Chapter 1 Six Steps to Scientific Method 1. Defining the Problem: Be specific Research the topic.
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Transcript of Chapter 1 Six Steps to Scientific Method 1. Defining the Problem: Be specific Research the topic.
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Chapter 1
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Six Steps to Scientific Method
1. Defining the Problem:
• Be specific
• Research the topic
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2. Formulating a hypothesis
Hypothesis = a possible explanation for an observed set of facts.
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3. Testing the hypothesis
ExperimentationMust have a variable or
single factor being tested
1) Experimental set: part of experiment that contains the variable.
2) Control set: exactly like the experimental except NO VARIABLE. ppjpo
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Variables
INDEPENDENTFactor or value that
is not affected by another variable.
DEPENDENTFactor or value that
is affected or determined by another factor or variable.
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4. Observing and Measuring
Be specific with observations.Write down all data. 5. Analyzing & Drawing
Conclusions A chart or graph is often used to
help clarify information.
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6. Reporting Observations
* If an experiment cannot be repeated the results cannot be considered valid.
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THEORY :Explanations to
phenomena supported by evidence.
LAW :A theory which has
been accepted as true.
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How do we know when something is ALIVE?
1) Made of one or more cells A small collection of living matter
enclosed by a barrier. Organisms can be either unicellular or
multicelluar.
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2. Living things reproduce
ASEXUAL
1. Offspring comes from a single parent
2. Offspring is identical to parent.
SEXUAL
1. Offspring is usually a result of two parents.
2. Offspring is often similar to parents but not identical.
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3. Living things are based on a genetic code.
Inheritance of traits are carried by a molecule of nucleic acid.
Usually DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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4. Growth and Development
All living things can increase in size (growth) and change over time (development)
All living things have a finite life span.
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5. Living things obtain and use materials and energy
Metabolism : All of the chemical reactions and processes that build up and break down materials in an organism
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6. Living things can respond to the environment
7. Living things try to maintain an internal balance
• Known as homeostasis
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8. Living things evolve over time
As a species, living organisms can change over a given amount of time.
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Tools of the Biologist
Section 4
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The Light Microscope
Simple Microscope
Only one lens.
Compound Microscope
Uses two lenses, an optical system, a mechanical system, and a light system.
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Parts of the microscope:
A. Optical system
Lenses
1.Objective lens
low, med and high power
2. Ocular lens
eyepiece
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B. Mechanical system
BaseArmNosepieceStageClipsBody tubeCoarse adjustment knobFine adjustment knob
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C. Light System
MirrorInternal light sourceDiaphragm
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Magnification vs Resolution
Magnification:
enlargement of the object’s image
Resolution:
sharpness of an image; the ability to distinguish between separate points
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Preparation of Specimens
Must be thin enough for light to pass through.
FixationCutting material into small pieces and
allowing it to soak in a fixativeEmbedded in liquid wax or plasticSectioned or sliced
Often stained
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Phase-contrast microscope
Allows the observer to see details in living specimens without staining.
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Stereomicroscope
Low magnification3D imagesGreat for dissections
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Electron Microscopes
Transmission electron
– 250,000 X
Scanning electron
– Smaller magnification
– Can see many many fine details
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SEM images
Human red blood cells and a housefly.
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Lab techniques
Centrifugation = used to separate materials of different densities.
Tissue culture = used to maintain living cells outside an organism’s body.
Chromatography = separation of different substances on the basis of their chemical or physical properties.
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Techniques continued…
Electrophoresis = an electric current is used to separate
substances.SpectrophotometryComputers
– MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)– CAT (computerized axial tomography)– ultrasound
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ASSIGNMENT:
Page 31 1-10,15,20,21Page 33 1-6