Chapter 1 (Introduction+types of tender)

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hapter One

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING QUANTITIES

In the 17thcentury, architects were responsible for the design and supervise the erection

of buildings while the craftsmen did the measuring and estimating. Each craftsman will

employ his own method of measurement. These practises were found to be very

unsatisfactory due to the difficulty in reconciling the actual materials used and the

measured wors carried out. In later years, it was thought a uniform systematic ofmeasurement and presentation is necessary. It is therefore the origin of the various

professional nown as the !tandard "ethods of "easurement #!""$.

%ivil Engineering &or is measured in accordance with the %ivil Engineering !tandard

"ethod of "easurement #%E!""$ and !tandard "ethod of "easurement of 'uilding

&ors #for use in "alaysia$ #!"""$ is intended for building wors. The ob(ective of both

!tandard "ethod of "easurement #!""$ is to set forth the procedure according to

which the ') shall be prepared and priced and the *uantities of wor e+pressed andmeasured, to ensure greater uniformity in the format and content of ').

1.2 DEFINITION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING QUANTITIES

isted below are outlines of certain conventions and define of terms, which apply to bill

preparation and measurement processes generally.

Quantities - It is the estimated amount of labour and the materials re*uired to carry

out the pro(ect under the various items of wors.

!i"" #$ Quantities -The 'ill of )uantities is a list of items giving the *uantities and

brief descriptions of wor to be carries out with its respective *uantities and unit cost

crate$ for carrying out each trade.

In con(unction with the other %ontract ocuments, it forms the basis on which tenders

are obtained. &hen priced it affords a means of comparing tenders. &hen the %ontract

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has been entered into, the rates in the prices 'ill of )uantities are applied to assess the

value of the actual *uantities of wor carried out. The 'ill of )uantities should be

prepared and measurements made in according with the procedure set out in the %ivil

Engineering !tandard "ethod of "easurement #%E!""$, unless other methods ofmeasurement are preferred by the 0romoter #Employer/0urchaser$.

Stan%ar% &eth#% #$ &easure'ent - !"" is a document stipulating guidelines on

the method of measurement of any particular trade. These guidelines give the different

components of an item to be measured #taing-off$ and describe in a manner which is

easily understood so that all tenderers can price them on the same basis.

Tra%e - It is the wors or practice of certain craft for e+ample briclayer, plumber etc.

%ivil Engineering &ors are classified under different trades and this will help the civil

engineer in pricing the different categories of wors.

Ta(in) O$$ -It is the process of measuring from drawings and recording all dimensions

in recognised form on a special ruled paper called imension 0aper.

S*uarin) Di'ensi#ns - It is the process of multiplication and/or addition/subtraction

of recorded dimension for the purpose of obtaining the linear, s*uare or cubic

measurements.

A+stra,tin) #r -#r(in)up -It is process of collecting of measurements of identical

character and description, under different tracs and reducing them to units as re*uired

by %E!"".

!i""in) -&riting the draft bill for the bstract.

CES&& - The rules and provisions of the %ivil Engineering !tandard "ethod of

"easurement. #%E!""$, are applicable to the preparation of 'ill of )uantities for and

the measurement of civil engineering wors such as earthwors, roads, bridges,

structures, culverts, sewage, etc and *uantities are usually prepared by the civil

engineers.

They are not intended to apply to the preparation of bills of *uantities for or the

measurement of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering or building wor. The

%E!"" is intended for use in con(unction with the I.%.E. %onditions of %ontract.

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The %E!"" document contains eight numbered !ections. The first seven sections are

each divided into 0aragraph. !ection 3, is divided into eighteen#13$ main classifications.

C#n%iti#ns #$ C#ntra,t - It defines the terms under which the wor is to be carriedout, the relationship between the 0romoter and the %ontractor, the powers of the

Engineer and the terms of payment.

Spe,i$i,ati#n -It describes in detail the wor to be e+ecuted, the character and *uality

of the materials and wormanship, any special responsibilities of the %ontractor that are

not covered by the %onditions of %ontract. It may also lay down the order in which

various portions of the wor are to be e+ecuted, the methods to be adopted and

particular of any facilities to be afforded to other contractors.

%are should be e+ercised when drafting the specification to avoid conflict with any of the

provisions of the conditions of contracts.

Esti'atin) - It is the process of costing the pro(ect of each item or trade after the

*uantities has been measured and summing up the items to arrive at a total estimated

cost for the whole pro(ect.

&easure'ent - #1$ Taing off

#2$ The actual measurement of the wor e+ecuted on the site.

/ri'e C#st Su' 0 /.C.Su' sum provided for wor or services to be e+ecuted by

nominated sub-contractor, for materials or goods to be obtained from a nominated

supplier. !uch sum shall be deemed to be e+clusive of any profit re*uired by the general

contractor and provision shall be made for the addition thereof.

/r#isi#na" Su' - sum provided for wors or for the cost, which cannot be entirely

foreseen, defined or detailed at the time tendering documents, is issued.

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1. CO&/ARISON !ET-EEN CES&& AND S&&&

%ivil Engineering !tandard "ethod of "easurement #%E!""$ is used in con(unction

with civil engineering wors and the *uantities are prepared by the civil engineers.!tandard "ethod of "easurement of 'uilding &ors #!"""$ is used in con(unction with

building wors and the *uantities are prepared by the )uantity !urveyors.

1..1 C#'paris#n O$ &eth#% O$ &easure'ents O$ CES&& An% S&&&

TA!LE 1..1 3 CO&/ARISON OF&ET4OD OF &EASURE&ENT USED !5 CES&&AND S&&&

DESCRI/TION CES&& S&&&1.6 5o of items %overs a large variety of

different (obs.

- less number of items because

most of the item are included

in the main (ob.

E.g. bacfilling trenches,

levelling, compacting trench

bottoms, planing included in

e+cavation rate.

%overs more trade or wor

section.

- more number of items to be

measured separately.

E.g. bacfilling trenches,

levelling, compacting

trench bottoms, planing

are measured separately.

2.6 ') '.) and specification form part

of contract %ontractions must

always refer to specification for

further clarification.

') will constitute a contract

document.

') shall fully describe the

material, wormanship and

accurately represent wor to

be done.

.6 Temporary#iversion$wors

5ot mentioned in the '). &hen

tendering contractors must

always mae provision for any

temporary or diversion wors

etc. which are normally

mentioned in the '.).

"entioned in separate items.

Temporary and diversion

wors are classified as

separate addition items of

wors.

7.6 %oncrete wor 6se m4as unit of measurement "easurement of concrete in

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for concrete slab to allow for

fle+ibility in case alteration is

re*uired in the structural design,

etc.

m2 with thicness of slab

specified.

8.6 %oding and

numbering of

items

There is a coding system.

E.g. 8 1 4 9

%lass 8 precast-concrete

1st division 1 'eam

2nd division 4 ength 7-1: m

4rd division 9 "ass ;-1: t

5o coding is re*uired.

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1..2 C#'paris#n O$ Units O$ &easure'ents Use% !9 CES&& An% S&&&.

TA!LE 1..2 3 CO&/ARISON OF UNITS OF &EASURE&ENT USED !5 CES&& AND

S&&&

DESCRI/TION CES&& S&&&

1.6 Site Investigations

#a$ 'ringing plant to site ump !um 5ot covered

#b$ "oving plant 5umber 5ot covered

2.6 Site C"earan,e

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1.. T4E SECTION OF T4E CES&&

a$ =eneral Items - %E!"" %lass@

b$ !oil Investigation &ors - %E!"" %lass@ 'c$ !lope !tabilisation and =round Treatment - %E!"" %lass@ %

d$ emolition and site clearance - %E!"" %lass@

e$ Earthwors - %E!"" %lass@ E

f$ %oncrete wor - %E!"" %lass@ A

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#i$ Cpen Tender

#ii$ %lose Tender / !elected Tender

#iii$ 5egotiated Tender

1.7.1 Open Ten%er

This type of tender is open to all *ualified contractors registered under same class. The

invitation to tender is usually advertised through newspaper, (ournal, and etc.

"erit@

#i$ esser possibility of contractors ganging up to *uote higher price for the

pro(ect.

#ii$ It is possible to achieve lowest tender sum as it ensures ma+imum

competition.

#iii$ It offers chances to new and ine+perience contractors to bid for the tender.

emerit@

#i$ Tenders may be received from firms who neither have the necessary

financial resource nor technical nowledge and e+perience of the class of

wor involved.

#ii$ There is a ris that the contract may be awarded to an unscrupulous

contractor.

#iii$ lot of wastage as unnown copies of tender documents has to be

prepared.

#iv$ Increase time and financial e+penses, as a lot of tender needs to be

evaluated.

1.7.2 C"#se Ten%er < Se"e,te% Ten%er

This type of tender is only offer to contractors who are short-listed according to particular

criteria.

"erit@

#i$ The e+act number of tendered is nown, hence reduce wastage and

e+penses as for e+tra tender documents and tender evaluation.

#ii$ The contractor record of previous performance provides a great

magnitude of reliability in term of financial, technical and e+perience

aspects.

#iii$ 5ormally the *uality of wor from the contractor is satisfactory.

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#iv$ It is suitable for pro(ect re*uire certain level of efficiency, sill and

e+perience from the contractor.

emerit@#i$ Cfficers involve in the tendering process may be biased to a particular

contractor.

#ii$ Tender sum may be not the lowest, as not all *ualified tenderers are

invited.

#iii$ There are possibility of contractors ganging up or e+istence of cost

syndicate to *uote at higher tender sum.

#iv$ 5ormally new and ine+perience contractors are not invited.

Three type of close tender is@

1.7.2.1C"#se Ten%er O$$er On"9 T# !u'iputra

This type of tender is offer only to bumiputra, who fulfil the conditions such as

classification of contractor, paid up capital, and e+pertise.

1.7.2.2 C"#se Ten%er O$$er Thr#u)h Se"e,ti#n

This type of tender is usually offer to contractor who is reliable of accomplishing the (ob

satisfactory. Tender offered normally involves specialist field such as piling wor.

1.7.2. C"#se Ten%er O$$er Thr#u)h /reQua"i$i,ati#n

5ormally this type of tender is applied in huge and comple+ pro(ect, which re*uire

contractor specialisation in their field. n invitation to tender is offer to selected list of

contractors, who has reliable reputation in his class of wor, or who has previously

carried out their (ob satisfactory, particularly to the owner.

1.7. Ne)#tiate% Ten%er

5egotiated tender is an alternative to open tender and close tender. The tender is

directly offered to contractor short-listed. It is usually proceeds and follows by discussion,

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and negotiation for ultimate contract sum, form of contract to be used, construction

programme and method of carrying out the wor. It is usually advisable in special

circumstances, such as@

#i$ 0ro(ect to be carried out urgently, where construction drawings and list ofmaterials are still in the process.

#ii$ 0ro(ects for armed forces, where the wor site is of restricted area.

#iii$ 0ro(ects where preferred contractor has performed successfully for the

employer previously.

#iv$ 0ro(ects where contractor already engaged on the same site

#v$ 0ro(ects where space is very restricted, and contractor is e+ecuting

another contract there.

#vi$ 0ro(ects where contractor has special nowledge and e+perience about

the particular site, type of wor, or/and type of contract.

"erit@

#i$ !ince only one contractor is invited, negotiation can be easily dealt with

and it saves a lot of time and money compares with other type of tenders.

#ii$ The contractor record of previous performance provides a great

magnitude of reliability in term of financial, technical and e+perience

aspects.

#iii$ 5ormally the *uality of wor from the contractor is satisfactory.

#iv$ It is suitable for pro(ect re*uire certain level of efficiency, sill and

e+perience from the contractor.

emerit@

#i$ Cfficers involve in the tendering process may be biased to a particular

contractor.

#ii$ Tender sum may be not the lowest, as all *ualified tenderisers may not be

invited.

#iii$ 5ormally new and ine+perience contractors are not invited.

1.8 TENDER DOCU&ENTS

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Tender document for civil engineering pro(ects normally comprises of form of contract,

general conditions of contract, specification, '), contract drawings, and form of tender.

Tender documents may consist of@

=i> F#r' O$ C#ntra,t < F#r' O$ A)ree'ent- it is a formal agreement between owner and the contractor for the

e+ecution of the contract. Aorm of greement is normally

incorporated in the %ondition of %ontract.

=ii> Genera" C#n%iti#n O$ C#ntra,t

- it defines generally the terms under which the wor is to be

undertaen the relationship between the owner, the engineer /

superintending officer #!C$ and the contractor the power of !.C.

the duties of contractor and term of payment.

=iii> Spe,i$i,ati#n

- specification amplifies the information given in contract drawings

and '). It describes in detail the wor to be e+ecuted under the

contract, the nature and *uality of material to be used, standard of

wormanship. It may specify the order in which the various

sections of wor to be carried out, the methods to be adopted, and

any special responsibilities to be borne by the contractor. 8owever,

generally it is described to allow for the contractor to decide on the

methods.

=i> !i"" O$ Quantities

- ') consists of a schedule with brief descriptions of wor to be carried

out under contract document, with *uantities entered against each

item. It offers a means of comparing various tenders received. fter

the contract has been signed, the *uantities and rates can be used to

assess the value of wor e+ecuted.

=> C#ntra,t Dra?in)s

- ideal contract drawings should detail the entire contract wor, which is

not practical in practice. 8owever, they should be prepared sufficiently

detail to enable the tenderers satisfactorily understand what is the

pro(ect re*uire.

=i> F#r' O$ Ten%er

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- the form of tender is the tenderersF written offer to construct, complete

and maintain the wor in accordance with other details in contract

document. It usually incorporates the contract period, tender sum,

provision for performance bond, insurance, i*uidated andscertained amages #...$, period of maintenance G efect

iability 0eriod #..0.$, value/percentage of wor to be e+ecuted or

materials and goods to be delivered before Interim %ertificate

issuance, and period for honouring payment certificate.

1.: /RE/ARATION OF !ILL OF QUANTITIES

The traditional method of preparation of a ') can conveniently be broen down into two

main processes@

#i$ Taing off

#ii$ bstracting / &oring up

This traditional method was very lengthy and tedious. s such, The irect 'illing

!ystem was developed. It is to Hbill directF, by transferring the items direct from the

dimensions paper to the '), thus eliminating the need for an abstract. The *uantity tae-

off is set down in the standard form of '), that by adding together the prices listed will

give the contract price or tender sum.

The functions of ') are@

#i$ It prompts the client and design team to finalise most pro(ect particulars

before the bill is prepared, and ideally based on full production drawing

and pro(ect specification.

#ii$ It enables all contractors tendering for a contract to price on e+actly the

same information.

#iii$ It set down the various items of wor in logical se*uence and recognised

manner, easily priced by the contractor.

#iv$ It limits the ris element borne by the contractor to the rates he enters in

the bill and thereby results in more realistic and competitive tenders.

#v$ It also provides a good basis for the valuation of variation in any

changes of design, sie and *uality as the wor proceeds.

#vi$ It provides a good basis for the preparation of cost analyses for cost

planning usage.

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bill of *uantities #')$ is a document which lists all the items necessary for the

complete construction of wors. Each item includes a description and a *uantity.

1.:.1 Ta(in) O$$ Sheet < Di'ensi#n Sheet

bill of *uantities cannot be prepared directly from the drawings but must be built up in

three stages.

a) First stage - Taking off

Taing off is to calculate the *uantity in each item of wor. The taing off sheet, which is

sometimes called a dimension sheet, is ruled in the following way #!ee ppendi+ 1$

Ta+"e 1.:.1 3 Ta(in) O$$ Sheet < Di'ensi#n Sheet

A ! C D A ! C D

J %olumns , ', % and appear twice on each sheet.

%olumn - called timesing column and is used if the *uantity is to be

multiplied for e+ample if we were taing off the *uantities

for column bases and there were four bases, then /would

appear in column .

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%olumn ' - called dimension column and the dimensions of the item

are entered one below the other in this column.

imensions should always be entered in the following

order, length, breadth, depth and thicness.

%olumn % - the s*uaring or cubing column, and it is where the final

*uantity is entered.

%olumn - is used for description of the item and for any additional

calculations.

b) Second stage - Abstracting

It consists of transferring the description and *uantity the description and *uantity from

the taing-off sheet to the abstract sheet #as shown in ppendi+ 2$ and collecting

together items, which can be, billed under one item. If the *uantity has to be converted

from one unit to another unit this is done on the abstract sheet.

c) Third stage - Writing a bill of qantities

There are certain principles, which should always be followed when writing a bill of

*uantities. It should be concise, accurate and well written #as shown in ppendi+ 4$.

i$ escriptions

Each item should be described in enough detail to enable anyone reading the bill

of *uantities to be able to locate the item in the wors.

ii$ Crder

Items should be entered in a logical order. It is suggested that the following order

be used.

E+cavation - cubic, linear then s*uare meter

"ass concrete and reinforced concrete - cubic, then s*uare meters.


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iii$ ccuracy

It is usually necessary to re-measure civil engineering wors when they are

completed to determine the e+act value of the wor, and therefore it is notnecessary to calculate the *uantities too accurately when preparing the bill.

iv$ 5umbering

ll items should be measured consecutively page by page.

v$ bbreviations

The following abbreviations are often used on the dimension sheets@

'Fwr - bricwor

%.I. - cast iron

dt - deduct

.0.% - damp proof course

E+. - e+cavation

".! - mild steel

n.e. - not e+ceeding

0.%. - prime cost

Chapter 1 (Introduction+types of tender)

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Transcript of Chapter 1 (Introduction+types of tender)