CHAPTER 1

OCCUPATIONAL ANALYSIS OF OIL & GAS INDUSTRY

1.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter explains problem statement of the Occupational Analysis (OA),

objectives and scope of the study. The background of OA and its functions in

skills training and curriculum development is also elaborated in this chapter.

1.2 INTRODUCTION TO OCCUPATIONAL ANALYSIS DEVELOPMENT

An Occupational Analysis (OA) is the process of identifying sub-sectors, job

areas and job titles for a particular industry in the form of Occupational

Structure (OS). It highlights other elements as well such as common job titles,

levels of competency and occupational descriptions of each job title. Every job

title is identified according to its level according to the Malaysian

Occupational Skills Qualification Framework (MOSQF) definition. However,

the occupational structure does not reflect the Organizational Structure but

rather the competency levels and possible career path for personnel under a

particular sector or industry.

The OA requires input from stakeholders especially industry players, statutory

bodies, training institutions among others. Job titles which are the OA findings

are useful information as a reference for the National Occupational Skills

Standard (NOSS) development. NOSS specifies standard of performance that

people are expected to achieve in their work, and the knowledge and skills

they need to perform effectively. The NOSS is developed as a resource for

individuals and organisations to improve their capacity and capability and can

be used to define job roles, measure staff performance and identify and

develop routes for progression and professional development.

1

By developing NOSS, personnel in the industry can be certified through three

(3) methods of skills training certification. The first of the three methods is

certification through full time training from a minimum of 3 months for entry

level certificates (Malaysia Skills Certificate 1,2, and 3) or up until over a year

for Malaysian Skills Diploma or Advanced Diploma. The second method is via

the apprenticeship scheme which is called the National Dual Training System

(NDTS) where the candidate can undergo training for a certain block of time

then be attached to a company in the related industry as approved by the

Department of Skills Development, Ministry of Human Resources. The third

method is via Accreditation of Prior Experience where the candidates that

possess working experience may be able to be certified based on duration of

experience and proof of work. Therefore, the development of the OA and

subsequently the development of NOSS would provide wider opportunities

for personnel to be trained and certified. FIGURE 1.0 shows the significance of

the OA for policy and NOSS development in Malaysian skills training.

FIGURE 1.1: A COMPETENCY BASED MODEL FOR SKILLS TRAINING

IN MALAYSIA

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1.3 MALAYSIA OCCUPATIONAL SKILL QUALIFICATION FRAMEWORK (MOSQF)

MOSQF is a framework which describes skills qualifications awarded by the

Malaysian Skills Certification System. It is an 8-tier framework that consists of

8 levels which reflect skills competencies in an occupational area (FIGURE 1.2).

However, for training purposes, only the first 5 levels are being implemented

through skills qualifications, namely, Malaysian Skills Certificate (MSC) Level 1,

MSC Level 2, MSC Level 3, Malaysian Skills Diploma (MSD) Level 4 and

Malaysian Skills Advance Diploma (MSAD) Level 5.

LEVEL 8

Achievement at this level reflects the ability to develop original understanding and extend an area of knowledge or professional practice. It reflects the ability to address problematic situations that involve many complexes, interacting factors through initiating, designing and undertaking research, development or strategic activities. It involves the exercise of broad autonomy, judgement and leadership in sharing responsibility for the development of a field of work or knowledge, or for creating substantial professional or organisational change. It also reflects a critical understanding of relevant theoretical and methodological perspectives and how they affect the field of knowledge or work.

LEVEL 7

Achievement at this level reflects the ability to reformulate and use relevant understanding, methodologies and approaches to address problematic situations that involve many interacting factors. It includes taking responsibility for planning and developing courses of action that initiate or underpin substantial change or development, as well as exercising broad autonomy and judgment. It also reflects an understanding of theoretical and relevant methodological perspectives, and how they affect their area of study or work

LEVEL 6

Achievement at this level reflects the ability to refine and use relevant understanding, methods and skills to address complex problems that have limited definition. It includes taking responsibility for planning and developing courses of action that are able to underpin substantial change or development, as well as exercising broad autonomy and judgment. It also reflects an understanding of different perspectives, approaches of schools of thought and the theories that underpin them

LEVEL 5

Competent in applying a significant range of fundamental principles and complex techniques across a wide and often unpredictable variety of contexts. Very substantial personal autonomy and often significant responsibility for the work of others and for the allocation of substantial resources features strongly, as do personal accountabilities for analysis, diagnosis, planning, execution and evaluation.

LEVEL 4

Competent in performing a broad range of complex, technical or professional work activities, performed in a variety of contexts, and with substantial degree of personal responsibility and autonomy. Responsibility for the work of others and allocation of resources is often present.

LEVEL 3 Competent in performing a broad range of varied work activities, performed in a variety of contexts, most of which are complex and non-routine. There is considerable responsibility and autonomy, and control or guidance of others is often required.

LEVEL 2 Competent in performing a significant range of varied work activities, performed in a variety of contexts. Some of the activities are non-routine and required individual responsibility and autonomy.

LEVEL 1

Competent in performing a range of varied work activities, most of which are routine and predictable.

FIGURE 1.2: MALAYSIA OCCUPATIONAL SKILLS QUALIFICATION FRAMEWORK

3

MOSQF serves as an instrument to recognise and award skills qualifications in

Malaysia based on a set of criteria according to National Skills Development

Act 2006 (Act 652). It is benchmarked against international good practices in

defining its level description and it was developed in line with the Malaysian

Qualifications Framework (MQF) as shown in FIGURE 1.3.

Qualification

Levels

SECTOR Life Long Learning

SKILLS Vocational & Training

Higher Education

8

Malaysian Skills Higher Meister

Doctoral Degree

Re

cogn

ition

Prio

r Lea

rnin

g (P

PT)

7

Malaysian Skills

Meister

Master's Degree

Postgraduate Certificate & Diploma

6

Malaysian Skills

Higher Advanced Diploma

Bachelor's Degree

Graduate Certificate & Diploma

5

Malaysian Skills Advanced Diploma

Advanced Diploma

Advanced Diploma

4

Malaysian Skills Diploma

Diploma

Diploma

3

Malaysian Skills Certificate 3

Vocational & Technical Certificate

Certificate

2

Malaysian Skills Certificate 2

1

Malaysian Skills Certificate 1

FIGURE 1.3: MALAYSIAN QUALIFICATIONS FRAMEWORK (MQF)

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1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The existing OA was conducted in 2010 which included Petrochemical as part

of the industry. However, recently the Department of Skills Development has

re-categorised industries’ definition and based on the new definition,

Petrochemical is part of Chemical Industry. Further, the existing OA has also

included other industries which support Oil & Gas industry. As a result, the OA

did not really reflect the Oil & Gas Industry. The support industries are:

i. NDT

ii. Heating, Ventilation Air Conditioning (HCAV)

iii. Welding

iv. ICT

v. Telecommunication I

vi. Retails

vii. Logistic

viii. Chemical

ix. Tourism & Hospitality

x. Procurement

xi. Human Resources Job Area

xii. Occupational Safety, Health & Environment (OSHE)

In line with the government effort to develop Oil & Gas industry, the OA need

to be revised to represent current development status of the industry. The

need to revise the current OA is significant as the industry grows rapidly for

the last five years that change the occupational structure and occupational

area structure.

Various initiatives from government and private entities have influenced the

industry’s occupational structure. One of the prominent initiatives is Economy

Transformation Program which aims to transform Malaysia to become a

regional oil and natural gas storage, trading and development hub. This

programme attracts technical expertise especially Midstream services to

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participate in the industry grow. Therefore the need for the latest OA which

reflect the Oil & Gas industry is significant.

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF OIL & GAS INDUSTRY OCCUPATIONAL ANALYSIS

This study aims to review the current Occupational Analysis of Oil, Gas &

Petrochemical Industry that was conducted in 2010.

The specific objectives of this OA are:

i. To identify the Occupational Structure (OS) and job titles available in

the Oil & Gas industry

ii. To identify the levels of competency required at the entry levels until

the highest level of competency

iii. To identify the job scope, job area and role of each identified job title

including the possibility of multi-skilling between different areas as to

increase employability

iv. To identify the specific job titles that are considered critical and

require immediate development of Standards and Curriculum

1.6 SCOPE OF OCCUPATIONAL ANALYSIS

The OA focuses on the Oil & Gas Industry and all areas that are defined under

the Oil & Gas Industry. It covers activities related to Oil & Gas production from

exploration, until transportation of Oil & Gas to the refinery of petroleum

distillation. However processing activities in the refinery plants are NOT

INCLUDED in the OA, as refinery process has been covered and included in

Chemical OA. Detail scope as shown in FIGURE 1.4.

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This analysis will NOT INCLUDE industries or Job Area that supports Oil & Gas

as listed below:.

i. NDT

ii. Heating, Ventilation Air Conditioning (HCAV)

iii. Welding

iv. ICT

v. Telecommunication I

vi. Retails

vii. Logistic

viii. Chemical

ix. Tourism & Hospitality

x. Procurement

xi. Human Resources Job Area

xii. Occupational Safety, Health & Environment (OSHE)

The analysis findings are presented in the following scope:

i. Industry sub sector

ii. Occupational Structure (OS)

iii. Entry Level and Pathway

iv. Critical Job Titles

v. Occupational Area Structure (OAS)

vi. Occupational Description

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FIGURE 1.4: BOUNDARY OF UPSTREAM, MIDSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM ACCORDING TO ACTIVIIES

8

1.7 THE SIGNIFICANT OF THE OIL & GAS OCCUPATIONAL ANALYSIS

In the light of recent intense development plans to make Malaysia as an

attractive market for higher-value services of Oil & Gas industry, the demand

for sufficient skilled personnel has increased and focused development of

skilled manpower is timely. With the clearly defined Occupational Structure,

the industry stakeholders will be able to identify areas that require more

intensive efforts in human capital development. Although there have been

past efforts in National Standards Development for the industry, the need for

an OA is required to determine the overall areas that have not been focused

on. The OS which is one of the analysis finding shall be used as a manpower

planning blueprint of the Oil & Gas Industry. Besides that, individuals and

general public may use the OA to plan their career in the industry.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 DEVELOPMENT OF OIL & GAS INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA

2.1.1 Introduction

The global energy markets are constantly growing with the evolution of Oil

& Gas exploration, production, refining and petrochemical. A large quantity

of Oil & Gas is exported from regions, including Malaysia to different parts

of the world. There are many activities involved in the Oil & Gas industry.

This includes Oil & Gas exploring, drilling, developing, completing,

producing, field gathering, storing, transporting, refining, distributing, and

other supporting activities of the petroleum products.

2.1.2 Industry background

Petroleum exploration in Malaysia started at the beginning of the 20th

century in Sarawak when oil was first discovered in 1909 and first produced

in 1910. With the enactment Petroleum Development Act 1975, Petroliam

Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) was formed to carry out the role of the

custodian of petroleum resources, with rights to explore and produce

resources. Since then the industry has flourished to become one of the most

important economic sectors in Malaysia. In fact, the industry currently

contributes about 20 percent to Malaysia’s GDP (EPU, 2014) and has been

identified as a sector that will feature prominently in her future.

Malaysia’s oil reserves are the fifth largest in the Asia-Pacific region and one

of the 30 largest reserves in the world. Malaysia has proven oil reserves of

2.83 billion barrels and proven natural gas reserves of 37.16 Trillion Cubic

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Feet (TCF), as of January 2014. This represents 1.2 per cent of the world’s

natural gas reserves (2.35 trillion cubic metres). Malaysia was the second

largest exporter of liquefied natural gas after Qatar in 2012 (Source: World

LNG Report 2013).

The Government’s main objective is to increase aggregate production

capacity by five percent (5%) yearly up to the year 2020 to meet domestic

demand growth while sustaining crude oil and LNG exports to overseas

markets. In the Asia Pacific region, Malaysia aims to be the number one Oil

& Gas hub by 2017, taking advantage of its strategic location at key shipping

lanes as well as strong economic fundamentals in China, India and within

Southeast Asia.

Oil, Gas and Energy (OGE) was identified as one of the 12 National Key

Economic Areas (NKEAs) under the Economic Transformation Programme

(ETP) that was launched in 2011. The ETP formulated three-pronged

approaches that are

i) Sustain the production of O&G by spurring deep-water exploration

and Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques as well as the

development of marginal fields

ii) Encourage continued downstream activities by making Malaysia a

regional storage and trading hub and unlocking premium gas

demand

iii) Growing O&G industry supporting services for both upstream and

downstream industries

The ETP has identified 12 Entry Point Projects (EPPs), as well as business

opportunities within the sector and these EPPs are expected to contribute

RM47.1 billion to Gross National Income (GNI) to meet the 2020 target.

Therefore, the NKEA is expected to deliver RM131.4 billion GNI impact and

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consequently, create additional 52,300 jobs within the sector. A significant

proportion of these jobs will be highly-skilled, with an estimation of 21,000

(40%) for qualified professional, e.g. engineers and geologists.

This focused and aggressive Malaysia Government’s initiative can only

succeed if the exploding rate of growth in industry is equally matched by a

similar exploding rate of Malaysian human capital knowledge, skills and

robustness to successfully deliver and effectively operate and maintain

these state-of-the-art infrastructures, plants and installations.

It is acknowledged that currently, there is a disturbing gap between the

needs of the Industry and the skills of the people that are supposed to

satisfy the Industry need. This disconnect is the main concern of this

Occupational Analysis, which is developed to bridge the needs of the

industry and the focus of governmental policies. The resulting analysis is an

occupational framework covering the three sectors of the Oil & Gas

industry; upstream, midstream and downstream.

With a clear vision in mind and being a cost –competitive environment, the

Malaysian Oil & Gas industry has fostered a sturdy culture of technical

excellence, entrepreneurial drive and innovation mind-set. This effort has

ensured the supply of a competent workforce with the requisite skills, to

cater not just for local but international market.

Definition of Oil & Gas Industry

The scope of the analysis presented in this document is the main value chain

and activities as defined in the Occupational Analysis Scope in Chapter 1, i.e

from exploration, production, until the processing of petroleum distillation

to become polymer product or known as cracker.

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Oil & Gas is defined as:

i. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that exists as a liquid in

natural underground reservoirs and remains a liquid when brought

to the surface. It consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of

various molecular weights, alongside other organic compounds.

ii. Natural gas is an odorless and colorless gas consisting primarily of

methane. Natural gas is often informally referred to as simply gas,

especially when compared to other energy sources such as oil or

coal. Gas can be associated with oil, or found alone.

iii. Liquefied Natural gas (LNG) is natural gas which has been converted

to liquid form for ease of storage or transport. It takes up about

1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state. It is odorless,

colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive.

2.1.3 Industry Growth

a) Oil & Gas Production

To date, there have been discoveries of 163 oil fields and 216 gas fields

(Figure 3.0), which are covered by Production Sharing Contracts (PSCs). The

upstream activities (FIGURE 2.1) by 27 PSC Contractors created jobs for

20,000 people, while the scheme created business opportunities for more

than 4,000 Oil & Gas services companies in Malaysia.

U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates that in 2014, the increase

in the global supply of petroleum and other liquid fuels was almost twice

the increase in consumption, driven by Asia Pacific and the United States.

On the other hand, global demand for natural gas is expected to have risen

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by 2.2 percent per year by the end of 2019, according to the International

Energy Agency.

FIGURE 2.1 OIL & GAS FIELD BLOCK LOCATIONS IN MALAYSIA

Among the factors that contribute to the positive outlook is Malaysia’s

proximity to and increasing economic inter linkages with energy hungry

nations such as China, India and Japan and the robustness of local service

companies with competitive rates. According to data revealed by the

Finance Ministry, Malaysia’s net exports of crude oil have been on a

declining trend in the last 10 years. In 2005, Malaysia produced 60,000

barrels per day (bpd) and between January and November 2014 it was down

to 48,000 bpd. This is due to the normal maturation of existing reservoirs

and that most of the economically attractive fields are likely to have been

found and developed. Malaysia's domestic oil consumption has risen while

production has been falling over the past decade, leaving smaller volumes of

oil available for exports.

Steady declines in oil production has led to government efforts to

encourage investments in enhancing output from existing fields through

enhanced oil recovery. Malaysia is working on attracting new investments

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opportunities and reverse production declines via development of small

fields in developing small, marginal fields through Risk Service Contracts

(RSCs), and tapping into new oil and natural gas discoveries in deep water

offshore areas of Sarawak and Sabah basins.

Tapis Oil Field is one of seven mature fields offshore Peninsular Malaysia

that ExxonMobil and PETRONAS have developed as part of a 25-year

production-sharing contract. Under the agreement, which includes

provisions for the deployment of EOR, work is being carried out on seven

fields that are part of the Tapis Blend Crude Oil.

Oil & Gas production during the Tenth Malaysian Plan was sufficient to meet

the domestic demand growth. Domestic reserves have increased due to

continuous investments in the upstream sector. A string of prolific

discoveries and major projects set to come online between 2014-2018

would see local gas production continue on an upward trend. Nearly all of

these new projects are off the coast of Sarawak, East Malaysia, which will in

turn support LNG production growth at PETRONAS' LNG complex. The

power sector consumes about 74 percent of the Malaysia's natural gas

market sales, and demand for power especially in Peninsular Malaysia is

expected to increase. Rising domestic demand and LNG export contracts

place pressure on the gas supply, and Malaysia is actively investing in

reservoir development to meet these needs. Main export destinations of

our Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) are Japan, the Republic of Korea and

Chinese Taipei

Malaysia is now well on track to become the fourth deepwater Oil & Gas

hub in the world after Houston, Rio de Janeiro and Europe. Malaysia's

deepwater industry is largely developed and soon to be one of the four

deepwater hubs in the world. In the past two or three years, demand for

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deepwater in Asia Pacific has been great and Malaysia is focused in

developing this industry. There are supported by a number of fabrication

works for Malaysia's deepwater oilfields, namely Kikeh and Gumusut

including the manufacturing of flexible and umbilical pipes, spar and semi-

submersible, installations of vessels as well as manufacturing of subsea

well.

Key players in deepwater E&P include Technip, Malaysian Marine Heavy

Engineering, Sapura and Aker Kvaerner. Some of the major projects include

the Gumusut-Kakap oil development and the Kebabangan Northern Hub

development project (KBB) in Sabah. With an annual peak production of

135,000 barrels per day, the Gumusut-Kakap floating platform supplies up

to 25% of the Malaysia’s oil output. Meanwhile, Kebabangan (KBB) is an

integrated Production facility designed and built as a hub with gas,

condensate and crude oil processing facilities to cater for production from

the KBB Cluster fields and future tie-ins from other nearby deepwater

fields. Hydrocarbons from the platform will then be transported through a

pipeline to the Sabah Oil and Gas Terminal located onshore Kimanis,

Sabah.

b) Midstream and Downstream

The regional midstream logistics and downstream sectors (Figure 2.2) also

offer a positive growth outlook, as crude oil consumption in the Asian region

is expected to grow by 420 thousand barrels per day in each year from 2010

to 2015. The increased flow of hydrocarbons in the region will require

additional storage capacity (for shipment, sales and marketing and trading

purposes). At the same time, the region’s existing trading hub, Singapore, is

nearing full utilisation.

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Downstream processing (petrochemicals and refining) and marketing

industries are likely to also show at least modest growth levels. The

opportunity to expand the large installed petrochemical complexes in

Malaysia will depend on regional supply and demand balances as well as on

the opportunity to introduce process and product innovations. Likewise, the

pace of potential refinery expansion will be driven by regional supply-

demand balances.

Under the 11th Malaysia Plan, the downstream subsector development will

be anchored by the Pengerang Integrated Petroleum Complex (PIPC Project)

is expected to be operational by 2019. National petrochemical production

will be increased to 19.8 mtpa and refining capacity to 1.2 million bpd,

requiring investment worth RM125 billion. Investments in PIPC will include

development in refineries, petrochemical plants, crude oil and petroleum

products storage as well as trading. In addition, the complex will have a

1,220 MW co-generation power plant of which 620 MW will be utilised by

Refinery and Petrochemicals Integrated Development (RAPID) project

expected start-up mid-2016, and the remaining 600 MW exported to the

grid. The Government will provide support to construct essential

infrastructure such as roads, drainage, and utilities for this development.

The third project will be secured by the Johor Petroleum Development

Corporation during the Eleventh Plan to complement existing investments

by DIALOG-Vopak and PETRONAS. In addition, expansion of LNG liquefaction

plant in Bintulu, Sarawak is scheduled to be ready for operation in 2016.

In tandem with the Eleventh Plan, concerted efforts will be undertaken to

increase and enhance security of gas supply as follows:

i. Construction of additional pipeline from JDA to the gas receiving

terminal in Kerteh, Terengganu;

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ii. Development of RGT-2 in Pengerang, Johor;

iii. Commissioning of two floating LNG units offshore Sabah and

Sarawak;

iv. Continuous application of advanced technology to extract Oil & Gas

from matured and marginal fields;

v. Additional pipeline connections from offshore fields to the demand

centres in Kimanis and Kota Kinabalu, Sabah as well as Federal

Territory (FT) Labuan;

vi. Provision of alternative bypass through multiple links in the event of

any platform shutdown;

vii. Establishment of a pipeline connection between SSGP and FT

Labuan; and

viii. Strengthening of National Strategic Reserve to reduce risk of gas

curtailment during unplanned events through the following

measures:

A swing field from offshore Peninsular Malaysia will provide 10%

buffer of total supply volume between 100-200 mmscfd into gas

processing plant in Kerteh, Terengganu to cater for east coast

and southern Peninsular Malaysia demand;

RGT-1 to have a 15% buffer of storage capacity to cover west

coast Peninsular Malaysia demand centres.

Distribution of natural gas to scattered demand areas in Peninsular Malaysia

and Sabah will be improved through the virtual pipeline, which is the

distribution of natural gas from city gate to consumers using trucks. A total

of 41 prime mover trucks and 102 trailers are expected to be in service for

this purpose. Industrial users in these areas are expected to be able to

produce products at a lower energy cost. Alternative distribution methods,

which are safe and economic, will also be explored.

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c) Oil Field Services and Equipment (OFSE)

The Asian market for oil field services has grown by approximately 20

percent per year over the last decade, primarily driven by the shift towards

more technically challenging fields, e.g. deepwater, and increases in the

price of oil, which has boosted industry margins. The sector outlook

continues to be bright, driven by the upbeat outlook for offshore

exploration activity in Southeast Asia, tight gas developments across Asia

and the liquefied natural gas (LNG) boom in Australia.

The market for OFSE in the region is quite fragmented, with most of the

players setting up operations in Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and

Thailand. This is unlike Europe and America, where OFSE activities are

centred around hubs such as Aberdeen, Stavanger and Houston. This

presents an opportunity for Malaysia, as most of Malaysia’s offshore

producing fields are more mature than those of our Southeast Asian

neighbours (i.e., Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam). This means that there

will be significant opportunities for maintenance and replacement of

assets, in addition to development of new fields, which will continue to

drive growth in this subsector.

There are more than 3500 local companies serving 40 different activities in

the domestic Oil & Gas industry. Approximately 90% of the turnover for the

local services companies is derived from domestic jobs of which 84% of the

total turnover is from services and 16% from manufacturing. Many major

global machinery & equipment (M&E) manufacturers have set up bases in

Malaysia to complement home-grown M&E companies, while other

Malaysian Oil & Gas companies are focused on key strategic segments such

as marine, drilling, engineering, fabrication, offshore installation and

operations and maintenance (O&M).

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With a mature upstream hydrocarbons industry, the country possesses a

strong ecosystem of services and equipment companies that support the

needs of the Oil & Gas value chain, both domestically and regionally. The

period between 2011 and 2014 saw a significant increase in capital

expenditure directed toward enhanced oil recovery and marginal field

developments. Throughout this period, there is a clear trend of services

and equipment companies acquiring assets while also expanding their

services capabilities.

2.1.4 Industry players

In 1974, under the ambit of the Petroleum Development Act 1974 (“PDA”),

the Government of Malaysia proposed the creation of a national oil

company to safeguard the country’s Oil & Gas resources. Petroliam Nasional

Berhad (PETRONAS) was formed on September 6, 1974,and all petroleum

resources in the country came under the responsibility of PETRONAS to

develop according to commercial requirements while taking into

consideration the socio-economic needs of the country.

Besides PETRONAS, there is also a large pool of other Oil & Gas players in

Malaysia, comprising international oil companies, independents, services

and manufacturing companies. Having established themselves in Malaysia

for many years, these companies provide a whole range of services,

technologies as well as investments to support the continuing growth of the

Oil & Gas industry in Malaysia, and the region.

The presence of international oil companies as well as PETRONAS’

stewardship of domestic Oil & Gas players have created a strong ecosystem

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of services and manufacturing companies that are able to support the needs

of the Oil & Gas value chain both domestically and regionally.

a) The National Oil Company – Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS)

Despite being a company incorporated under the Malaysian Companies Act

1965, PETRONAS is wholly owned by the Government of Malaysia and acts

as the regulator and the licensing authority for the Malaysian upstream Oil

& Gas industry. By virtue of the PDA and the Petroleum Regulations 1974

(“Regulation”), PETRONAS has the exclusive right of exploring, winning and

producing petroleum in Malaysia (“Owner”).

As a result of the enactment of the Exclusive Economic Zone Act 1984, such

rights and ownership above are now extended to all petroleum resources

found within the exclusive economic zone of Malaysia, which is an area

beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea of Malaysia to a distance of two

hundred nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the

territorial sea is measured.

Any person who intends to carry out upstream operations (i.e. the

exploration, development and production of Oil & Gas) must conclude a

production sharing contract (“PSC”) with PETRONAS or farm-in to an existing

PSC. Furthermore, any person who wishes to supply any goods or service to

operators for such upstream operations must seek the issuance of specific

licences from (or register with) PETRONAS and comply with licensing

requirements of PETRONAS.

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The PETRONAS upstream business comprises five key portfolios:

• Malaysia Petroleum Management (MPM) is entrusted to manage

Malaysia’s petroleum resources to protect and maximise long-term

value to PETRONAS and the nation.

• Upstream Malaysia focuses on maximising the value of domestic

resources.

• Upstream International functions as an autonomous unit for delivering

international growth to PETRONAS.

• LNG Trading & Marketing drives trading and marketing of LNG in key

markets in Asia, Europe and the Americas and energy commodities

trading in the UK and Europe.

• Global LNG Projects delivers PETRONAS' LNG projects domestically and

internationally, including Train 9, Floating LNG 1 & 2, GLNG Australia,

PNWLNG Canada and LNG carriers within the approved budget and

timeframe.

Principal Subsidiaries: Asean Bintulu Fertilizer SdnBhd; Malaysia LNG

SdnBhd; PETRONAS CarigaliSdnBhd; PETRONAS DaganganSdnBhd;

PETRONAS Gas SdnBhd; PETRONAS Khidmat Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Marine

SdnBhd; PETRONAS Penapisan (Melaka) SdnBhd; PETRONAS Penapisan

(Trengganu) Sdn Bhd.

b) Oil & Gas Operators in Malaysia

There are a few local and international operators involved in the upstream

exploration and production activities in Malaysia. Operators are licensed to

explore, develop and/or produce crude oil and natural gas via production

sharing contracts (PSCs) or risk sharing contracts (RSCs)

22

PETRONAS Carigali Sdn. Bhd. remains the main local operator in Malaysia.

The international Oil & Gas companies such as Murphy, Exxon, Shell, Hess

and Talisman also play a significant role in the exploration and production of

Oil & Gas in Malaysia together with PETRONAS CarigaliSdn. Bhd.

c) Oilfield services & equipment (OFSE) companies

The major OFSE companies in Malaysia for the supply of services engaged

by the Operators includes UMW, Technip, Petrofac, Halliburton Baker

Hughes, Schlumberger and Aker Solutions.

OFSE companies also provide support services throughout the industry, such

as;

• Fabrication and construction of platforms

• Deep sea drilling services

• Other drilling and casing services

• Other drilling and casing services

• Vessel / marine support

• Pipe coatings

• Well completion

• Operations and maintenance of facilities

• Field review and optimisation

• Retrofit services

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d) Storage terminals

Facilities that store crude or refined oil. Companies include Vopak, Vitol

and Dialog

e) Refineries/ Gas Processing Plants / Petrochemical plants

Facilities that refine crude oil, natural gas and petrochemicals. Companies

include PETRONAS, Shell, Idemitsu, PETRONAS GAS, San Miguel

Corporation

f) Distribution terminals

Facilities that store refined products. Companies include Caltex, Vopak,

Shell, San Miguel Corporation, Vitol, PETRONAS Dagangan

g) Transportation

Transports oil/gas from extraction sites (via Shipping and Pipelines).

Companies include Intecsea, Maersk, MISC, PETRONAS Gas

h) Retail distribution

Distribution, marketing and retailing of petroleum and petroleum

products. Companies include PETRONAS Dagangan, Shell, San Miguel

Corporation.

24

2.1.5 Oil & Gas Associations in Malaysia

Over the years a number of Oil & Gas associations has been established to

provide a forum for discussion on issues of common interests among the Oil

& Gas players. Among the associations established include the following

non-exhaustive list;

i. Malaysian Gas Association (MGA)

ii. Malaysian Oil & Gas Engineering Council (MOGEC)

iii. Malaysian Oil & Gas Services Council (MOGSC)

iv. Malaysian Offshore Constructors Association (MOCA)

v. Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM)

vi. Institute of Materials Management, Malaysia (IMM)

vii. Association of Marine Industries of Malaysia (AMIM)

viii. Malaysian Offshore Vessels Owners Association (MOSVA)

ix. Malaysian Petrochemicals Association (MPA)

As Oil & Gas industry involve various discipline and skills areas, therefore

many other governmental agencies and associations have been established

to support Oil & Gas industry;

i. Malaysia Petroleum Resource Corporation (MPRC)

ii. Talentcorp

iii. MIDA

iv. MATRADE

v. EPU

25

2.1.6 Statutory and Regulatory Body

Statutory and Regulatory body of Oil & Gas in Malaysia are:

• Energy Commission (Suruhanjaya Tenaga, ST)

• Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB)

• Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH)

• Public Works Department

• Standard International Research Instutute of Malaysia (SIRIM)

• National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH)

2.1.7 Industry Policy, Acts, Regulation and Standard

a) Policies, Governing Bodies and Development Plan for Oil & Gas

Industry

i. In Malaysia, energy policy for the upstream sector is determined

by the Economic Planning Unit (“EPU”) and the Implementation

and Coordination Unit (“ICU”). Both functions report directly to the

Prime Minister of Malaysia.

ii. Economic Transformation Programme (ETP)

ETP main aims is to elevate the country to developed-nation status

by 2020, through the implementation of 12 National Key Economic

Areas (NKEAs) representing economic sectors and Oil & Gas

industry is one of the NKEA. The Oil, Gas and Energy NKEA is set up

to achieve an annual growth rate of 5% in the sector up to year

2020, transform Malaysia into a regional oil trading and storage

hub as well as ensuring long-term energy supply security to the

domestic market. As the national oil company, PETRONAS will lead

26

the charge in this NKEA, supported by major industry players such

as Shell, ExxonMobil and Royal Vopak which have contributed to

considerable investments in this sector.

Government ministries and agencies such as the Ministry of

Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA), Ministry of

International Trade and Industry (MITI), Malaysian Petroleum

Resources Corp (MPRC) and Sustainable Energy Development

Authority (SEDA) also play key roles in developing this NKEA.

Thirteen (13) Entry Point Projects (EPP) were identified under the

Oil, Gas and Energy NKEA. Out of these 13 EPPs, Seven (7) EPPs are

dedicated to Oil & Gas, while another Six (6) EPPs are under the

Energy sector.

EPP 1 Rejuvenate Existing Field through Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) EPP 2 Developing Marginal Field through Innovative Solution EPP 3 Intensifying Exploration Activities EPP 4 Building a Regional Storage and Trading Hub EPP 5 Unlocking Premium Gas Demand in Peninsular Malaysia EPP 6 Encouraging Investment in the Oil & Gas Service and Equipment (OGSE)

Industry EPP 7 Taking Local Oil & Gas Services & Equipment Companies to the Global

Stage EPP 8 Attracting MNCs to Set Up Operation in Malaysia and Partner with Local

Firms EPP 9 Improving Energy Efficiency EPP 10 Building Up Renewal Energy and Solar Power capacity EPP 11 Deploying Nuclear Energy for Power Generation EPP 12 Tapping Malaysia’s Hydroelectricity Potential EPP 13 Increase Petrochemical Outputs

FIGURE 2.2: GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE OF THE OIL, GAS AND ENERGY NKEA

27

iii. Malaysia Petroleum Resources Corporation (MPRC)

MPRC was formed in 2011 as an agency reporting direct to Prime

Minister’s Department to promote, catalyse and transform the Oil

& Gas services sector to become stronger entities in the industry.

The goal is to position Malaysia to be the number one Oil & Gas

hub in the Asia Pacific region by 2017. MPRC’s initiatives include

talent and technology development, encouraging foreign and

domestic investment and promotional activities such as

participating in international events and conducting business

missions to target markets.

iv. The 11th Malaysia Plan (11MP)

The Eleventh Malaysia Plan, 2016-2020, is the final leg in the

journey towards realising Vision 2020, with the theme, 'Anchoring

Growth on People'. The five-year plan reaffirms the government's

commitment to the people, and the belief that growth cannot be

measured by economic success alone. The 11MP also looks beyond

2020 with Malaysia to remain as an open economy, regionally and

globally integrated post-2020. It is coordinated by EPU and is based

on the following Six Thrusts:

a) Enhancing inclusiveness towards an equitable society;

b) Improving well-being for all;

c) Accelerating human capital development for an advanced

nation;

d) Pursuing green growth for sustainability and resilience;

e) Strengthening infrastructure to support economic

expansion; and

f) Re-engineering growth for greater prosperity.

28

With regard to Oil & Gas industry, the government has mandated that

the development of the Pengerang Integrated Petroleum Complex will

be continued in 2016 with an investment of RM 53 billion. On a larger

scale, the economic agenda outlined in the Eleventh Plan is expected to

create 1.5 million jobs by 2020, with targeted improvements in labour

productivity and reduced dependency on low-skilled foreign workers,

both of which are a result of the continuous shift from labour-intensive

to knowledge- and innovation-based economic activities. 60% of the

jobs that will be created are expected to require TVET-related skills.

For 11MP, RM 1 billion will be allocated to the Skills Development Fund.

Through this programme, TVET graduates will have the opportunity to

secure high paying jobs in sectors such as Oil & Gas, aviation

engineering, shipping and automotive.

b) Legislations Applicable to the Oil & Gas Industry in Malaysia

The principal legislations which form the foundation of the development of

the Oil & Gas industry in Malaysia are the Petroleum Development Act 1974

(PDA), the Petroleum Regulations 1974 (Petroleum Regulations) and the Gas

Supply Act 1993 (GSA). The PDA applies to all activities in the value chain of

the Oil & Gas industry in Malaysia, except for the supply of gas through the

pipelines to consumers, which is regulated by the GSA.

Under the PDA, Petroliam Nasional Bhd (PETRONAS) was formed on Sept 6,

1974 to safeguard the country's Oil & Gas resources. PETRONAS is vested

with the entire ownership of, as well as rights, privileges and benefits in

relation to exploring and producing Oil & Gas, offshore and onshore in

Malaysia. Following a restructuring exercise in 2014, all functions relating to

upstream regulation and governance relating to domestic Oil & Gas is

29

exercised by a division within PETRONAS known as the Malaysia Petroleum

Management (“MPM”).

There are other laws and regulations which make up the general framework

governing the Oil & Gas exploration and production industry in Malaysia.

They are the Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984 (PSMA) and the

regulations made there under, which govern the transportation, storage and

handling of oil and oil products, and the Environmental Quality Act 1974

(EQA), which is the main legislation governing the protection of the

environment and the prevention of oil spills and pollutants on land and in

Malaysian waters. As many of Malaysia’s oilfields are situated in its

exclusive economic zone, the Exclusive Economic Zone Act 1984 (EEZA),

which governs activities in Malaysia’s exclusive economic zone and

continental shelf, also plays a key part in regulating oil activities in Malaysia.

There are a number of other statutes, ordinances and regulations applicable

to the industry including but not limited to the following:

i. Mineral Development Act 525 of 1994

ii. Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984;

iii. Communications and Multimedia Act 1998;

iv. Continental Shelf Act 1966;

v. Customs Act, 1967;

vi. Environmental Impact Assessment Order 1987 (EIA)

vii. Excise Act, 1976;

viii. Factories and Machinery Act, 1967;

ix. Federal Constitution of Malaysia 1957;

x. Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952;

xi. Occupational Safety and Health (Safety and Health Officer)

Regulations 1997;

xii. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514);

30

xiii. Petroleum (Income Tax) Act 1967;

xiv. Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984; and

xv. Protected Areas and Protected Places Act 1959

c) Oil & Gas Industry contracts

Apart for the above listed legislations, there a number of contractual

documents involved in the Oil & Gas industry business. These documents

include the following:

i. Contracts between the Owner and Operators

a) Production Sharing Contract (“PSC”) / Risk Service Contract

(“RSC”);

b) Joint Operating Agreement (“JOA”) (and Financial Procedure)

c) Joint Study Agreement;

d) Data Exchange Agreement; and

e) Farm in Agreement (and the Signature Bonus).

ii. Contracts between the Operator and the Contractor/Sub-Contractors

a) Non- Disclosure / Confidentiality Agreement;

b) Agency Agreement;

c) Services Contracts various exploration and productions activities

including the Drilling Contracts, Work-overs and other Oilfields

Services Contracts;

d) Front-End Engineering Design (“FEED”) Contracts;

e) Engineering, Procurement, Construction, Installation and

Commissioning (“EPCIC”) contracts;

f) Bareboat Charters Agreement;

g) Manpower Supply Agreements or Secondment of Manpower

Agreement;

31

h) Project Development and Management Agreement; and

i) Operations and Maintenance Agreement.

The above list is by no mean exhaustive, and differs from project to

project and the contracting out of the above contracts by the PSC/RSC

Operator to third party contractor will normally require the prior

approval of the Owner.

2.2 INDUSTRY SUPPLY AND DEMAND ANALYSIS

2.2.1 Overview

The Oil & Gas industry in Malaysia will continue to experience for many

years to come unprecedented levels of activity, with major projects

requiring unprecedented numbers of skilled and specialist workers despite

uncertain of global Oil & Gas price.

To meet the goals of the ETP and transform Malaysia into an Asia-Pacific

Oil & Gas centre by 2017, this will require the industry’s contribution to

increase to about $70 billion by 2020. MIDA has been facilitating this

expansion, approving 13 Oil & Gas projects for the first seven months of

2014, with a projected investment value of almost $5 billion. This is an

increase over the more than $2 billion of investment in the industry in

2013.

It is clear that Malaysia may not have sufficient skilled workers to achieve

its economic objectives. A skilled workforce not only bring skills to the job,

but are also workers who can be re-trained and upskilled as and when

necessary. Although Malaysia enjoys some demographic advantages that

32

can help meet labor demand, improving the quality of skills will be critical

for reducing supply and demand skill mismatches.

Presently, the talent base of the workforce of Malaysia has lagged behind

the standard of high-income nations. The country suffers from a shortage

of skilled workers, weak productivity growth stemming from a lack of

creativity and innovation in the workforce, and an over-reliance on

unskilled and low-wage migrant workers (National Economic Advisory

Council, 2010). In 2010, 58.0% of the Malaysian labour force had only a

secondary level education, 13.2% had primary level education and 2.6%

had no formal education. That implies nearly three-quarters (73.8%) of the

Malaysian labour force in 2010 is low-skilled. An also noteworthy point is

that more than 47% of non-Malaysian citizens in the labour force, i.e.

migrant workers, had only a primary level education.

Employers’ over-reliance on unskilled and cheap foreign labour has led to

inadequate growth of skilled workers in the labour market. As a result,

only 25% of Malaysia’s labour force is composed of highly skilled workers,

as compared to significantly higher proportions in Singapore, Chinese

Taipei and Korea. The inadequately educated labour force of Malaysia has

become the main obstacle to business operations and growth. Businesses

in Malaysia, including SMEs, face increasing difficulties in recruiting and

retaining skilled workers at the technical, supervisory and managerial

levels (National SME Development Council, 2012). Such difficulty has

intensified as the mismatch between skills needed by the labour market

and those acquired by job seekers has worsened. More than 40% of firms

have reported vacancies for skilled production worker positions (World

Bank, 2009). The main reason given by the firms for this long process is

that the applicants did not have the required basic skills or the right

technical skills needed to carry out the jobs in question. The evidence of

33

skills mismatch is further indicated by the relatively high unemployment

rate of graduates. A survey by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) in

2008 shows that about a quarter of graduates of university and colleges

remained unemployed six months after completion of their studies. For

those who secured jobs, almost one-third were in jobs at a lower skill level

than they were trained for (National Economic Advisory Council, 2010).

Based on study conducted by the World Bank on Malaysia, although jobs

created in the past were for skilled professionals (high and medium skills),

a large number of jobs available (about 44 per cent) is still low-skilled.

Although there are a large number of vacancies of low-skilled jobs they

are not appealing to Malaysians due to low salaries and uncomfortable

working conditions. This resulted in a huge inflow of low-skill foreign

workers, estimated at 1.8 million in 2010, to fill the gap. The country

produces numbers for skill workers, but absorption into the industry is an

issue.

A survey by PwC in 2013, identifies that lack of available candidates with

right technical skills and employable skills are the main reasons for non-

ability to be employed by the candidate. This means that the candidates

lacks in terms of technical competency and employable skills points to

character and additional skills need to perform work. In the PwC Annual

CEO survey (2013), 57% CEO’s say that “creating and fostering a skill

workforce” is the top three priorities for governments.

The midstream sector of Malaysia is beset with shortage in professionals

and skilled manpower in various maritime support services activities.

Currently, Malaysian shipping companies are highly dependent on foreign

crew and there is an urgent need to address the need to recruit and train

local seafarers to correct the imbalance.

34

EPP 6 of the Business Services Sector of the ETP aims to developing

Malaysia as a Shipbuilding & Ship Repair Hub hopes to remedy this

situation. Part of it aims to develop in-country design capabilities for

Offshore Support Vessels (OSV) by training up to 160 engineers and

technicians in shipbuilding and ship repair. As a result of this EPP, the

industry created 262 new jobs in 2014, exceeding a target of 240.

Globally, the sector is plunged with similar issue of increasing skill gaps

due to the lack of growth in individuals graduating with maritime related

engineering, science and technology degrees. Over the last decade, those

graduating in naval architecture, have increased by an average of 0.61%

year on year, and maritime technology by a mere 0.6%.

What is sure is that, the human capital development approach must take

on a new approach. The current workforce has to be re-skilled, re-tuned

(mindset) and re-positioned (migrate), to the high income industries that

needs the skill set. A holistic and sustainable approach will be able to meet

the changes in the current need of the industry. Malaysia must manage

the talents to deliver higher value, only then they will be able to be in the

high income industry.

35

2.2.2 Job Opportunities

Through Economy Transformation Program (ETP), the government has

identified 8 Entry Point Projects (EPPs), as well as two business

opportunities within the Oil & Gas sector and expected to create an

additional 52,300 jobs in the oil, gas and energy sectors.

The following projects are just a few examples of the billions of dollars

being invested in Malaysia’s Oil & Gas industry.

i. Between 2011 and 2014, Malaysia saw a significant increase in capital

expenditure directed towards enhanced oil recovery and marginal field

developments.

a) PETRONAS continues to rejuvenate existing oil fields through the

enhanced oil recovery (EOR). For this, it has identified 10 potential

EOR projects offshore Malaysia and implemented its first RM10bil

EOR technology at the Tapis field offshore Terengganu.

b) In 2014, oil extraction from marginal fields was given a boost with

the award of small field risk-service contracts to several private

firms for the development and production of the Tanjong Baram

field, located about 6km offshore Sarawak, while another was

awarded to a joint venture for the development of the Ophir field

offshore Peninsular Malaysia.

ii. There has been a series of major deepwater discoveries in the Sabah

region (Gumusut/Kakap and Malikai), boosting Malaysia’s remaining

commercial reserves.

36

iii. The projected rise in the country’s LNG industry will provide the

foundation for some 27,000 new jobs, the bulk of which is

concentrated to support the construction of fixed and floating

elements of gas re-gasification and processing projects in Johor and

Sabah-Sarawak.

iv. A major source of new production growth will come from East

Malaysia when new liquefaction capacity – Train 9 at Bintulu, FLNG 1

and FLNG 2 – will commence from 2017 to 2020.

v. Most noteworthy, the Refinery and Petrochemical Integrated

Development (RAPID) will account for the largest green field

investment in Malaysia. Located within the Pengerang Integrated

Petroleum Complex (PIPC) in Johor, the facility - which will house a

300,000 bpd-capacity crude oil refinery – is strategically located for

easy access to regional demand centres in China and India. It will also

include a naphtha cracker with a combined production capacity of

three million tonnes of C2, C3, C4 and C5 olefins. There will also be

further development of 22 downstream plants.

vi. Aims to complement Singapore and together elevate the region into a

hub similar to the Amsterdam-Rotterdam-Antwerp (ARA). This would

create a robust value chain in the areas of refining capacity,

independent storage and blending capacity as well as access to

markets. The Pengerang Independent Terminal equipped with deep-

water facilities, started its operation in April 2014 and will boast a total

storage capacity of five million cubic metres upon completion of all

phases. Another oil terminal; Tanjung Bin, will undergo its second

phase of expansion in 2015 and expected to increase another 260,000

cubic metres of its storage capacity.

37

vii. The Sabah Oil & Gas Terminal (SOGT) is already in full-fledged

operation since April, 2014, and its commissioning process was done

where Oil & Gas was being piped to the SOGT on a trial basis.SOGT

receives and processes crude oil as well as receive, compress and

transport natural gas produced from fields offshore Sabah, namely

Gumusut/Kakap, Kinabalu Deep and East, Kebabangan and Malikai.

viii. The under construction 500km SSGP will transport gas from the SOGT

in Kimanis to Bintulu for processing into liquefied natural gas (LNG) at

the PETRONAS LNG Complex for export. The pipeline system also has

provisions for future domestic consumption in Sabah and Sarawak.

ix. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) awarded the Pan Malaysia

Integrated Offshore Installation Contract covering domestic upstream

Oil & Gas offshore Transportation and Installation (T&I) activities for a

period of three years commencing Year 2014. The total work value

under this contract is estimated to be almost RM 10 billion, spread

over four packages, and was awarded to three capable local offshore

installation contractors (OICs) namely TL Offshore Sdn. Bhd, PBJV Sdn.

Bhd and GOM Resources Sdn Bhd.

38

2.2.3 Current and Future Trend

Main challenges faced by global Oil & Gas companies are operating cost

and skill shortage (Asia Rigzone, 2014). Therefore, employment

opportunity for Oil & Gas professionals and skilled talents fairly bright

despite the uncertain oil price globally. Hays’ January – March 2014

Report Guide mentioned there is strong hiring demand in several

segments in Asia’s Oil & Gas industry. They are:

• Subsea / SURF (subsea, umbilicals, risers and flowlines): Senior

Project managers, Estimators, Proposals Engineers

• Original Equipment Manufactureres: Sales Managers, Project

Engineers (Electrical and instrumentation)

• Geosciences & Petroleum Engineering: Reservoir Engineer, Senior

Geophysicists and Geologists, Senior Drilling Engineer.

• Engineering, Procurement Construction/ Design Engineering: Design

Engineer, EPC Project Managers

• Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR): Driller, advanced IT Related jobs due

to increased use of IT in modern rigs (Asia Rigzone, 2014)

In addition, the development of many liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects

in Malaysia and abroad has created a need for specialized skills in LNG

area. Under development of PETRONAS-operated floating LNG (FLNG)

projects to be located offshore East Malaysia and the Royal Dutch Shell-

operated Prelude GLNG development of Western Australia (RigZone,

2014)

39

2.2.4 Technology Development

This section elaborates the various technological segments prevalent or

upcoming in the global Oil & Gas Industry that has potential ramifications

on the local-regional offshore scene. Several notable niches such as

seismic exploration and enhanced oil recovery are excluded from this list

as they have little tangible application to the skill levels being studied in

this work.

Malaysia is home to over 3500 Oil & Gas service providers, and this fact

alone has put the strength in numbers in the country’s favor. This

opportune is evident during OTC 2015, when Malaysian Oil & Gas

companies/exhibitors generated approximately RM 3.5 billion of potential

sales to major players (MATRADE, 2015).

By streamlining interests on technological developments that are

trending, local service providers may be able to position themselves to

capture the vast market space of the global Oil & Gas scene. The sub

section briefs below showcase several trending or upcoming niches that

would involve tandem technological and workforce skill development that

are highly applicable for the Malaysian Oil & Gas industry. Each main point

represents a broad niche which may overlap up to downstream.

It is the important but constantly undermined role of field men to drive

the practical need and input that will be subsequently fulfilled by their R &

D counterparts; rather than blindly producing methods that will not work

outside the comfort of their labs.

40

a) Unmanned Operations via Robotic Technology

Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) are seen favorable for use in water

depths that are too deep for human divers. The objective is then to identify

ROV systems that can be developed to reliably operate in a cost effective

way for such work involving (Johnson, 2011):

• Limited intervention vessel availability

• Long distance offsets

• Drilling Riser inspection and BOP guidance

• Assets that may have ice cover

• FPSO inspections

• Removing/replacing sensors

• Valve operations

The customization of ROVs come as probably the greatest potential for

research and development through development of purpose built tools

that will enable any work class ROV to perform the intrinsic specialized

work that is required, say, in a subsea operation such as to perform

rotary actuation of subsea manifolds (valve handling tool) or to perform

hot stabbing for an undersea hydraulic connection, just to name a few

(Hartley).

Another upcoming trend is that of the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

for use in obtaining an overall picture (birds eye view) of a site or for

inspection in hard to reach areas (such as under deck of an offshore

structure, or at its air-gap)

Integration into existing yards, robotic based ship hull/shell structure (i.e.

silo tanks, pressure chambers, etc…) inspection is highly utilized in

mature ship building countries such as South Korea.

41

Autonomous intelligent sensor array for structural integrity monitoring of

offshore assets as well as plant equipment/modules (i.e. strain gauge

pressurized chamber, etc…)

b) Deepwater Technologies

Deepwater fields are constantly being pushed to ever greater water depths,

requiring ever more heavy duty engineering solutions to meet the demands

of the sheer depth and large environmental forces, all of which are typically a

great distance away from shore. Floating structures are constantly being

applied to extract hydrocarbon resources at deepwater and ultra-deepwater

alongside support from subsea systems where warranted. The areas of

interest for deepwater technologies can be generically categorized as such

(but not limited to) :

• Innovative deepwater platform concepts and streamlining

complex operations

• Techniques for simulation / modelling of complex non-linear

phenomena

• New methods of Riser and moorings in concepts, design and

procedures

• Subsea systems (up-skilling workforce to cope with advancements

and know-how)

• Deepwater drilling (dynamic positioning, requirement for

precision workers, etc.)

• Flow assurance (control of additives to prevent solidification, etc.)

• Adequate means for servicing the complex network of subsea and

floating facilities

• Acquisition of metocean/environmental data and the consequent

big data management

42

• Technologies in pipe lay technology, and subsea equipment

alongside efficient procedures for optimal and safe operations in

deep sea conditions

c) Oil Spill Prevention and Control

Past experiences have highlighted that there is no effective way to

contain and clean up major oil spills. Realistic programs should be

formulated to minimize the probability of major spills and its impact on

the environment. Part and parcel of the variables in play by major players

on a global scale are as such :

• Tighten design rules and codes at an international level for

tankers, pipelines and offshore systems.

• Setting up of contingency plans and cleanup support readily

mobilized in the case of a spill

• Development of better fundamental understanding of the ocean

spill interaction with the devices used for cleanup, in the sense to

design more efficient systems.

d) Marginal Field Technologies

As fields are being pushed towards ever deeper waters, some operators

are taking a second look at shallow water marginal fields. These fields

have to satisfy certain criteria to be deemed feasible for development. In

a volatile oil price environment, technologies are constantly being

developed to enable the profitable extraction of oil from such reservoirs.

Several development areas of interest include:

• Minimal structural systems

• Unmanned platform systems

• Application of floating structures to marginal field developments

43

• Enhanced oil recovery

• Reuse of structures / engineering reusable structures

• Reduced cost and environmental friendly solutions for small-

medium fields

• Efficient hydrocarbon transport solutions from remote small fields

to shore processing terminals.

e) Decommissioning

- The global upstream Oil & Gas industry is going to face a formidable

challenge in removing nearly 6000 platforms over the next 25 years,

covering the entire spectrum of platforms from small structures to their

heavy deepwater counterparts. Several challenges has been laid ahead,

some of them being listed as such (but not limited to) :

• Techniques of evaluation for various decommissioning options

• Innovative and sustainable alternative use of decommissioned

platforms

• Environmental & pollution potential consideration in

decommissioning (i.e. energy use estimates, waste monitoring,

etc.

• Management, recovery and disposal of drill cuttings

f) Artic Exploration

• Early 1980s first saw great interest in Artic based research and

developments which died of towards the late 1980s. This trend

picked up again in the early 2000s when global warming paved

the way for the access in The Northern Sea Route for some

commercial ships. The industry now is looking to exploit the vast

oil and natural gas deposits in Artic seas which has propagated

44

technology based research-development on ice-going ships and

Artic structures.

• Current global industry focus, generically can be subdivided into

three main areas (Development of Artic Offshore Technology,

2016)

Construction Materials technology:- i.e. application of

concrete in Artic Structures

Ice-structure interaction models and development of

techniques related to ice model testing and measurements of

ice forces

Artic Fixed and Floating Systems and all associated support

functions for artic development

45

CHAPTER 3

OCCUPATIONAL ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter emphasises on the methodology and the instrument applied

throughout the OA development.

3.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND INSTRUMENT

3.2.1 Literature Review

Literature Review is carried out to gain basic information related to Oil &

Gas industry. The scope covers current analysis of the industry in term of

government initiatives, current job market, the regulatory body, policies and

act related to the industry as well as main industry players.

3.2.2 Industrial Experts

Industrial expert panels were identified to represent all industry segments.

The present of these expert panels to ensure the development of the OA is

current and relevant. A list of expert panels who involve in this OA as

ANNEX 1

3.2.3 Brainstorming Sessions

Brainstorming sessions were carried out with the industry expert panels

who represent the whole industry segments. The following processes have

been conducted:

46

i. Identification of industry scope and boundaries

The industry scope and boundaries is set up to eliminate the

possibility of duplication between common areas. Further, the OA

should not represent organizational chart which normally include

many other industries such as procurement, logistic, human

resources, OSHE and other areas. Detail industry boundary as per

FIGURE 1.4

ii. Identification of Sub Sector, Area and Job Area

Sub sector is a sub set of the industry which comprises of Area and

Job Area.

iii. Identification of Job Titles

The Job Title is determined based on common practice within the

industry. It is based on consensus from the industry expert panels.

iv. Identification of Level of the Job Titles

Leveling of each Job Title is determined based on the level of

competency required to perform the tasks. The level of competency

as per described in FIGURE 1.2

v. Occupational Area Analysis (OAA)

The occupational area analysis is a process of analyzing the job scope

of a particular area to ensure the job titles are described based on

common in the industry, as well as based on their job scope.

vi. Occupational Description (OD) Development

The Occupational Description refers to the detailed description of

main job scope of the job title. It is developed using the following

methods:

47

a) Determine the main areas in the sub sector

b) Identify the job title

c) Identify the job scope.

The Occupational Description statement consists of a Verb, Object and

Qualified. This format to assist I n facilitating NOSS development of the job

Area.

3.2.4 Other Research Findings

Latest research findings related to Oil & Gas labour market have also been

analysed and referred as a supporting document especially in determining

the Critical Job Titles.

3.3 DOCUMENTATION OF THE FINDINGS

The findings are presented in a form of table to describe the following

aspects:

i. Occupational Structures (OS)

The OS shows the industry Sub Sector, Area, Job Area and Job Title.

It features the pillar of each job area and the career path.

ii. Occupational Area Structure (OAS);

The OAS is the output of Occupational Area Analysis which aimed to

confirm that job titles have similar competencies.

48

iii. Critical Job Area

Critical Job Area reflects the shortage of manpower in certain Job

Area. Skill training will be addressed to cater the current needs as

well as middle term and long term planning.

iv. Occupational Descriptions

Occupational Description explains Job Definition and Job Description

of each Job Titles. This information is very useful for all

stakeholders. General public may use this information to plan their

career pathway in Oil & Gas industry.

Flow chart of OA Development as in FIGURE 3.1

49

FIGURE 3.1: OA DEVELOPMENT FLOWCHART

50

CHAPTER 4:

OCCUPATIONAL ANALYSIS FINDINGS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the analysis findings. The findings are presented

through Table. Each table is elaborated through discussion by highlighting

the significant information and trend. The findings focus on the following

aspects:

i. Industry sub sector

ii. Occupational Structure (OS)

iii. Entry Level and Pathway

iv. Critical Job Titles

v. Occupational Area Structure (OAS)

vi. Occupational Description

4.2 INDUSTRY SUB SECTOR

The Oil & Gas industry is divided into THREE (3) sub-sectors which are

Upstream, Midstream and Downstream.

4.2.1 Upstream Sub Sector

This sub sector is commonly known as the exploration and production

(E&P). The Upstream sub sector in Malaysia is considered matured sub

sector as it started when oil was discovered by Shell in 1909 in Miri Sarawak.

The activities started with exploration, followed by appraisal. If the appraisal

result shows that there is a potential Oil & Gas accumulation at sub-surface

(below ground or seabed) either onshore (on land) or offshore (at sea)

51

environments, further development is executed. Development activities

include well drilling, structure development, pipeline development, piping

and storage and distribution. The upstream activities purely concentrate on

the exploration and producing the oil or gas from the subsurface of the

earth. Summary of the Occupational Structure (OS) of the three main sub

sector of the Oil & Gas industry as illustrates in TABLE 1.0.

TABLE 1.0: SUMMARY OF UPSTREAM SUB SECTOR

SUB SECTOR AREA JOB AREA

1. UPSTREAM 1. EXPLORATION

1. PROSPECTING 2. DRILLING 2. APPRAISAL 1. EVALUATION & ASSESSMENT 2. RESERVOIR ENGINEERING 3. SURVEILLANCE ENGINEERING 4. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 5. WELL COMPLETION ENGINEERING 6. WELL TESTING

7. ECONOMIC

3. DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION

1. WELL DRILLING

2. PIPELINE

3. STRUCTURE 4. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 5. PIPING 6. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL 7. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 8. MATERIAL & CORROSION 9. PROCESS 10. PROCESS SAFETY 11. HOOK-UP & COMMISSIONING (HUC) 12. QAQC

13. ENGINEERING/ TECHNICAL DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT

14. PLATFORM OPERATION & MAINTENANCE 15 PLATFORM INSPECTION 16. STORAGE & DISTRIBUTION

52

As illustrate in TABLE 1.0, key activities of upstream are Exploration,

Appraisal, Development and Production. In the Exploration and Appraisal

areas, the relevant work opportunities in these job areas include

evaluation/interpretation, reservoir engineering, surveillance engineering,

production technology, well completion engineering, well testing and

economics. While, in the Development and Production areas, the key

activities cover drilling, pipeline, structural, mechanical, piping,

instrumentation & control, material & corrosion, process, process safety,

hook-up & commissioning (HUC), quality control, document management,

platform operations & maintenance and storage & distribution..

4.2.2 Midstream Sub Sector

This sub sector involves managing the transportation (by pipeline, rail,

barge, oil tanker or truck) of hydrocarbon from fields to refineries and/or to

storage areas. Pipelines and other transport systems can be used to move

crude Oil & Gas from production sites to refineries and various refined

products to downstream distributors. Natural gas pipeline networks

aggregate gas from natural gas purification plants and deliver it to

downstream customers, such as local utilities.

In Malaysia Midstream sub sector is still new. Earlier, this sub sector

overlapped with downstream sub sector. However this sub sector is

expanding in line with the global development of midstream sub sector. In

this midstream sub sector, key activities involve to the move crude Oil & Gas

from production sites to refineries and various refined products to

downstream distributors locally and internationally through pipeline or

offshore vessel. TABLE 2.0 shows six (6) job areas in this sub sector which

are engineering, fabrication, HUC, Operation & maintenance, deck

Operation and Marine Engineering

53

TABLE 2.0: SUMMARY OF MIDSTREAM SUB SECTOR

SUB SECTOR AREA JOB AREA 2. MIDSTREAM 1. PIPELINE 1. ENGINEERING 2. FABRICATION 3. HOOK UP & COMMISSIONING (HUC) 4. OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE 2. OFFSHORE VESSEL 1. DECK OPERATIONS 2. MARINE ENGINEERING

4.2.3 Downstream Sub Sector

This sub sector commonly refers to the refining of petroleum crude oil and

the processing and purifying of raw natural gas in oil and gas or known as

petroleum distillation processing. The activities include transporting of

crude oil and gas from Midstream to the downstream plant. However,

activities related to refinery and petrochemical processing is NOT INCLUDE

in this OA.

The relevant areas of the downstream include construction & engineering,

operations and maintenance (O&M) and plants operations with Nineteen

(19) Job Area as shown in TABLE 3.0.

54

TABLE 3.0: SUMMARY OF DOWNSTREAM SUB SECTOR

SUB SECTOR AREA JOB AREA 3. DOWNSTREAM 1. CONSTRUCTION AND 1. CIVIL

ENGINEERING 2. STRUCTURAL

3. ELECTRICAL

4. MECHANICAL

5. PROCESS

6.COMISSIONING 7. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL 8. MECHANICAL PIPING 9. MECHANICAL ROTATING 10. MECHANICAL STATIC

11. ENGINEERING/ TECHNICAL DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT

2. OPERATION AND 1. CIVIL

MAINTENANCE 2. ELECTRICAL

3. MECHANICAL 4. PIPING 5. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL 3. PETROLEUM 1. GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION

DISTILLATION PROCESS 2. GAS PROCESSING

3. POLIMER PRODUCT PROCESSING

55

4.3 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE (OS)

Occupational Structure of Oil & Gas industry shows that the industry has

476 job titles. Detail of job titles as presented in OS Table according to sub

sector.

4.3.1 Occupational Structure of Upstream Sub Sector

The Upstream sub sector comprises of 255 Job titles in three (3) areas which

are Exploration, Appraisal and Development & Production. Relevant work

opportunities in these job areas include evaluation & interpretation,

reservoir engineering, surveillance engineering, production technology, well

completion engineering, well testing and economics which require

graduates with minimum university degree, and/or trained and experienced

geologists, geophysicists, petrophysicists, drilling engineers, reservoir

engineers, production engineer, and equivalent technical professionals are

essential to perform the job successfully.

However, in the Development and Production areas, the entire job areas

require graduates with basic engineering degree in civil, mechanical,

electrical, petroleum or equivalent, and later trained as drilling engineer,

well completion engineer, well testing engineer, tool pusher, pipeline

engineer, structural engineer, mechanical engineer, piping engineer,

instrumentation & Control engineer, electrical engineer, material engineer,

process technologist, civil technologist, civil engineer, quality assurance

(QAQC) engineer, HUC engineer, document controller, platform

superintendent, and facility manager to execute the work effectively. In

addition, trained and competent technical support team of technicians,

specialists, mechanics, operators and equivalent skilled workers are also

critical to contribute and assist the above technical professionals. Detail

56

Occupational Structure (OS) of Upstream as illustrate in TABLE 4.1, TABLE

4.2 and TABLE 4.3

4.3.2 Occupational Structure of Midstream Sub Sector

The Midstream sub sector comprises of 50 Job Titles. The key technical

positions are in areas of pipeline and offshore vessels. The relevant job

areas such as engineering, fabrication, hook-up & commissioning,

operations & maintenance, deck operations and marine engineering require

graduates with minimum university degree in civil, mechanical, electrical,

petroleum, chemical engineering, and equivalent technical qualifications.

These professionals could be trained in their respective job areas as pipeline

engineers and management and technical seafarers and their experiences

are essential to perform the job well.

The job opportunities are also available for trained and competent technical

support team of technicians, specialists, mechanics, draughtsman, operators

and equivalent skilled workers are also critical to contribute and assist the

above technical professionals. Seafarers support team members also include

non-university graduates. Most of the Level 1 which refers to helper are

general labour. Detail Occupational Structure (OS) of Upstream as illustrate

in TABLE 5.0

4.3.3 Occupational Structure of Downstream Sub Sector

The Downstream sub sector comprises of 171 Job Titles. The relevant areas

of the downstream construction& engineering, downstream operations and

maintenance (O&M), plants operations and quality assurance require

graduates with minimum university degree in civil, mechanical, electrical,

petroleum, chemical engineering, and equivalent technical qualifications. As

57

in the other job sectors, these professionals could be trained in their

respective job areas as civil, structural, electrical, instrumentation/control,

mechanical, piping, mechanical rotating, mechanical static, process, design,

project safety, technology, gas pipeline transmission, gas processing, oil

refinery, petrochemical engineers, and also included logistic & distribution

and quality assurance personnel whose experience is important to

undertake the work successfully.

Work available are for trained and competent technical support team of

superintendents, buyers, expeditors, quality control inspectors, cost

controllers, document controllers, construction supervisors, chargeman,

draughtsman, electricians, foremen, technicians, maintenance technicians

of each of the work discipline, supervisors of each of the work discipline,

laboratory technicians for gas processing/oil refinery/petrochemical,

assistant chemists, transmission operators, riggers, fitters, welders, mason

and other equivalent skilled workers that are critical to support the above

technical professionals. . Detail Occupational Structure (OS) of Upstream as

illustrate in TABLE 6.1, TABLE 6.2 and TABLE 6.3

58

TABLE 4.1: OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE (OS) OF UPSTREAM SUB SECTOR (EXPLORATION AREA)

SECTOR OIL & GAS

SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM

AREA EXPLORATION

JOB AREA PROSPECTING DRILLING

LEVEL 8 GENERAL MANAGER

CUSTODIAN GEOPHYSICIST

GENERAL MANAGER

CUSTODIAN GEOLIGIST

GENERAL MANAGER

CUSTODIAN PETROPHYSICIST

GENERAL MANAGER

CUSTODIAN DRILLING ENGINEER

NO LEVEL

LEVEL 7 SENIOR MANAGER

PRINCIPAL GEOPHYSICIST

SENIOR MANAGER

PRINCIPAL GEOLOGIST

SENIOR MANAGER

PRINCIPAL PETROPHYSICIST

SENIOR MANAGER

PRINCIPAL DRILLING ENGINEER

RIG SUPERINTENDENT

LEVEL 6 GEOPHYSICIST GEOLOGIST GEOLOGIST (PETROPHYSICIST) DRILLING ENGINEER TOOL PUSHER

LEVEL 5 SENIOR TECHNICIAN SENIOR DRILLING TECHNICIAN DRILLER

LEVEL 4 TECHNICIAN DRILLING TECHNICIAN DERRICK MAN (RIGGER)

LEVEL 3 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL JUNIOR DRILLING TECHNICIAN MOTOR MAN/

PUMP MAN (RIGGER)

LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL ROUGH NECK (RIGGER)

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL ROUSTERBOUT (RIGGER)

Critical Job Title

59

TABLE 4.2: OCCUPATIONAL SRUCTURE (OS) OF UPSTREAM SUB SECTOR (APPRAISAL AREA)

SECTOR OIL & GAS

SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM

AREA APPRAISAL

JOB AREA EVALUATION AND INTERPRETATION RESERVOIR ENGINEERING SURVEILLANCE

LEVEL 8 GENERAL MANAGER

CUSTODIAN GEOPHYSICIST

GENERAL MANAGER

CUSTODIAN GEOLIGIST

GENERAL MANAGER

CUSTODIAN PETROPHYSICIST

GENERAL MANAGER

CUSTODIAN RESERVOIR ENGINEER

GENERAL MANAGER

CUSTODIAN SURVEILLANCE ENGINEER

LEVEL 7 SENIOR MANAGER

STAFF / PRINCIPAL

GEOPHYSICIST

SENIOR MANAGER

PRINCIPAL GEOMODELLER

SENIOR MANAGER

PRINCIPAL PETROPHYSICIST

SENIOR MANAGER

PRINCIPAL RESERVOIR ENGINEER

SENIOR MANAGER

PRINCIPAL SURVEILLANCE ENGINEER

LEVEL 6 GEOPHYSICIST GEOLOGIST GEOLOGIST RESERVOIR ENGINEER SURVEILLANCE ENGINEER

LEVEL 5 SENIOR TECHNICIAN

LEVEL 4 TECHNICIAN

LEVEL 3 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

Critical Job Title

60

SECTOR OIL & GAS

SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM

AREA APPRAISAL

JOB AREA PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY WELL COMPLETION WELL TESTING OIL AND GAS ECONOMICS

LEVEL 8 GENERAL MANAGER

CUSTODIAN PRODUCTION

TECHNOLOGIST

GENERAL MANAGER

CUSTODIAN WELL

COMPLETION ENGINEER

GENERAL MANAGER

CUSTODIAN WELL

TESTING ENGINEER

PETROLEUM COMMERCIAL

MANAGER

LEVEL 7 SENIOR MANAGER

PRINCIPAL PRODUCTION

TECHNOLOGIST

SENIOR MANAGER

PRINCIPAL WELL

COMPLETION ENGINEER

SENIOR MANAGER

PRINCIPAL WELL

TESTING ENGINEER

SENIOR PETROLEUM ECONOMIST

LEVEL 6 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIST WELL COMPLETION ENGINEER WELL TESTING ENGINEER PETROLEUM ECONOMIST

LEVEL 5 PRODUCTION ENGINEERING SENIOR TECHNICIAN

WELL COMPLETION SENIOR TECHNICIAN SENIOR TECHNICIAN NO LEVEL

LEVEL 4 PRODUCTION ENGINEERING TECHNICIAN

WELL COMPLETION TECHNICIAN TECHNICIAN NO LEVEL

LEVEL 3 PRODUCTION OPERATOR WELL COMPLETION OPERATOR NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

61

TABLE 4.3: OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE (OS) OF UPSTREAM SUB SECTOR (DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION AREA)

SECTOR OIL& GAS SUB-

SECTOR UPSTREAM

AREA DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION

JOB AREA WELL DRILLING PIPELINE STRUCTURE

LEVEL 8 GENERAL MANAGER

DRILLING CUSTODIAN ENGINEER

NO LEVEL

WELL COMPLETION CUSTODIAN ENGINEER

WELL TESTING CUSTODIAN ENGINEER

GENERAL MANAGER

PIPELINE CUSTODIAN ENGINEER

GENERAL MANAGER

STRUCTURAL CUSTODIAN ENGINEER

LEVEL 7 SENIOR MANAGER

PRINCIPAL DRILLING ENGINEER

RIG SUPERINTENDENT

PRINCIPAL WELL

COMPLETION ENGINEER

PRINCIPAL WELL TESTING

ENGINEER

SENIOR MANAGER

PRINCIPAL PIPELINE

ENGINEER

SENIOR MANAGER

PRINCIPAL STRUCTURAL

ENGINEER

LEVEL 6 DRILLING ENGINEER TOOL PUSHER WELL

COMPLETION ENGINEER

WELL TESTING ENGINEER PIPELINE ENGINEER STRUCTURAL ENGINEER

LEVEL 5 SENIOR DRILLING TECHNICIAN DRILLER

SENIOR WELL COMPLETION TECHNICIAN

SENIOR WELL TESTING

TECHNICIAN

PIPELINE DESIGNER

PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

SUPERINTENDENT

STRUCTURAL DESIGNER

STRUCTURAL FABRICATION

SUPERINTENDENT

LEVEL 4 DRILLING TECHNICIAN DERRICK MAN (RIGGER)

WELL COMPLETION TECHNICIAN

WELL TESTING TECHNICIAN

PIPELINE SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN

PIPELINE CONSTRUCTOR

STRUCTURAL SENIOR

DRAUGHTSMAN

STRUCTURAL FABRICATION SUPERVISOR

LEVEL 3 JUNIOR DRILLING TECHNICIAN

MOTOR MAN/ PUMP MAN

(RIGGER)

JUNIOR WELL COMPLETION TECHNICIAN

JUNIOR WELL TESTING

TECHNICIAN

PIPELINE DRAUGHTSMAN

PIPELINE SENIOR FITTER

STRUCTURAL DRAUGHTSMAN

STRUCTURAL FABRICATIOR

LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL ROUGH NECK (RIGGER) NO LEVEL NO LEVEL JUNIOR PIPELINE

DRAUGHTSMAN PIPELINE FITTER STRUCTURAL DARUGHTSMAN

STRUCTURAL FITTER

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL ROUSTERBOUT (RIGGER) NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL HELPER NO LEVEL HELPER

Critical Job Title

62

SECTOR OIL & GAS

SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM

AREA DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION JOB AREA MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PIPING INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LEVEL 8 GENERAL MANAGER

MECHANICAL CUSTODIAN ENGINEER

GENERAL MANAGER

PIPING CUSTODIAN ENGINEER GENERAL MANAGER

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL CUSTODIAN IENGINEER

GENERAL MANAGER

ELECTRICAL CUSTODIAN ENGINEER

LEVEL 7 SENIOR MANAGER

PRINCIPAL MECHANICAL

ENGINEER

SENIOR MANAGER

PRINCIPAL PIPING ENGINEER SENIOR MANAGER

PRINCIPAL INSTRUMENTATON

& CONTROL ENGINEER

SENIOR MANAGER

PRINCIPAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEER

LEVEL 6 MECHANICAL ENGINEER PIPING ENGINEER INSTRUMENT ENGINEER ELECTRICAL ENGINEER

LEVEL 5 MECHANICAL DESIGNER

MECHANICAL FABRICATION

SUPERINTENDENT

PIPING DESIGNER

PIPING FABRICATION

SUPERINTENDENT

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL DESIGNER

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

FABRICATION SUPERINTENDENT

ELECTRICAL DESIGNER

ELECTRICAL FABRICATION

SUPERINTENDENT

LEVEL 4 MECHANICAL

SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN

MECHANICAL FABRICATION SUPERVISOR

SENIOR PIPING DRAUGHTSMAN

PIPING FABRICATION SUPERVISOR

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

FABRICATION SUPERVISOR

ELECTRICAL SENIOR

DRAUGHTSMAN

ELECTRICAL FABRICATION SUPERVISOR

LEVEL 3 MECHANICAL DRAUGHTSMAN

MECHANICAL FABRICATIOR

PIPING DRAUGHTSMAN

PIPING FABRICATIOR

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

DRAUGHTSMAN

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

FABRICATIOR

ELECTRICAL DRAUGHTSMAN

ELECTRICAL FABRICATIOR

LEVEL 2 MECHANICAL DARUGHTSMAN

MECHANICAL FITTER

JUNIOR PIPING DARUGHTSMAN PIPING FITTER

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

JUNIOR DARUGHTSMAN

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL FITTER

ELECTRICAL DARUGHTSMAN

ELECTRICAL FITTER

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

Critical Job Title

63

SECTOR OIL & GAS

SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM

AREA DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION

JOB AREA MATERIAL AND CORROSION PROCESS PROCESS SAFETY

HOOK-UP & COMMISSIONING

(HUC) QAQC

ENGINEERING/ TECHNICAL DOCUMENT

MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 8 GENERAL MANAGER

MATERIAL AND CORROSION CUSTODIAN ENGINEER

PROCESS CUSTODIAN

PROCESS SAFETY

CUSTODIAN

CLIENT SITE REPRESENTATIVE

(CSR) NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

LEVEL 7 SENIOR MANAGER

PRINCIPAL MATERIAL AND CORROSION ENGINEER

PROCESS SPECIALIST

STAFF/ PRINCIPAL PROCESS SAFETY

ENGINEER

COMMISSIONING ENGINEER

QA/QC SPECIALIST

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT & DOCUMENT CONTROLLER

LEVEL 6 MATERIAL AND CORROSION ENGINEER PROCESS TECHNOLOGIST HUC SUPERINTENDENT

QA/QC MANAGER

SENIOR DOCUMENT

CONTROLLER

LEVEL 5 SENIOR

MATERIAL TECHNICIAN

MATERIAL & CORROSION

SU[ERINTENDENT

BLASTING AND PAINTING

SUPERVISOR PROCESS DESIGN SUPERVISOR HUC SUPERVISOR QA/QC

COORDINATOR DOCUMENT

CONTROLLER

LEVEL 4 MATERIAL TECHNICIAN

CORROSION TECHNICIAN

BLASTING AND PAINTING ASST.

SUPERVISOR

PROCESS SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN HUC INSPECTOR QA/QC

INSPECTOR

ASST. DOCUMENT

CONTROLLER

LEVEL 3 NO LEVEL BLASTER / PAINTER PROCESS DRAUGHTSMAN HUC FITTER NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL HELPER NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

Critical Job Title

64

SECTOR OIL & GAS

SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM

AREA DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION

JOB AREA PLATFORM OPERATION & MAINTENANCE PLATFORM INSPECTION STORAGE & DISTRIBUTION

LEVEL 8 GENERAL MANAGER NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

LEVEL 7 PLATFORM EXECUTIVE ENGINEER

FLOATER EXECUTIVE ENGINEER PRINCIPAL

INSPECTION ENGINEER

DIVISION MANAGER

LEVEL 6 PLATFORM SUPERINTENDENT CAPTAIN COMPANY SITE

REPRESENTATIVE INSPECTION

ENGINEER FACILITY MANAGER

LEVEL 5 PLATFORM SUPERVISOR INSPECTION TECHNICIAN OPERATION MANAGER MAINTENANCE MANAGER

LEVEL 4 PLATFORM OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN

ASST. INSPECTION TECHNICIAN

SCHEDULER PLANNER MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR - FACILITIES

MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR -

VEHICLE

LEVEL 3 JUNIOR PLATFORM OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN NO LEVEL DESPATCHER NO LEVEL MECHANICAL

TECHNICIAN ELECTRIVAL TECHNICIAN

SENIOR MECHANIC -

VEHICLE

LEVEL 2 HELPER NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL MECHANIC - VEHICLE

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

Critical Job Title

65

TABLE 5.0: OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE (OS) OF MIDSTREAM SUB SECTOR

SECTOR OIL & GAS

SUB-SECTOR MID STREAM

AREA PIPELINE

JOB AREA ENGINEERING FABRICATION HOOK UP & COMMISIONING (HUC)

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

DECK OPERATION

MARINE ENGINEERING

LEVEL 8 NO LEVEL SENIOR MANAGER - PIPELINE

GENERAL MANAGER

PIPELINE HUC SPECIALIST NO LEVEL OFF SHORE VESSELS DIRECTOR

LEVEL 7 PRINCIPAL PIPELINE

ENGINEER PIPELINE MANAGER SENIOR

MANAGER PIPELINE HUC

TECHNOLOGIST MANAGER SHIPPING MANAGER

LEVEL 6 PIPELINE DESIGNER PIPELINE ENGINEER PIPELINE ENGINEER ENGINEER CAPTAIN CHIEF ENGINEER

LEVEL 5 SENIOR PIPE DESIGNER

PIPELINE SUPERINTENDENT PIPELINE SUPERINTENDENT SUPERINTENDENT CHIEF OFFICER/

1ST MATE 2ND ENGINEER

LEVEL 4 SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN PIPELINE SUPERVISOR PIPELINE SUPERVISOR SUPERVISOR 2ND OFFICER/

MATE 3RD ENGINEER

LEVEL 3 DRAUGHTSMAN PIPELINE FABRICATOR FOREMAN PIPELINE

FABRICATOR FOREMAN SENIOR TECHNICIAN BOATSWAIN JUNIOR

ENGINEER

LEVEL 2 JUNIOR DRAUGHTSMAN

JUNIOR PIPELINE

FABRICATOR FITTER

JUNIOR PIPELINE

FABRICATOR FITTER TECHNICIAN ABLE BODIED

(AB) OILER

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL ASST. FABRICATOR

ASST. FITTER

ASST. FABRICATOR ASST. FITTER JUNIOR

TECHNICIAN ORDINARY

SEAMAN (OS) RATING

Critical Job Title

66

TABLE 6.1: OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE (OS) OF DOWNSTREAM SUB SECTOR (CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING AREA )

SECTOR OIL & GAS SUB

SECTOR DOWNSTREAM

AREA CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING JOB

AREA CIVIL STRUCTURE ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL PROCESS COMMISSIONING

LEVEL 8 PROJECT DIRECTOR

LEVEL 7 LEAD

ENGINEER (CIVIL)

CIVIL CONSTRUCTION

MANAGER

LEAD ENGINEER (STRUCTURAL)

STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION

MANAGER

LEAD ENGINEER (ELECTRICAL)

ELECTRICAL CONSTRUCTION

MANAGER

LEAD ENGINEER (MECHANICAL)

LEAD ENGINEER (PROCESS)

COMMISSIONING MANAGER

LEVEL 6 DESIGN

ENGINEER (CIVIL)

CIVIL CONSTRUCTION

ENGINEER

DESIGN ENGINEER

(STRUCTURAL)

STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION

ENGINEER

DESIGN ENGINEER

(ELECTRICAL)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEER

DESIGN ENGINEER

(MECHANICAL)

DESIGN ENGINEER (PROCESS)

COMMISSIONING ENGINEER

LEVEL 5 TECHNICAL EXECUTIVE

(CIVIL)

CIVIL CONSTRUCTION SUPERINTENDEN

T

TECHNICAL EXEC UTIVE

(STRUCTURAL)

STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION

SUPERINTENDENT

TECHNICAL EXECUTIVE

(ELECTRICAL)

SENIOR ELECTRICAL

CHARGEMAN

TECHNICAL EXECUTIVE

(MECHANICAL)

TECHNICAL EXECUTIVE (PROCESS)

COMMISSIONING SUPERVISOR

LEVEL 4 SENIOR

DRAUGHTSMAN

CIVIL CONSTRUCTION

SUPERVISOR

SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN

STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION

SUPERVISOR

SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN

ELECTRICAL CHARGEMAN

SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN

SENIOR PROCESS

DRAUGHTSMAN

SENIOR COMMISSIONING

TECHNICIAN

LEVEL 3 DRAUGHTSMAN

CIVIL CONSTRUCTION

FITTER DRAUGHTSMAN

STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION

FOREMAN DRAUGHTSMAN ELECTRICAL

FOREMAN DRAUGHTSMAN PROCESS DRAUGHTSMAN

COMMISSIONING TECHNICIAN

LEVEL 2 JUNIOR

DRAUGHTSMAN

MASON JUNIOR DRAUGHTSMAN

STRUCTURAL FITTER

JUNIOR DRAUGHTSMAN

ELECTRICAL FITTER

JUNIOR DRAUGHTSMAN

JUNIOR PROCESS

DRAUGHTSMAN NO LEVEL

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

67

SECTOR OIL & GAS SUB

SECTOR DOWNSTREAM

AREA CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING

JOB AREA INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MECHANICAL PIPING MECHANICAL ROTATING

MECHANICAL STATIC

ENGINEERING/ TECHNICAL DOCUMENT

MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 8 PROJECT DIRECTOR

LEVEL 7 LEAD ENGINEER (INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL)

MATERIAL & CORROSION MANAGER

INSTRUMENTATION & QMI CONSTRUCTION MANAGER MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION MANAGER

IMFORMATION MANAGEMENT &

DOCUMENT CONTROLLER

LEVEL 6 DESIGN ENGINEER (INSTRUMENTATIO

N & CONTROL)

ENGINEER (MATERIAL & CORROSION)

INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEER

QMI CONSTRUCTION

ENGINEER PIPING CONSTRUCTION ENGINEER

ROTATING EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEER

STATIC EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEER

SENIOR DOCUMENT

CONTROLLER

LEVEL 5

TECHNICAL EXECUTIVE

(INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL)

SENIOR MATERIAL & CORROSION

SUPERINTENDENT

SENIOR INSTRUMENTATION

TECHNICIAN

SENIOR QMI CONSTRUCTION

TECHNICIAN PIPING CONSTRUCTION SUPERINTENDENT

ROTATING EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION SUPERINTENDENT

STATIC EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION SUPERINTENDENT

DOCUMENT CONTROLLER

LEVEL 4 SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN

MATERIAL & CORROSION

SENIOR TECHNICIAN

INSTRUMENTATION TECHNICIAN

QMI CONSTRUCTION

TECHNICIAN PIPING CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISOR

ROTATING EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISOR

STATIC EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISOR

ASST. DOCUMENT CONTROLLER

LEVEL 3 DRAUGHTSMAN MATERIAL & CORROSION TECHNICIAN

JUNIOR INSTRUMENTATION

TECHNICIAN

JUNIOR QMI CONSTRUCTION

TECHNICIAN PIPING CONSTRUCTION FOREMAN

ROTATING EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION FOREMAN

STATIC EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION FOREMAN

NO LEVEL

LEVEL 2 JUNIOR DRAUGHTSMAN NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

PIPING CONSTRUCTION

FITTER

PIPING CONSTRUCTION

FABRICATOR

PIPING CONSTRUCTION

RIGGER

ROTATING EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION FITTER

STATIC EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION FITTER

NO LEVEL

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

ROTATING EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION RIGGER

STATIC EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION RIGGER

NO LEVEL

Critical Job Title

68

TABLE 6.2: OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE (OS) OF DOWNSTREAM SUB SECTOR (OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE AREA )

SUB SECTOR DOWNSTREAM

AREA OPEATION & MAINTENANCE

JOB AREA CIVIL ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL PIPING INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

LEVEL 8 PROJECT DIRECTOR

LEVEL 7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANAGER

LEVEL 6 CIVIL

MAINTENANCE ENGINEER

CIVIL OPERATION ENGINEER

ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE

ENGINEER

ELECTRICAL OPERATION ENGINEER

MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE

ENGINEER

MECHANICAL OPERATION ENGINEER

PIPING MAINTENANCE

ENGINEER

PIPING OPERATION ENGINEER

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

MAINTENANCE ENGINEER

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL OPERATION ENGINEER

LEVEL 5 CIVIL

MAINTENANCE SUPERINTENDENT

CIVIL OPERATION SUPERINTENDENT

ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE

SUPERINTENDENT

ELECTRICAL OPERATION

SUPERINTENDENT

MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE

SUPERINTENDENT

MECHANICAL OPERATION

SUPERINTENDENT

PIPING MAINTENANCE

SUPERINTENDENT

PIPING OPERATION

SUPERINTENDENT

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

MAINTENANCE SUPERINTENDENT

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL OPERATION

SUPERINTENDENT

LEVEL 4 CIVIL MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR

MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR PIPING MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR

LEVEL 3 CIVIL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN

MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN PIPING MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN

LEVEL 2 JUNIOR CIVIL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN

JUNIOR ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN

JUNIOR MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN

JUNIOR PIPING MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN

JUNIOR INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

Critical Job Title

69

TABLE 6.3: OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE (OS) OF DOWNSTREAM SUB SECTOR (PETROLEUM DISTILATION PROCESS)

SECTOR OIL & GAS

SUB SECTOR DOWNSTREAM

AREA PETROLEUM DISTILATION PROCESS

JOB AREA GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION GAS PROCESSING POLYMER PRODUCT/ CRACKER PROCESSING

LEVEL 8 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

LEVEL 7 GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION SPECIALIST OIL & GAS PIPE FABRICATION

SPECIALIST

GAS PROCESSING SPECIALIST

POLYMER PRODUCT PROCESSING SPECIALIST

LEVEL 6

GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION

REGIONAL MANAGER

GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIST

OIL & GAS PIPE FABRICATION ENGINEER PLANT MANAGER PLANT MANAGER

LEVEL 5 GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION MANAGER OIL & GAS PIPE FABRICATION

SUPERINTENDENT SHIFT MANAGER SHIFT MANAGER

LEVEL 4 GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION SUPERVISOR OIL & GAS PIPE FABRICATION SUPERVISOR

PRODUCTION SUPERVISOR

PRODUCTION SUPERVISOR

LEVEL 3 GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION SENIOR TECHNICION (FIELD OPERATOR) OIL & GAS PIPE FITTER SENIOR TECHNICIAN

(PANEL OPERATOR) SENIOR TECHNICIAN (PANEL OPERATOR)

LEVEL 2 GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION TECHNICION (FIELD OPERATOR)

DOMESTIC GAS PIPE FITTING

PRODUCTION TECHNICIAN

(FIELD OPERATOR)

PRODUCTION TECHNICIAN

(FIELD OPERATOR)

LEVEL 1 GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION JUNIOR TECHNICION NO LEVEL PRODUCTION

OPERATOR PRODUCTION

OPERATOR

Critical Job Title

70

4.4 ENTRY LEVEL AND CAREER PATH

The Occupational Analysis has identified a total of 476 Job Titles in various

levels. Upstream has 255 Job Titles, Midstream has 50 Job Titles, and

Downstream has 171 Job Titles. Detail entry level and career path of each

Job Area is shown in TABLE 7.0.

TABLE 7.0: ENTRY LEVEL OF EACH JOB AREA

SUB SECTOR AREA JOB AREA ENTRY LEVEL CAREER PATH

NO. OF JOB TITLES

1. UPSTREAM 1. EXPLORATION 1. PROSPECTING LEVEL 4 LEVEL 8 17 2. DRILLING LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 15

2. APPRAISAL

1. EVALUATION & INTERPRETATION LEVEL 4 LEVEL 8 17

2. RESERVOIR ENGINEERING LEVEL 4 LEVEL 8 7

3. SURVEILLANCE ENGINEERING LEVEL 4 LEVEL 8 7

4. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY LEVEL 3 LEVEL 8 8

5. WELL COMPLETION ENGINEERING LEVEL 3 LEVEL 8 8

6. WELL TESTING LEVEL 4 LEVEL 8 7

7. ECONOMICS LEVEL 6 LEVEL 8 3

3. DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION

1. WELL DRILLING LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 28

2. PIPELINE LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 13

3. STRUCTURE LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 13

4. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 13

5. PIPING LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 13

6. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 13

7. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 13

8. MATERIAL & CORROSION LEVEL 3 LEVEL 8 12

9. PROCESS LEVEL 3 LEVEL 8 6

10. PROCESS SAFETY LEVEL 7 LEVEL 8 2

11. HOOK-UP & COMMISSIONING (HUC) LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 7

12. QAQC LEVEL 4 LEVEL 7 4

13. ENGINEERING/ TECHINCAL DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT LEVEL 4 LEVEL 7 4

14 PLATFORM OPERATION & MAINTENANCE LEVEL 2 LEVEL 7 10

15. PLATFORM INSPECTION LEVEL 4 LEVEL 7 4

16. STORAGE & DISTRIBUTION LEVEL 2 LEVEL 7 13

2. MIDSTREAM 1. PIPELINE 1. ENGINEERING LEVEL 3 LEVEL 7 5

2. FABRICATION LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 11

3. HOOK UP & COMMISSIONING LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 8

4. OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE LEVEL 1 LEVEL 7 8

2. OFFSHORE VESSEL 1. DECK OPERATIONS LEVEL 1 LEVEL 6 8

2. MARINE ENGINEERING LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 8

71

3. DOWNSTREAM 1 . CONSTRUCTION AND ENGINEERING

1. CIVIL LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 12

2. STRUCTURAL LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 12

3. ELECTRICAL LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 12

4. MECHANICAL LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 12

5. PROCESS LEVEL 3 LEVEL 8 6

6. COMMISSIONING LEVEL 3 LEVEL 8 5

7. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 20

8. MECHANICAL PIPING LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 8

9. MECHANICAL ROTATING LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 7

10. MECHANICAL STATIC LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 7

11. ENGINEERING/ TECHNICAL DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT LEVEL 4 LEVEL 8 4

2. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

1. CIVIL LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 9

2. ELECTRICAL LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 7

3. MECHANICAL LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 7

4. PIPING LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 7

5. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 7

3. PETROLEUM 1. GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION LEVEL 1 LEVEL 7 14

DISTILATION PROCESS 2. GAS PROCESSING LEVEL 1 LEVEL 7 7

3. POLIMER PRODUCT PROCESSING LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 7

TOTAL 476

TABLE 7.0 shows that most of the job titles in Oil & Gas start as low as Level 1.

These significant findings prove that skill training for level 1 up to level 5 is very

significant in serving the industry current and future.

72

4.5 CRITICAL JOB TITLES

There are 67 critical Job Titles of which categorised as critical. The following table

illustrates the summary of these critical job titles. Job titles under this category

reflect the immediate industry requirement for skilled workers. The identification of

critical job titles is the essence of developing the National Occupational Skills

Standard for the job so that formal training can be carried out and skilled workers

can be produced and supplied to the industry.

TABLE 8.0: CRITICAL JOB TITLE OF OIL & GAS INDUSTRY

NO JOB TITLE SUB SECTOR/ JOB AREA LEVEL CURRENT

SHORTAGE 1 - 3

YEARS > 3

YEARS 1. CUSTODIAN GEOPHYSICIST

UPSTREAM: PROSPECTING, EVALUATION &

INTERPRETATION

8 √ √ √ 2. PRINCIPAL GEOPHYSICIST 7 √ √ √ 3. CUSTODIAN GEOLIGIST 8 √ √ √ 4. PRINCIPAL GEOLOGIST 7 √ √ √ 5. CUSTODIAN PETROPHYSICIST 8 √ √ √ 6. PRINCIPAL PETROPHYSICIST 7 √ √ √ 7. SENIOR DRILLING TECHNICIAN

UPSTREAM: DRILLING

5 - √ √ 8.' DRILLING TECHNICIAN 4 - √ √ 9. JUNIOR DRILLING TECHNICIAN 3 - √ √ 10. TOOL PUSHER 6 - √ √ 11. DRILLER 5 √ √ √ 12. DERRICK MAN (RIGGER) 4 √ √ √ 13. WELL TESTING ENGINEER

UPSTREAM: WELL DRILLING

6 - √ √ 14. WELL TESTING SENIOR TECHNICIAN 5 - √ √ 15 WELL TESTING TECHNICIAN 4 - √ √ 16. PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION SUPERINTENDENT

UPSTREAM: PIPELINE

5 - √ √ 17. PIPELINE CONSTRUCTOR 4 - √ √ 18. PIPELINE SENIOR FITTER 3 - √ √ 19. PIPELINE FITTER 2 - √ √ 20. NSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL FITTER UPSTREAM:

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

2 - √ √ 21. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL FABRICATIOR 3 - √ √ 22 INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL DRAUGHTSMAN 3 - √ √ 23 BLASTER / PAINTER UPSTREAM:

MATERIAL & COROSION

3 √ √ √ 24 BLASTING AND PAINTING ASST. SUPERVISOR 4 √ √ √ 25 BLASTING AND PAINTING SUPERVISOR 5 √ √ √ 26 HUC FITTER

UPSTREAM: HUC 3 - √ √

27 HUC INSPECTOR 4 - √ √ 28 HUC SUPERVIOR 5 - √ √ 29. INSPECTION ENGINEER UPSTREAM:

PLATFORM INSPECTION

6 - √ √ 30. INSPECTION TECHNICIAN 5 - √ √ 31 ASST. INSPECTION TECHNICIAN 4 - √ √

73

NO JOB TITLE SUB SECTOR/ JOB AREA LEVEL CURRENT

SHORTAGE 1 - 3

YEARS > 3

YEARS 32 PIPELINE SUPERVISOR

MIDSTREAM: FABRICATION

4 √ √ √ 33. FOREMAN 7 √ √ √ 34. PIPELINE FITTER 8 √ √ √ 35. PIPELINE HUC SPECIALIST

MIDSTREAM: HUC

8 - √ √ 36. PIPELINE HUC TECHNOLOGIST 7 - √ √ 37. CAPTAIN 6 √ √ √ 38. CHIEF OFFICER/ 1ST MATE 5 √ √ √ 39. 2ND OFFICER/ MATE 4 √ √ √ 40. CHIEF ENGINEER MIDSTREAM:

MARINE ENGINEERING

6 √ √ √ 41. 2ND ENGINEER 5 √ √ √ 42. 3RD ENGINEER 4 √ √ √ 43. PIPING MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN DOWNSTREAM

PIPING 3 - √ √

44. JUNIOR PIPING MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN 2 - √ √

45. ROTATING EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISOR

DOWNSTREAM: MECHANICAL

ROTATING

4 - √ √

46. ROTATING EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION FOREMAN 3 - √ √

47. TECHNICAL EXECUTIVE (INSTRUMENTATION & CTECHNICALONTROL)

DOWNSTREAM: INSTRUMENTATION

AND CONTROL

5 - √ √

48.. SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN 4 - √ √ 49. DRAUGHTSMAN 3 - √ √ 50. JUNIOR DRAUGHTSMAN 2 √ √ √

51. SENIOR MATERIAL AND CORROSION SUPERINTENDENT 5 √ √ √

52 MATERIAL AND CORROSION SENIOR TECHNICIAN 4 √ √ √ 53. MATERIAL AND CORROSION TECHNICIAN 3 √ √ √ 54. SENIOR INSTRUMENTATION TECHNICIAN 5 √ √ √ 55. INSTRUMENTATION TECHNICIAN 4 √ √ √ 56. JUNIOR INSTRUMENTATION TECHNICIAN 3 - √ √

57. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL OPERATION SUPERINTENDENT 5 - √ √

58. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR 4 - √ √

59. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN 3 - √ √

60. JUNIOR INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN 2 - √ √

61. PIPING CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISOR DOWNSTREAM:

MECHANICAL PIPING

4 √ √ √ 62. PIPING CONSTRUCTION FOREMAN 3 √ √ √ 63. PIPING CONSTRUCTION FITTER 2 √ √ √ 64. PIPING CONSTRUCTION RIGGER 2 √ √ √ 65. OIL & GAS PIPE FABRICATION SUPERINTENDENT DOWNSTREAM:

PETROLEUM DISTILATION

PROCESS

5 - √ √ 66. OIL & GAS PIPE FABRICATION SUPERVISOR 4 - √ √

67. OIL & GAS PIPE FITTER 3 - √ √

TOTAL 30 67 67

74

4.5.1 Upstream Sub Sector

There are 31 critical Job Titles of Upstream sub sector have been identified.

Among them, there only 11 job titles are currently critical. This is due to

uncertain of Oil price globally and many industry players have reduced their

exploration and production activities. Some companies have even retrenched

their staff to reduce their operation cost. Feedback from the industry players

shows that there are some job titles are even surplus. Detail Critical Job Area in

Upstream sub sector as illustrate in TABLE 9.0

TABLE 9.0: CRITICAL JOB TITLE OF UPSTREAM SUB SECTOR

NO JOB TITLE JOB AREA LEVEL CURRENT SHORTAGE

1 - 3 YEARS

> 3 YEARS

1. CUSTODIAN GEOPHYSICIST

PROSPECTING, EVALUATION &

INTERPRETATION

8 √ √ √ 2. PRINCIPAL GEOPHYSICIST 7 √ √ √ 3. CUSTODIAN GEOLIGIST 8 √ √ √ 4. PRINCIPAL GEOLOGIST 7 √ √ √ 5. CUSTODIAN PETROPHYSICIST 8 √ √ √ 6. PRINCIPAL PETROPHYSICIST 7 √ √ √ 7. SENIOR DRILLING TECHNICIAN

DRILLING,

5 - √ √ 8.' DRILLING TECHNICIAN 4 - √ √ 9. JUNIOR DRILLING TECHNICIAN 3 - √ √ 10. TOOL PUSHER 6 - √ √ 11. DRILLER 5 √ √ √ 12. DERRICK MAN (RIGGER) 4 √ √ √ 13. WELL TESTING ENGINEER

WELL DRILLING 6 - √ √

14. WELL TESTING SENIOR TECHNICIAN 5 - √ √ 15 WELL TESTING TECHNICIAN 4 - √ √ 16. PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION SUPERINTENDENT

PIPELINE

5 - √ √ 17. PIPELINE CONSTRUCTOR 4 - √ √ 18. PIPELINE SENIOR FITTER 3 - √ √ 19. PIPELINE FITTER 2 - √ √ 20. NSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL FITTER

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

2 - √ √ 21. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL FABRICATIOR 3 - √ √ 22 INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL DRAUGHTSMAN 3 - √ √ 23 BLASTER / PAINTER

MATERIAL & COROSION

3 √ √ √ 24 BLASTING AND PAINTING ASST. SUPERVISOR 4 √ √ √ 25 BLASTING AND PAINTING SUPERVISOR 5 √ √ √ 26 HUC FITTER

HUC 3 - √ √

27 HUC INSPECTOR 4 - √ √ 28 HUC SUPERVIOR 5 - √ √ 29. INSPECTION ENGINEER

PLATFORM INSPECTION

6 - √ √ 30. INSPECTION TECHNICIAN 5 - √ √ 31 ASST. INSPECTION TECHNICIAN 4 - √ √ TOTAL 11 31 31

75

4.5.2 Midstream Sub Sector

Although Midstream is a small sub sector, the analysis findings show that that

the industry is facing shortage of skilled personnel. A total of 9 Job Titles is

critical currently. The industry is expected to face shortage of skill personnel in

11 Job Titles within 1 year and more. One of the reason captured is the nature

of job does not attract young people. Therefore not many young people

interested to build their career in this job area. Detail Critical Job Area in

Midstream sub sector as illustrate in TABLE 10.0

TABLE 10.0: CRITICAL JOB TITLE OF MIDSTREAM SUB SECTOR

NO JOB TITLE JOB AREA LEVEL CURRENT SHORTAGE

1 - 3 YEARS > 3 YEARS

1. PIPELINE SUPERVISOR FABRICATION

4 √ √ √ 2. FOREMAN 7 √ √ √ 3. PIPELINE FITTER 8 √ √ √ 4. PIPELINE HUC SPECIALIST

MIDSTREAM HUC

8 - √ √ 5. PIPELINE HUC TECHNOLOGIST 7 - √ √ 6.' CAPTAIN 6 √ √ √ 7. CHIEF OFFICER/ 1ST MATE 5 √ √ √ 8. 2ND OFFICER/ MATE 4 √ √ √ 9. CHIEF ENGINEER

MARINE ENGINEERING 6 √ √ √

10. 2ND ENGINEER 5 √ √ √ 11. 3RD ENGINEER 4 √ √ √ TOTAL 9 11 11

4.5.3 Downstream Sub Sector

There are 25 critical Job Titles faced by downstream sub sector in the next 3

years. It is expected many job opening to cater RAPID project for the next 3 year

from now. Out of 25 Job Titles, only 10 job titles are critical currently. Most of

the critical job titles are Level 1 to Level 5. With the current climate of

fluctuation of the global oil price, some of the job titles are also surplus as many

companies laying off their employees to cut operation cost. Detail Critical Job

Titles in downstream sub sector as illustrate in TABLE 11.0.

76

TABLE 11.0: CRITICAL JOB TITLE OF DOWNSTREAM SUB SECTOR

NO JOB TITLE JOB AREA LEVEL CURRENT SHORTAGE

1 - 3 YEARS

> 3 YEARS

1. TECHNICAL EXECUTIVE (INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL)

INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

5 - √ √ 2. SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN 4 - √ √ 3. DRAUGHTSMAN 3 - √ √ 4. JUNIOR DRAUGHTSMAN 2 √ √ √ 5. SENIOR MATERIAL AND CORROSION SUPERINTENDENT 5 √ √ √ 6. MATERIAL AND CORROSION SENIOR TECHNICIAN 4 √ √ √ 7. MATERIAL AND CORROSION TECHNICIAN 3 √ √ √ 8.' SENIOR INSTRUMENTATION TECHNICIAN 5 √ √ √ 9. INSTRUMENTATION TECHNICIAN 4 √ √ √ 10. JUNIOR INSTRUMENTATION TECHNICIAN 3 - √ √

11. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL OPERATION SUPERINTENDENT 5 - √ √

12. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR 4 - √ √

13. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN 3 - √ √

14. JUNIOR INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN 2 - √ √

15 PIPING CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISOR

MECHANICAL PIPING

4 √ √ √ 16. PIPING CONSTRUCTION FOREMAN 3 √ √ √ 17. PIPING CONSTRUCTION FITTER 2 √ √ √ 18. PIPING CONSTRUCTION RIGGER 2 √ √ √ 19. ROTATING EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISOR MECHANICAL

ROTATING 4 - √ √

20 ROTATING EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION FOREMAN 3 - √ √ 21 PIPING MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN DOWNSTREAM

PIPING 3 - √ √

22 JUNIOR PIPING MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN 2 - √ √ 23 OIL & GAS PIPE FABRICATION SUPERINTENDENT PETROLEUM

DISTILATION PROCESS

5 - √ √ 24 OIL & GAS PIPE FABRICATION SUPERVISOR 4 - √ √ 25 OIL & GAS PIPE FITTER 3 - √ √ TOTAL 10 25 25

4.5.4 Summary of Critical Job Titles

TABLE 12.0: SUMMARY OF CRITICAL JOB TITLES

SECTOR SUB SECTOR L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 TOTAL OF CRITICAL

JOB TITLES

TOTAL OF JOB TITLES

OIL & GAS

UPSTREAM - 2 6 7 7 3 3 3 31 255

MIDSTREAM - - - 3 2 2 2 2 11 50

DOWNSTREAM - 5 8 7 5 - - - 25 171

TOTAL - 7 14 17 14 5 5 5 67 476

77

4.6 OCCUPATIONAL AREA STRUCTURE

Occupational Area Structure (OAS) was developed through Occupational Area

Analysis (OAA). The analysis was conducted with industry expert panels which

aims to identify common competency among the job titles. The OAS reflects

multiskilling and multi tasking due to sharing of competencies between areas

and levels.

Detail Occupational Area Structure (OAS) of the Upstream Sub Sector as

illustrates in TABLE 13, OAS of Midstream Sub Sector as shown in TABLE 14 and

OAS of Downstream Sub Sector is featured in TABLE 15. The existing NOSS titles

are also highlighted in Table 13, Table 14 and Table 15.

78

TABLE 13.1: OCCUPATIONAL AREA STRUCTURE (OAS) OF UPSTREAM SUB SECTOR (EXPLORATION AREA)

SECTOR OIL AND GAS

SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM AREA EXPLORATION

JOB AREA PROSPECTING DRILLING

LEVEL 8 GEOPHYSIC GEOLOGY MANAGEMENT GEOLOGY PETROPHYSIC DRILLING

ENGINEERING RIG GING

MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 7 GEOPHYSIC GEOLOGY MANAGEMENT GEOLOGY PETROPHYSIC DRILLING

ENGINEERING RIG GING

MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 6 GEOPHYSIC GEOLOGY GEOLOGY DRILLING ENGINEERING

DRILLING OPERATION & SUPERVISION

LEVEL 5 SEISMIC INTERPRETATION

DRILLING OPERATION

MANAGEMENT OG-012-5:2012

DRILLING OPERATION

LEVEL 4 SEISMIC INTERPRETATION DRILLING

OPERATION OG-012-4:2012

RIGGING OPERATION & SUPERVISION

LEVEL 3 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL DRILLING

OPERATION OG-012-3:2011

RIGGING OPERATION

LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL RIGGING OPERATION

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

Existing NOSS

79

TABLE 13.2: OCCUPATIONAL AREA STRUCTURE (OAS) OF UPSTREAM SUB SECTOR (APPRAISAL AREA)

SECTOR OIL & GAS

SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM AREA APPRAISAL

JOB AREA EVALUATION AND INTERPRETATION RESERVOIR SURVEILLANCE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

WELL COMPLETION ENGINEERING

WELL TESTING ECONOMICS

LEVEL 8 GEOPHYSIC GEOLOGY PETROPHYSIC RESERVOIR ENGINEERING

SURVEILLANCE ENGINEERING

OIL & GAS PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

WELL COMPLETION ENGINEERING

WELL TESTING ENGINEERING

PETROLEUM ECONOMY

LEVEL 7 GEOPHYSIC GEOLOGY PETROPHYSIC RESERVOIR ENGINEERING

SURVEILLANCE ENGINEERING

OIL & GAS PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

WELL COMPLETION ENGINEERING

WELL TESTING ENGINEERING

PETROLEUM ECONOMY

LEVEL 6 GEOPHYSIC GEOLOGY GEOLOGY RESERVOIR ENGINEERING

SURVEILLANCE ENGINEERING

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

WELL COMPLETION ENGINEERING

WELL TESTING ENGINEERING

PETROLEUM ECONOMY

LEVEL 5 OIL & GAS SEISMIC INTERPRETATION

WELL COMPLETION OPERATION & SUPERVISION

WELL TESTING OPERATION & SUPERVISION

NO LEVEL

LEVEL 4 OIL & GAS SEISMIC INTERPRETATION

WELL COMPLETION OPERATION & SUPERVISION

WELL TESTING TOPERATION & SUPERVISION

NO LEVEL

LEVEL 3 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL WELL

COMPLETION OPERATION

WELL TESTING TOPERATION NO LEVEL

LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

80

TABLE 13.3: OCCUPATIONAL AREA STRUCTURE (OAS) OF UPSTREAM SUB SECTOR (DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION AREA)

SECTOR OIL & GAS

SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM

SECTOR DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION

JOB AREA WELL DRILLING PIPELINE STRUCTURE

LEVEL 8 DRILLING ENGINEERING

WELL COMPLETION ENGINEERING

WELL TESTING ENGINEERING

RIGGING MANAGEMENT

PIPELINE MANAGEMENT

PIPELINE ENGINEERING

STRUCTURE ENGINEERING

MANAGEMENT

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

LEVEL 7 DRILLING ENGINEERING

WELL COMPLETION ENGINEERING

WELL TESTING ENGINEERING

RIG GING MANAGEMENT

PIPELINE MANAGEMENT

PIPELINE ENGINEERING

STRUCTURE ENGINEERING

MANAGEMENT

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

LEVEL 6 DRILLING ENGINEERING

WELL COMPLETION ENGINEERING

WELL TESTING ENGINEERING

DRILLING OPERATION & SUPERVISION

PIPELINE ENGINEERING STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

LEVEL 5

DRILLING OPERATION

MANAGEMENT OG-012-5:2011

WELL COMPLETION OPERATION &

MANAGEMENT

WELL TESTING OPERATION &

MANAGEMENT

DRILLING OPERATION PIPELINE DESIGN PIPELINE

CONSTRUCTION

STRUCTURE DESIGN

(0G-020-4:2012)

METAL STRUCTURE

FABRICATION OPERATION &

MANAGEMENT OG-011-5-2012

LEVEL 4

DRILLING OPERATION

MANAGEMENT OG-012-4:2011

WELL COMPLETION OPERATION & SUPEVISION

WELL TESTING OPERATION & SUPEVISION

RIGGING OPERATION & SUPERVISION

PIPELINE DESIGN PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

STRUCTURE DESIGN

0G-020-4:2012

METAL STRUCTURE

FABRICATION OPERATION &

MANAGEMENT OG-011-4-2012

LEVEL 3 DRILLING

OPERATION OG-012-3:2011

WELL COMPLETION OPERATION

WELL TESTING OPERATION

RIGGING OPERATION

PIPELINE DRAFTING PIPELINE FITTING

STRUCTURE TECHNICAL DRAWING

0G-020-3:2012

METAL STRUCTURE

FABRICATION OPERATION

OG-011-3-2011

LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL RIGGING OPERATION

PIPELINE DRAFTING PIPELINE FITTING NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

Existing NOSS

81

SECTOR OIL& GAS

SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM

AREA DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION

JOB AREA MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PIPING INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LEVEL 8 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT PIPING ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LEVEL 7 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT PIPING ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LEVEL 6 MECHANICAL ENGINEER PIPING ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LEVEL 5 MECHANICAL DESIGN

MECHANICAL FABRICATION & MANAGEMENT

PIPING DESIGN MANAGEMENT OG-022-5:2012

PIPING FABRICATION

MANAGEMENT (OG-010-5:2012

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

DESIGN

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

FABRICATION AND MANAGEMENT

ELECTRICAL DESIGN

ELECTRICAL FABRICATION & MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 4 MECHANICAL DESIGN

MECHANICAL FABRICATION &

SUPERVISION

PIPING DESIGN OG-022-4:2012

PIPING FABRICATION

MANAGEMENT OG-010-4:2012

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

DESIGN

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

FABRICATION AND MANAGEMENT

ELECTRICAL DESIGN

ELECTRICAL FABRICATION & MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 3 MECHANICAL DRAFTING

MECHANICAL FABRICATION

OG-028-3-2014

PIPING DRAFTING OG-022-3:2012

PIPING FABRICATION OPERATION

OG-010-3:2011

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL DRAFTING

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

FABRICATION OPERATION

OG-027-3:2014

ELECTRICAL DRAFTING

ELECTRICAL FABRICATION OPERATION

OG-026-2:2014

LEVEL 2 MECHANICAL DRAFTING

MECHANICAL FITTING

OG-028-2:2014

PIPING FABRICATION OPERATION

OG-010-2:2011

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL DRAFTING

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

FITTING OG-027-2:2014

ELECTRICAL DRAFTING

ELECTRICAL FITTING

OG-026-2:2014

LEVEL 1 HELPER HELPER HELPER HELPER NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

Existing NOSS

82

SECTOR OIL & GAS

SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM

AREA DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION

JOB AREA MATERIAL & COROSION PROCESS PROCESS SAFETY

HOOK-UP & COMMISSIONING

(HUC) QAQC

ENGINEERING / TECHNICAL DOCUMENT

MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 8 MATERIALS & COROSION ENGINEERING PROCESS ENGINEERING

PROCESS SAFETY

ENGINEERING

COMMISSIONING ENGINEERING

QUALITY ASSURANCE & QUALITY CONTROL NO LEVEL

LEVEL 7 MATERIALS & COROSION ENGINEERING PROCESS ENGINEERING

PROCESS SAFETY

ENGINEERING

COMMISSIONING ENGINEERING

QUALITY ASSURANCE & QUALITY CONTROL

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT &

DOCUMENT CONTROL

LEVEL 6 MATERIALS & COROSION ENGINEERING PROCESS ENGINEERING HUC OPERATION & MANAGEMENT

QUALITY ASSURANCE & QUALITY CONTROL

DOCUMENT CONTROL

LEVEL 5 COROSION

OPERATION & MANAGEMENT

BLASTING & PAINTING OPERATION &

MANAGEMENT OG-016-5:2013

PROCESS DRAUGHTING & MANAGEMENT

HUC OPERATION & SUPERVISION QUALITY CONTROL

ENGINEERING DOCUMENT

MANAGEMENT OG-031-5:2014

LEVEL 4 COROSION

OPERATION & SUPERVISION

BLASTING & PAINTING OPERATION & SUPERVISION

OG-016-4:2013

PROCESS DRAUGHTING & SUPERVISION HUC INSPECTING QUALITY CONTROL

ENGINEERING DOCUMENT

ADMINISTRATION OG-031-4:2014

LEVEL 3 COROSION OPERATION

BLASTING & PAINTING OPERATION

OG-016-3:2012 PROCESS DRAUGHTING HUC FITTING NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

LEVEL 2 COROSION OPERATION

BLASTING & PAINTING OPERATION NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

Existing NOSS

83

SECTOR OIL & GAS

SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM

AREA DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION

JOB AREA PLATFORM OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE PLATFORM INSPECTION STORAGE & DISTRIBUTION

LEVEL 8 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

OIL & GAS PLATFORM OPERATION & MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT

NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

LEVEL 7 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL PLATFORM MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT STORAGE & DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 6 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL PLATFORM

MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT

SUBSEA MAINTENANCE FACILITY MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 5

BLASTING & COATING

OPERATION MANAGEMENT OG-016-5:2013

BLASTING & COATING

INSPECTION MANAGEMENT OG-023-5:2013

PLATFORM MAINTENANCE OPERATION & SUPERVISION

SUBSEA MAINTENANCE

& SUPERVISION

UPSTREAM OPERATION

MANAGEMENT UPSTREAM MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 4

BLASTING & COATING

OPERATION MANAGEMENT OG-016-4:2013

BLASTING & COATING

INSPECTION MANAGEMENT OG-023-4:2013

PLATFORM MAINTENANCE OPERATION & SUPERVISION

STORANGE & DISTRIBUTION SCHEDULING

UPSTREAM FACILITIES MAINTENANCE SUPERVISION

UPSTREAM VEHICLE

MAINTENANCE SUPERVISION

LEVEL 3

BLASTING & COATING

OPERATION OG-016-3:2012

BLASTING & COATING

INSPECTION OG-023-3:2013

PLATFORM MAINTENANCE OPERATION SCHEDULING OPERATION

MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE

OPERATION

ELECTRIVAL MAINTENANCE

OPERATION

UPSTREAM VEHICLE

MAINTENANCE OPERATION

LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

UPSTREAM VEHICLE

MAINTENANCE OPERATION

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

Existing NOSS

84

TABLE 14.0: OCCUPATIONAL AREA STRUCTURE (OAS) OF MIDSTREAM SUB SECTOR

SECTOR OIL & GAS

SUB-SECTOR MIDSTREAM

AREA PIPELINE OFFSHORE SUPPLY VESSELS (OSV)

JOB AREA ENGINEERING FABRICATION HOOK UP & COMMISSINGING (HUC) OPERATION & MAINTENANCE DECK OPERATION MARINE

ENGINEERING

LEVEL 8 PROJECT MANAGEMENT O&M MANAGEMENT OSV MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 7 ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT FABRICATION MANAGEMENT HUC MANAGEMENT O&M

MANAGEMENT SHIPPING MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 6 DESIGN OPERATION PIPELINE ENGINEERING HUC ENGINEERING O&M

ENGINEERING SHIP MANAGEMENT ENGINER ROOM AND MACHINERY MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 5 DRAFTING SUPERVISION PIPELINE SUPERVISION HUC SUPERVISION O&M

SUPERVISION NAVIGATION OPERATION ENGINE ROOM ADMINISTRATION

LEVEL 4 DRAFTING SERVICES PIPELINE SUPERVISION HUC SUPERVISION O&M

SUPERVISION DECK OPERATION SUPERVISION ENGINE ROOM COORDINATION

LEVEL 3 DRAFTING SERVICES

PIPELINE FABRICATION OPERATION

FITTING OPERATION

HUC FITTING OPERATION

HUC FITTING OPERATION O&M SERVICES

OFFSHORE SUPPORT VESSEL OPERATION

OG-025-3:2014

DECK OPERATION & SERVICES

ENGINE ROOM OPERATION &

SERVICES

LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL PIPELINE

FABRICATION OPERATION

FITTING OPERATION

HUC FITTING OPERATION

HUC FITTING OPERATION O&M SERVICES NO LEVEL DECK OPERATION

& SERVICES

ENGINE ROOM OPERATION &

SERVICES

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL O&M SERVICES NO LEVEL DECK SERVICES ENGINE ROOM SERVICES

Existing NOSS

85

TABLE 15.1: OCCUPATIONAL AREA STRUCTURE (OAS) OF DOWNSTREAM SUB SECTOR ( CONSTRUCTION AND ENGINEERING AREA)

Existing NOSS

SECTOR OIL & GAS

SUB SECTOR DOWNSTREAM

AREA CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING

JOB AREA CIVIL STRUCTURE ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL PROCESS COMMISSIONING

LEVEL 8 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL

LEVEL 7 CIVIL ENGINEERING

CIVIL ENGINEERING

LEAD ENGINEER

(STRUCTURAL)

STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION

MANAGER

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROCESS

ENGINEERING ENGINEERING

LEVEL 6 CIVIL ENGINEERING

CIVIL ENGINEERING

DESIGN ENGINEER

(STRUCTURAL)

STRUCTURE ENGINEER

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROCESS

ENGINEERING ENGINEERING

LEVEL 5 CIVIL

ENGINEERING DESIGN

CIVIL CONSTRUCTION OPERATION & MANAGEMENT

STRUCTURE DESIGN

0G-020-5:2012

METAL STRUCTURE

FABRICATION MANAGEMENT OG-011-5:2012

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

DESIGN

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION SUPERVISION

MECHANICAL FITTING

MANAGEMENT

MECHANICAL DESIGN

ENGINEERING PROCESS DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION COMMISSIONING

OPERATION & MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 4 CIVIL

ENGINEERING DESIGN

CIVIL CONSTRUCTION OPERATION & SUPERVISION

STRUCTURE DESIGN

0G-020-4:2012

METAL STRUCTURE

FABRICATION MANAGEMENT OG-011-4:2012

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

DESIGN

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

OPERATION SUPERVISION

MECHANICAL FITTING

ADMINISTRATION

MECHANICAL DESIGN

ENGINEERING DRAFTING

CONSTRUCTION COMMISSIONING

SUPERVISION

LEVEL 3 CIVIL DRAFTING

CIVIL CONSTRUCTION

FITTING

STRUCTURE TECHNICAL DRAWING

0G-020-3:2012

METAL STRUCTURE

FABRICATION OPERATION

OG-011-3:2011

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

DRAFTING

ELECTRICAL FITTING

OG-027-3:2014

MECHANICAL FITTING

OG-028-3:2014

MECHANICAL DRAFTING

ENGINEERING DRAFTING

SENIOR COMMISSIONING

OPERATION

LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL MASON NO LEVEL MASON NO LEVEL NO LEVEL MECHANICAL FITTING

MECHANICAL DRAFTING

JUNIOR DRAUGHTSMAN NO LEVEL

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

86

SECTOR OIL & GAS

SUB SECTOR DOWNSTREAM

AREA CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING

JOB AREA CIVIL STRUCTURE ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL PROCESS COMMISSIONING

LEVEL 8 PROJECT DIRECTOR

LEVEL 7 CIVIL ENGINEERING

CIVIL ENGINEERING

LEAD ENGINEER (STRUCTURAL)

STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION

MANAGER

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROCESS ENGINEERING ENGINEERING

LEVEL 6 CIVIL ENGINEERING

CIVIL ENGINEERING

DESIGN ENGINEER

(STRUCTURAL)

STRUCTURE ENGINEER

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROCESS ENGINEERING ENGINEERING

LEVEL 5 CIVIL

ENGINEERING DESIGN

CIVIL CONSTRUCTION OPERATION & MANAGEMENT

STRUCTURE DESIGN

0G-020-4:2012

STRUCTURE FABRICATION

MANAGEMENT

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

DESIGN

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION SUPERVISION

MECHANICAL DESIGN

ENGINEERING PROCESS DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION COMMISSIONING

OPERATION & MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 4 CIVIL

ENGINEERING DESIGN

CIVIL CONSTRUCTION OPERATION & SUPERVISION

STRUCTURE DESIGN

0G-020-4:2012

STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION

SUPERVISION

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

DESIGN

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

OPERATION SUPERVISION

MECHANICAL DESIGN

ENGINEERING DRAFTING

CONSTRUCTION COMMISSIONING

SUPERVISION

LEVEL 3 CIVIL DRAFTING

CIVIL CONSTRUCTION

FITTING

STRUCTURE TECHNICAL DRAWING

0G-020-3:2012

STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION

OPERATION OG-011-3:2011

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

DRAFTING

ELECTRICAL FITTING

OG-027-3:2014

MECHANICAL DRAFTING

ENGINEERING DRAFTING

SENIOR COMMISSIONING

OPERATION

LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL MASON NO LEVEL MASON NO LEVEL NO LEVEL MECHANICAL DRAFTING

JUNIOR DRAUGHTSMAN NO LEVEL

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

Existing NOSS

87

SECTOR OIL & GAS

SUB SECTOR DOWNSTREAM

AREA CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING

JOB AREA INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MECHANICAL PIPING MECHANICAL ROTATING MECHANICAL STATIC

ENGINEERING/ TECHNICAL DOCUMENT

MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 8 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL

LEVEL 7 INSTRUMENTATION

& CONTROL ENGINEERING

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL ENGINEERING MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION MANAGER

ENGINEERING DOCUMENT

CONTROL

LEVEL 6 INSTRUMENTATION

& CONTROL ENGINEERING

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

ENGINEERING

QMI CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

PIPING CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

ROTATING EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

STATIC EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT &

DOCUMENT CONTROL

LEVEL 5 INSTRUMENTATION

& CONTROL DESIGN

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

OPERATION & MANAGEMENT

QMI CONSTRUCTION OPERATION &

MANAGEMENT

PIPING CONSTRUCTION OPERATION & MANAGEMENT

ROTATING EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION OPERATION & MANAGEMENT

STATIC EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION OPERATION & MANAGEMENT

DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 4 INSTRUMENTATION

& CONTROL DESIGN

INSTRUMENTATION OPERATION & SUPERVISION

QMI CONSTRUCTION OPERATION & SUPERVISION

PIPING CONSTRUCTION OPERATION & SUPERVISION

ROTATING EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION OPERATION

SUPERVISION

STATIC EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION

OPERATION SUPERVISION

DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 3 INSTRUMENTATION DRAFTING

INSTRUMENTATION FITTING

OG-027-32014

QMI CONSTRUCTION

OPERATION PIPING CONSTRUCTION OPERATION

ROTATING EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION OPERATION

STATIC EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION

OPERATION NO LEVEL

LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL PIPING

CONSTRUCTION FITTING

PIPING CONSTRUCTION

FABRICATION

PIPING CONSTRUCTION

RIGGING

ROTATING EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION FITTING

STATIC EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION

FITTING NO LEVEL

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

ROTATING EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION RIGGER

STATIC EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION

RIGGER NO LEVEL

Existing NOSS

88

TABLE 15.2: OCCUPATIONAL AREA STRUCTURE (OAS) OF DOWNSTREAM SUB SECTOR ( OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE AREA)

SUB SECTOR OIL & GAS

SUB SECTOR DOWNSTREAM

AREA OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

JOB AREA CIVIL ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL PIPING INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

LEVEL 8 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT & CONTROL

LEVEL 7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 6 CIVIL ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PIPING ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTATION &

CONTROL ENGINEERING

LEVEL 5 CIVIL OPERATIONG &

MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT

ELECTRICAL OPERATIONG & MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT

MECHANICAL OPERATIONG & MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT

PIPING OPERATIONG & MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL OPERATION

MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 4 CIVIL MAINTENANCE SSUPERVISION

ELECTRICAL OPERATIONG & MAINTENANCE

SUPERVISION

MECHANICAL OPERATIONG & MAINTENANCE SUPERVISION

PIPING OPERATIONG & MAINTENANCE SUPERVISION

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MAINTENANCE

SUPERVISION

LEVEL 3 CIVIL MAINTENANCE OPERATION

ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE

OPERATION OG-019-3:2013

MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE

OPERATION OG-018-3:2013

PIPING MAINTENANCE OPERATION

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MAINTENANCE

OPERATION OG-017-3:2013

LEVEL 2 CIVIL MAINTENANCE OPERATION

ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE

OPERATION OG-019-2:2013

ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE

OPERATION OG-018-2:2013

PIPING MAINTENANCE OPERATION

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MAINTENANCE

OPERATION OG-017-3:2013

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

Existing NOSS

89

TABLE 15.3: OCCUPATIONAL AREA STRUCTURE (OAS) OF DOWNSTREAM SUB SECTOR (PETROLEUM DISTILATION PROCESS AREA)

SECTOR OIL & GAS

SUB SECTOR DOWNSTREAM

AREA PETROLEUM DISTILATION PROCESS

JOB AREA GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION GAS PROCESSING POLIMER PRODUCT/ CARCKER PRODUCTION

LEVEL 8 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

LEVEL 7 GAS PIPELINE FABRICATION & ENGINEERING GAS PROCESSING MANAGEMENT POLIMER PRODUCT/ CRACKER PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 6 GAS PIPELINE FABRICATION & ENGINEERING GAS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

POLIMER PRODUCT/ CRACKER PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY &

MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 5 GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION OPERATION & MANAGEMENT POLIMER PRODUCT/ CRACKER PRODUCTION & MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 4 GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION OPERATION & SUPERVISION POLIMER PRODUCT/ CRACKER PRODUCTION & SUPERVISION

LEVEL 3 GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION OPERATION POLIMER PRODUCT/ CRACKER PRODUCTION OPERATION

LEVEL 2 GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION OPERATION POLIMER PRODUCT/ CRACKER PRODUCTION OPERATION

LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL

90

4.7 OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION

The Occupational Description describes the Job Definition and Job Description in

terms of competencies and duties that a person is designated to carry out as

competent personnel. These Occupational Descriptions can be used as reference

for employees, employers, practitioners, trainers and academicians alike. The

Occupational Description of all job titles is presented in ANNEX 2 according to

sub sector, area and hierarchical level.

91

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 DISCUSSION

The uncertain of global oil price for the last one year has affected the manpower

demand in the Oil & Gas industry as well as its support services. Many giant Oil

& Gas companies have downsized their companies to make them more

profitable. It is noticed that the uncertain of global oil price has very much

affected upstream sub sector as most of the companies has reduced or stop

exploration activities. However, downstream activities seem does not much

affected by this scenario, in fact many government initiatives would be able to

boost the downstream sub sector. Despite the negative climate, the analysis

findings capture a total of 30 Job titles that are in demand currently and still

shortage of skilled workers. In fact, within 3 years from now it is expected that a

total of 69 job titles are in demand to cater government EPPs under the ETP.

Most of the critical Job titles are Level 1 to Level 5, which are technical and skill-

based positions.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

The findings of this OA are very useful for stakeholders such as government

official, private entities and general public. The Economy Planning Unit (EPU)

may use this finding for manpower projection in Oil & Gas industry. Ministry of

Human Resources may use as a baseline data to develop skilled workers in the

identified areas. Among the programmes are to develop National Occupational

Skills Standard (NOSS) in the critical area. Besides that government may

collaborate with Oil & Gas companies to train people especially in the areas that

identified as critical. Business entities may also use these findings as a reference

92

to expand their business in Oil & Gas industry. This findings are also useful for

the general public as a reference to develop their career.

93

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