Chapter 1-Mgt. in Ancient Civilizations

7/28/2019 Chapter 1-Mgt. in Ancient Civilizations

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M A N A G EM EN T I N M A N A G EM EN T I N AN CI EN T CI VI LI ZA TI O N S AN CI EN T CI VI LI ZA TI O N S

Chapter 1


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ContentsContentsAncient civilizations

Sumer Egypt Babylonia China

Greece

India


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Ancient CivilizationsAncient CivilizationsThe origins of a number of modernmanagement concepts and practices aretraceable to ancients.Solomon, the famous biblical ruler,directed the establishment of elaborate

trade agreements, construction projectsand peace agreements in the tenthcentury B.C.


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SumerSumerSome of the earliest documents found in theSumerian civilization of five thousand yearsago, are evidences of managerial controlpractices.Through their vast tax system, Sumeriantemple priests collected and managedtremendous amounts of goods includingflocks, revenues and estates.These priests were required to give an accountof their stewardship to the chief priest- amanagerial control practice.


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Sumer (Continued)Sumer (Continued)Sumerian priests used to manage the wealthand operations of a religious organization.

They developed a system of writing or keepingaccount of all transactions made by manypriests in the religious corporation.Because these Sumerian people recognized theneed for managerial control, the earliestwritten documents in the world are the five-thousand-year-old accounts of theirinventories.


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EgyptEgyptStructure: The building of the pyramidsexpressed the managerial and organizational

abilities of ancient Egypt from 5000 to 525 B.C.Labor of over one hundred thousand men fortwenty years required a managerial task of amassive proportions.

The managerial concepts and techniques wereborn for exercising the planning, organizingand control in this undertaking.


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EgyptEgypt (Continued)The managerial planning of where thestones to be quarried, when and how to

be transported required the practice oflong-range planning .Transportation took place during annualflood season to minimize land transport.

All blocks were cut to shape andnumbered before being put into position.


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EgyptEgypt (Continued) Writings: many instances are found in Egyptian literatureof management thought, posed as advice from father to hisson.The book of instruction of Ptah-hotep was composed in2700 B.C. It was reedited in 2000 B.C. and it was used inschools in 1500 B.C.The following instructions were recorded:

1. Seek good deeds and avoid wrong deeds2. Understand that truth is effective and ever lasting

3. Wrong doing never yield desired result4. Listen as it has therapeutic value

The Egyptian managers recognized the value of planningand staff advice as indicated from the manuscript from afather to his son.


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EgyptEgypt (Continued)Government: the study of the Egyptian government throughthe periods of the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and theNew Empire recognized the principle of control through acentralized organization.From 2160 to 1788 B.C. the government was highlydecentralized and tax commission was the only lie betweencentral government and sub-states.Loose control resulted in revenue loss and the rulers of the NewEmpire around 1600 B.C. began to recentralizing by means of amilitary takeover.Egyptians recognized that dispersed holdings requiring adecentralized government was an effective form of managerialorganization only if effective central controls were establised.


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EgyptEgypt (Continued)Centralization of government wasaccomplished during the rule of the Hyksos,

who drove out the foreign invaders in theprovinces and assumed complete control.

The Egyptians also recognized the importance

of specialization in organization indicating thatno tradesman could peruse any trade save thathanded down by his parents.


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BabyloniaBabyloniaHammurabi: the Code of Hammurabiwas the most significant contribution of

the Babylonians to managementthought. Hammurabi was the ruler forperiod between 2000 and 1700 B.C. Thiscode is one of the oldest known codes of

law in the world. The experts illustratedabout minimum wages, control andresponsibility.


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Babylonia (continued)Babylonia (continued)Nebuchadnezzar: Nebuchadnezzar becameking in 604 B.C. The textile mills of his period

were examples of production control andincentive wage payment. Color was used as acontrol means for yarn entering the mill eachweek.

Wages were paid in the form of food, theamount depending on the individualproduction of each worker.


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ChinaChinaThe ancient records of Mencious andChow( 1100 to about 500 B.C) indicatethat the Chinese were aware of certainpriciples on organizing, planning,directing, and controlling.


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China (continued)China (continued)Chow: The constitution of chow, written about 1100 B.C. is adirectory of all civil servants to the empeor, from the primeminister down to the household servants, with their job andduties. It recorded the following things.Eight things he holds to help the king handle his numerousofficers.The first is rank that controls their distinction.The second is emolument that controls their wealth .The third is favor that control their fortune.

The fourth is appointment that controls their conduct.The fifth is attention that controls their blessing.The sixth is confiscation that controls their poverty.The seventh is removals that controls their failings .The eighth is death that controls their excessiveness.


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China (continued)China (continued)Mencius: he believed that laws along wereinsufficient for business - that every goingconcern should adhere to a standard ofoperation which was ordained by the law ofGod and used as a model for government.Writing about 500 B.C. Mencious clearlyindicate the need for system methodology andmodels in effective management.Sun Tzu: Written about 500 B,C . The art ofWar by sun Tzu is the oldest military treatisein the world which indicated about planning,organizing and directing.


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GreeceGreeceThe Greeks exhibited a real skill and capacity formanagement in the operation of trading companies.

Greece developed a democratic government with allnecessary managerial complication.

In the Grecian civilization we find the origin of thescientific method. His tory became the Greek word

meaning search for true knowledge. By questioningall kinds of knowledge and ideas, the Greeksdiscovered the research point of view and introducescholarship and science in many spheres.


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Greece (continued)Greece (continued)The Greeks developed a new type of citygovernment, the pol i s which encouraged

a free exchange of ideas.The polis provided practice andexperience in open discussion andGreeks furnished positive examples of

the values of that process which inmanagement is referred as consultation orconsultative supervision.


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Greece (continued)Greece (continued)Principles of Management

The Greeks recognized the principle that maximumoutput is achieved through the use of uniformmethods.This was true for hard, monotonous and repetitivework where time was set by music.Trades were hereditary in Greece and specializationwas important. Plato stated in his laws that no manshould work in both wood and iron at the same timebecause of his inability to excel.Plato in his Republic gave the first theory ofspecialization or the division of labor.


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Greece (continued)Greece (continued)Art of Management The principle of the universality of management was

found in a Socratic discourse as recorded byXenophon. It indicated that, in the fifth century, menwere aware that a good manager for a soap companywould work equally well as head of an automobileconcern or as secretary of defense.

Xenophon also clearly indicated that he recognizedand believed management to be a separate anddistinct art.


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IndiaIndiaKautilya played a dominant part in theestablishment, growth and preservation of theIndian Empire during the fourth century B.C.Kautilyas principal work is Arthasastra , thescience of policy, written about321 B.C.His major theme is the political, social andeconomic management of the state. He coveredalmost every aspects of the theory of government.He discourses on the duties of the king, hisministers and councilors, on council meetings,departments of government, diplomats, war andpeace.


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India (continued)India (continued)He covered the organization and managementof trade and commerce, law and law courts,municipal government, social customs,marriage and divorce, rights of women,taxation and revenue, agriculture, mines, andfactories, markets, corporations etc.On the administration of an empire, hecovered defense of the state, personnel, publicworks, urban affairs, law and order etc.To Kautilya, the state was an institutionalnecessity for human advancement.


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Chapter 1-Mgt. in Ancient Civilizations

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