy decisions of the nation as the power elite. 67) Basic or 'pure' sociology involves research, and the application and development of theory, that attempts to answer basic questions about human social groups but is not directed at changing the social conditions of these groups. Applied sociology involves the practical application of sociological knowledge to solve problems and inform social policy. 68) D 69) In basic sociology the audience is fellow sociologists and the product of their effort is knowledge. Applied sociologists attempt to achieve change for their audience, who are also their clientele. 70) Network analysis represents a form of basic sociology in that it is a means of describing and explaining the relations of individuals within a particular group; as such it is 'value free' sociological theory and can be applied to any particular case in a similar way. The use of network analysis by a particular group or social institution – here the US military – in pursuit of a particular objective – the capture of the leader of an opposing group – indicates the tension between basic and applied sociology, in that in applied sociology, sociological expertise or knowledge is used as a means to non-sociological ends (that is, ends that do not increase sociological knowledge) except in a very limited sense in a specific case. Many sociologists have been made uncomfortable by this use of applied sociology as it makes it clear that applied sociology, as sociology directed to social change or reform (in this example forcible 'regime change'), is not in itself preferable to 'value free' basic sociology, but that this is dependant upon the values associated with particular groups in question, or with the changes made to these groups. While a case can be made that this is a legitimate use of applied sociology, in that change of a problematic regime and capture and execution of its (arguably criminal) leader may be





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legitimate, the resolution of this case lies outside of the expertise of sociology, being a question of values. Sociology also makes it apparent that there may be many unintended consequences of forcible regime change, indicating that application of sociology where the possible consequences are not known may not be sociologically defensible as it would go against the expert advice of responsible sociologists. 71) True 72) True 73) True 74) D 75) C 76) C 77) D 78) D 79) A 80) D 81) C 82) D 83) A 84) A 85) manifest; latent 86) The things to which we attach meaning and which we use to communicate meaning to others 87) Class conflict 88) Both macro- and micro-levels of analysis examine the patterns of society. Macro-level analysis focuses on large-scale patterns of society while micro-levels of analysis are more concerned with social interaction and what people do when they are in one another's presence. 89) A summary of the sections on symbolic interactionist, functionalist and conflict theories under theoretical perspectives in sociology, emphasising the initial descriptive sections over the sections applying the perspectives to the particular case in question. 90) While Marx's analysis of class conflict may still be relevant, as there are still classes and still forms of class conflict, the specificity of his analysis to an urban industrial society of a particular type, and with the classes specified in particular terms as industrial workers and industrial capitalists, may limit the relevance of that part of his analysis to societies that have moved out of the industrial stage. However, there continues to be industrial production: it is now globalised rather than organised on a national basis. Hence there continue to be an industrial proletariat and industrial capitalists, but the relation between them is obscured by the distances involved; it becomes a relation between societies rather than within societies. Further, there may be other forms of proletariat class in contemporary societies who stand in a similar relation to a post-industrial bourgeoisie as Marx's industrial classes; examples might include migrant workers, casualised workers and service workers of various kinds. 91) True 92) D 93) The breaking down of national boundaries because of advances in communications, trade and travel, creating increasing interconnections and interdependencies. 94) A tension between emphasis on social reform or social analysis. During the first phase, sociologists stressed the need to do research in order to improve society. During the second phase the emphasis changed to making sociology a respected field of knowledge.




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