Chapter 1

Science & Technolog

y

Science: (and technology)

has help societies throughout history to advance and even helped many thrive above other cultures. It is an organized way of investigating the natural world and put resources to a beneficial use.

3 Examples Weapons = to protect the people, gain new

land & resources Agriculture = to feed the people which help

prevent civil unrest Medicine = to cure and prevent diseases so

the people may live longer

Terms

Scientific Law: Statement of fact backed up by proven research.

Theories: Ideas or beliefs supported by data, but NOT proven.

Scientific Method: a logical method to solve ANY

problem.

Scientific Method

State the Problem = needs to be well defined

Gather information = (Research the Problem) become an expert on the problem

Form the Hypothesis = through research; an educated guess at a solution to the problem

Test = run a controlled experiment to test the hypothesis by Recording & analyzing data

State Your Conclusion = evaluate the success of the hypothesis. Adjust and Retest as necessary

Testing the HypothesisTrials = number of times the experiment

was ran. Needs to be a high number to add credibility to the work

Variables = conditions (or factors) that changed during the experiment & factors being tested

Independent variables answer the question "What do I change?"

Dependent variables answer the question "What do I observe?"

*On a Graph = dependent variable goes on the y-axis, independent variable on the x-axis

Specimen Groups Control Group = a group that

had NO changes in their conditions. Conditions that stay the same throughout the tests. Used to set what is NORMAL from which comparisons are made

Experimental Group = a group(s) that have the independent variable introduced

90 mice are ran through a maze to get

the average for that maze.

30 miceControl Group

NO MUSIC

30 miceExperimental Group

ROCK MUSIC

30 miceExperimental Group

CLASSICALMUSIC

5 minuteswas the

average (all 90 mice)

2 Weeks 24 hours per daymusic played in

living areas

Mice, Music and a Maze

Questions

Name the variables.What time MUST the control group have

in order to declare any results as valid?Why must all 3 groups get the exact

same amount of food & water?What is the purpose of the maze?What are your predictions?

Actual Results

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

TIME (in minutes, mins.)

ControlGroupExperimental(Classical)

Experimental(Rock)

What is your conclusion?

Instruments = tools used to record and analyze data from an experiment. Length = Ruler … measured in meters,

centimeters, kilometers, etc. Mass = Balance … measured in grams Temperature = Thermometer … measured

in degrees Celsius (°C) Area = Ruler … Area = L x W Volume

– Ruler = regular shaped objects Volume = L x W x H

– Graduated Cylinder = liquids …measured in milliliter, cubic centimeters, liters, etc.

– Water Displacement = irregular shaped objects Density = Balance & Ruler… Density =

mass ÷ volume (D = m/v)

Metric System = units of measurement based on the power of 10 by the use of prefixes

Kilo (k) – 1000xHecto (h) – 100xDeca (da)– 10xBase Unit meter (m), liter (l) or

gram (g)Deci (d) – 1/10xCenti (c) – 1/100xMilli (m) – 1/1000x

King Henry Died Drinking Chocolate

Milk

kilo- hecto- deca- BASE deci- centi- milli-

Example: base unit is meter.

kilometer, hectometer, decameter, meter, decimeter, centimeter, millimeter

Ruler

Used to measure distance or length Length = the distance from one point to

another. Unit = meters Graduation = one mark on the measuring

device. U S Ruler = 8 graduations Metric Ruler = 10 graduations

Graduated Cylinder

Used to measure the volume of a liquid. Volume = the amount of space an object

takes up. Unit = liters When measuring water measure from the

bottom of the meniscus. From the top of a substance like mercury.

Triple Beam Balance

Used to measure the mass of a substance. Mass = the amount of matter. Unit =

grams Matter = anything with mass & volume. 3 counter weights are used to indicate the

mass. Largest measures the hundreds, middle sized weight measures the tens, and the smallest measures the ones and 1/10 of a gram.

Time & Temperature

Time = the elapse time from the beginning to the end of an occurrence.

Unit = seconds.Temperature = a measure of the

motion of the molecules in a substance.

Unit = degrees Celsius, °C.

Measurements that Require Calculations

Speed & Velocity• speed = distance ÷ time s = d/t

• Unit = meters/second, m/s

Density• density = mass ÷ volume d = m/v

• Unit = grams/cubic centimeter, g/cm3

Area• area = length x width a = l x w

• Unit = squared centimeters, cm2

Volume• volume = length x width x height v = l x w x h

• Unit = cubic centimeters, cm3

A race car travels at a constant speed. Position and time data are recorded. A graph is prepared using the data. Use this graph to determine the speed of the race car.

d = 60 m t = 0.8 s s = ? speed = distance ÷ time ( s =

d/t) speed = 60 m ÷ 0.8 s speed = 75 m/s

Name the seven basic metric units for length longest to shortest.

KilometerHectometerDecameterMeterDecimeterCentimeterMillimeter

How many seconds are in three (3) days?

3 days 24 hrs 60 min 60 sec 1 day 1 hour 1 min

3 days 24 hrs 60 min 60 sec 1 day 1 hour 1 min

3 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 259,200 = 259,200 sec1 x 1 x 1 = 1

An automobile travels at 30 m/s for 2 minutes. How far did it travel?

d = ? t = 2 min. (must be converted to seconds) =

120 ss = 30 m/sd = s x td = 30 m/s x 120 sd = 3600 m

In one-half hour, a bicyclist traveled 20 km. What was the bicyclist’s average speed?

d = 20 km t = 0.5 hrs = ?s = d ÷ ts = 20 km ÷ 0.5

hrs = 40 km/hr

Some Basic Science Knowledge

Water = Melting Point (or freezing point) is 0°C

Water = Boiling Point is 100°C Normal Body Temperature = 37°C Comfortable Room Temperature = 22°C “Standard” Room Temperature = 20°C Density of water = 1.0 grams per cubic

centimeter